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When Science and Politics Collide

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How did science get so political, and what does science itself tell us about how research is accepted (or not) in a politicized landscape? Questions like those were the basis of the much-heralded March edition of The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, co-edited by Elizabeth Suhay and James N. Druckman. Piggybacking off the success of that issue, Social Science Spaces and the AAPSS are hosting a webinar on May 14 at 9 a.m. Eastern that features Suhay, assistant professor of Government at the School of Public Affairs at American University and two of the authors in that special edition -- Dan M. Kahan, Elizabeth K. Dollard Professor of Law and a professor of psychology at Yale Law School, and Francis X. Shen, McKnight Land-Grant Professor and associate professor of law at the University of Minnesota -- discussing the nexus of science, politics and law. The webinar is free and will include ample time for questions from the audience. We are taught that science is an objective arbiter, separating fact from fiction. With this in mind, we might expect that when a majority of scientists state their belief in an empirical phenomenon—say, that human activities are contributing to climate change, or that humans evolved from lower life forms—that well-educated nonscientists would follow suit. Yet, given current politicized debates over climate change and evolution (and vaccines, and GMOs, and other scientific subjects), we know this is not the truth. Again thinking of science as an objective arbiter, we might expect that science employed in the service of legal proceedings and lawmaking would be an uncontroversial affair, with experts converging in their interpretation of academic studies and those studies’ implications to the case or policy before them. Yet, here too reality is far from our idealized expectation, as legal professionals, policymakers, and ordinary citizens (in their roles as jurors and voters) frequently disagree over how laboratory findings translate into law and legislation. Make no mistake: Science is our best bet for understanding the world around us and for crafting many legal decisions and much legislation. Yet, nonscientists don’t always consume science responsibly, sometimes refusing to accept scientific consensus, sometimes stretching the implications of novel areas of scientific study past their breaking point, sometimes “spinning” the outcomes of scientific studies in support of a desired political or legal outcome. In this webinar, we try to make sense of these biases in public understanding of science as well as in the application of science to law and public policy and recommend ways to overcome them.

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Los Angeles | London | New Delhi | Singapore | Washington DC | Boston When Science and Politics Collide #SocialScienceLive
Los Angeles | London | New Delhi | Singapore | Washington DC | Boston Elizabeth Suhay Co-editor of the Politics of Science issue of ANNALS and Assistant Professor of Government at the School of Public Affairs, American University #SocialScienceLive
Los Angeles | London | New Delhi | Singapore | Washington DC | Boston While we do our best to answer as many questions as we can, time constraints may not allow us to answer every question. Thank you for understanding. Send us your questions! Send in your questions via the Question Box on your screen. → Using Twitter? Use the hashtag #SocialScienceLive. #SocialScienceLive
Los Angeles | London | New Delhi | Singapore | Washington DC | Boston Dan M. Kahan Elizabeth K. Dollard Professor of Law and Professor of Psychology, Yale Law School Francis X. Shen McKnight Land-Grant Professor and Associate Professor of Law, University of Minnesota #SocialScienceLive
Los Angeles | London | New Delhi | Singapore | Washington DC | Boston#SocialScienceLive
Los Angeles | London | New Delhi | Singapore | Washington DC | Boston Science is inevitably political • Science helps us to understand the world around us, including … • What problems we face • Who is responsible for those problems • Efficient ways to solve those problems • For these reasons, science informs public policy and law #SocialScienceLive
Los Angeles | London | New Delhi | Singapore | Washington DC | Boston Science is inevitably political • Because of science’s ability to direct human activity through policy and law, people fight over it • Coalitions seek to … • Discredit science that undermines their values / interests • Promote science that bolsters their values / interests • Interpret, frame, spin science (where implications ambiguous) • Sometimes conscious, often not • Let’s make the ubiquity of science bias better known! #SocialScienceLive
Los Angeles | London | New Delhi | Singapore | Washington DC | Boston Outline of today’s webinar • Introduction • Dan Kahan presentation • Francis Shen presentation • Panelist discussion • Audience Q&A #SocialScienceLive
Los Angeles | London | New Delhi | Singapore | Washington DC | Boston Dan M. Kahan Yale University & many x 103 others www.culturalcognition.net Belief in Climate Change: What We Know vs. Who We Are Research Supported by: National Science Foundation, SES-0922714 Annenberg Center for Public Policy Skoll Global Threats Fund
Los Angeles | London | New Delhi | Singapore | Washington DC | Boston What am I talking about?
Los Angeles | London | New Delhi | Singapore | Washington DC | Boston What am I talking about? Everything I know about climate science communication:
Los Angeles | London | New Delhi | Singapore | Washington DC | Boston What am I talking about? Everything I know about climate science communication: #SocialScienceLive
Los Angeles | London | New Delhi | Singapore | Washington DC | Boston What am I talking about? Everything I know about climate science communication: What ordinary members of the public “believe” about climate change
Los Angeles | London | New Delhi | Singapore | Washington DC | Boston What am I talking about? Everything I know about climate science communication: What ordinary members of the public “believe” about climate change doesn’t reflect what they know;
Los Angeles | London | New Delhi | Singapore | Washington DC | Boston What am I talking about? Everything I know about climate science communication: What ordinary members of the public “believe” about climate change doesn’t reflect what they know; ; it expresses who they are.
Los Angeles | London | New Delhi | Singapore | Washington DC | Boston “Belief” in evolution #SocialScienceLive
Los Angeles | London | New Delhi | Singapore | Washington DC | Boston#SocialScienceLive “Ordinary Science Intelligence” Assessment OSI_1.0 OSI_2.0
Los Angeles | London | New Delhi | Singapore | Washington DC | Boston Ordinary science intelligence: item response functions Nationally representative sample. Colored bars reflect 0.95 level of confidence
Los Angeles | London | New Delhi | Singapore | Washington DC | Boston Ordinary science intelligence: item response functions Nationally representative sample. Colored bars reflect 0.95 level of confidence
Los Angeles | London | New Delhi | Singapore | Washington DC | Boston Ordinary science intelligence: item response functions Nationally representative sample. Colored bars reflect 0.95 level of confidence #SocialScienceLive
Los Angeles | London | New Delhi | Singapore | Washington DC | Boston Ordinary science intelligence: item response functions Nationally representative sample. Colored bars reflect 0.95 level of confidence
Los Angeles | London | New Delhi | Singapore | Washington DC | Boston Ordinary science intelligence: item response functions Nationally representative sample. Colored bars reflect 0.95 level of confidence
Los Angeles | London | New Delhi | Singapore | Washington DC | Boston Ordinary science intelligence: item response functions Nationally representative sample. Colored bars reflect 0.95 level of confidence
Los Angeles | London | New Delhi | Singapore | Washington DC | Boston Ordinary science intelligence: item response functions Nationally representative sample. Colored bars reflect 0.95 level of confidence
Los Angeles | London | New Delhi | Singapore | Washington DC | Boston Ordinary science intelligence: item response functions Nationally representative sample. Colored bars reflect 0.95 level of confidence
Los Angeles | London | New Delhi | Singapore | Washington DC | Boston Teaching evolution to “nonbelievers”
Los Angeles | London | New Delhi | Singapore | Washington DC | Boston “Belief” in global warming Annenberg Center for Public Policy & Cultural Cognition Project. N’ = 1957. Nationally representative sample, April/May 2014 (YouGov). CIs reflect 0.95 level of confidence intervals. Source: Kahan, D. The Science Communication Measurement Problem, Adv. in Pol. Psych. (in press).
Los Angeles | London | New Delhi | Singapore | Washington DC | Boston “Belief” in global warming Annenberg Center for Public Policy & Cultural Cognition Project. N’ = 1957. Nationally representative sample, April/May 2014 (YouGov). CIs reflect 0.95 level of confidence intervals. Source: Kahan, D. The Science Communication Measurement Problem, Adv. in Pol. Psych. (in press).
Los Angeles | London | New Delhi | Singapore | Washington DC | Boston “Belief” in global warming 01234567 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 < avg. Left_right > avg. Left_right Science ComprehensionVery low 01234567 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 < avg. Left_right > avg. Left_right 01234567 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 01234567 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 Very low Very highScience comprehension None at all Extremely high risk 01234567 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 > avg. Left_right < avg. Left_right 01234567 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 Science Comprehension Very low Very high 01234567 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 01234567 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 01234567 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 01234567 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 01234567 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 Ordinary Science Intelligence 01234567 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 > avg. Left_right < avg. Left_right 01234567 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 Science Comprehension Very low Very high 01234567 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 01234567 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 01234567 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 01234567 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 01234567 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 globalwarmingrisk Annenberg Center for Public Policy & Cultural Cognition Project. N’ = 1957. Nationally representative sample, April/May 2014 (YouGov). CIs reflect 0.95 level of confidence intervals. Source: Kahan, D. The Science Communication Measurement Problem, Adv. in Pol. Psych. (in press). Kahan, D.M., Peters, E., Wittlin, M., Slovic, P., Ouellette, L.L., Braman, D. & Mandel, G. The polarizing impact of science literacy and numeracy on perceived climate change risks. Nature Climate Change 2, 732-735 (2012).
Los Angeles | London | New Delhi | Singapore | Washington DC | Boston
Los Angeles | London | New Delhi | Singapore | Washington DC | Boston r = - 0.65, p < 0.01
Los Angeles | London | New Delhi | Singapore | Washington DC | Boston “Belief” in global warming 01234567 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 < avg. Left_right > avg. Left_right Science ComprehensionVery low 01234567 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 < avg. Left_right > avg. Left_right 01234567 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 01234567 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 Very low Very highScience comprehension None at all Extremely high risk globalwarmingrisk Annenberg Center for Public Policy & Cultural Cognition Project. N’ = 1957. Nationally representative sample, April/May 2014 (YouGov). CIs reflect 0.95 level of confidence intervals. Source: Kahan, D. The Science Communication Measurement Problem, Adv. in Pol. Psych. (in press).
Los Angeles | London | New Delhi | Singapore | Washington DC | Boston “Belief” in global warming 01234567 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 < avg. Left_right > avg. Left_right Science ComprehensionVery low 01234567 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 < avg. Left_right > avg. Left_right 01234567 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 01234567 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 Very low Very highScience comprehension None at all Extremely high risk globalwarmingrisk Annenberg Center for Public Policy & Cultural Cognition Project. N’ = 1957. Nationally representative sample, April/May 2014 (YouGov). CIs reflect 0.95 level of confidence intervals. Source: Kahan, D. The Science Communication Measurement Problem, Adv. in Pol. Psych. (in press).
Los Angeles | London | New Delhi | Singapore | Washington DC | Boston “Belief” in global warming globalwarmingrisk 0 .1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9 1 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 01234567 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 < avg. Left_right > avg. Left_right Science ComprehensionVery low 01234567 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 < avg. Left_right > avg. Left_right 01234567 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 01234567 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 Very low Very highScience comprehension None at all Extremely high risk 01234567 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 > avg. Left_right < avg. Left_right 01234567 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 Science Comprehension Very low Very high 01234567 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 01234567 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 01234567 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 01234567 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 01234567 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 globalwarmingrisk Kahan, D.M., Peters, E., Wittlin, M., Slovic, P., Ouellette, L.L., Braman, D. & Mandel, G. The polarizing impact of science literacy and numeracy on perceived climate change risks. Nature Climate Change 2, 732-735 (2012). Annenberg Center for Public Policy & Cultural Cognition Project. N’ = 1957. Nationally representative sample, April/May 2014 (YouGov). CIs reflect 0.95 level of confidence intervals. Source: Kahan, D. The Science Communication Measurement Problem, Adv. in Pol. Psych. (in press).
Los Angeles | London | New Delhi | Singapore | Washington DC | Boston “Belief” in global warming 0 .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 1 -2.5 -1 0 1 2.599th percentile1st percentile 84th percentile16th percentile 50th percentile Probabilityofcorrectresponse There is “solid evidence” of recent global warming due “mostly” to “human activity such as burning fossil fuels.” Ordinary Science Intelligence Liberal Democrat Conservative Republican 01234567 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 > avg. Left_right < avg. Left_right 01234567 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 Science Comprehension Very low Very high 01234567 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 01234567 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 2101234567 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 01234567 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 01234567 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 01234567 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 > avg. Left_right < avg. Left_right 01234567 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 Science Comprehension Very low Very high 01234567 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 01234567 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 01234567 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 01234567 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 2101234567 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 01234567 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 > avg. Left_right < avg. Left_right 01234567 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 Science Comprehension Very low Very high 01234567 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 01234567 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 01234567 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 01234567 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 01234567 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 01234567 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 > avg. Left_right < avg. Left_right 01234567 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 Science Comprehension Very low Very high 01234567 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 01234567 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 01234567 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 2101234567 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 01234567 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 Annenberg Center for Public Policy & Cultural Cognition Project. N’ = 1957. Nationally representative sample, April/May 2014 (YouGov). CIs reflect 0.95 level of confidence intervals. Source: Kahan, D. The Science Communication Measurement Problem, Adv. in Pol. Psych. (in press).
Los Angeles | London | New Delhi | Singapore | Washington DC | Boston “Belief” in global warming 0 .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 1 -2.5 -1 0 1 2.599th percentile1st percentile 84th percentile16th percentile 50th percentile Probabilityofcorrectresponse There is “solid evidence” of recent global warming due “mostly” to “human activity such as burning fossil fuels.” Ordinary Science Intelligence Liberal Democrat Conservative Republican Annenberg Center for Public Policy & Cultural Cognition Project. N’ = 1957. Nationally representative sample, April/May 2014 (YouGov). CIs reflect 0.95 level of confidence intervals. Source: Kahan, D. The Science Communication Measurement Problem, Adv. in Pol. Psych. (in press).
Los Angeles | London | New Delhi | Singapore | Washington DC | Boston Teaching evolution to “nonbelievers”
Los Angeles | London | New Delhi | Singapore | Washington DC | Boston This measures who we are . . . Nationally representative sample. Colored bars reflect 0.95 level of confidence
Los Angeles | London | New Delhi | Singapore | Washington DC | Boston This measures who we are . . . so measure what we know instead
Los Angeles | London | New Delhi | Singapore | Washington DC | Boston Disentanglement principle: “Don’t make reasoning, free people choose between knowing what’s known & being who they are!”
Los Angeles | London | New Delhi | Singapore | Washington DC | Boston Disentanglement principle: “Don’t make reasoning, free people choose between knowing what’s known & being who they are!”
Los Angeles | London | New Delhi | Singapore | Washington DC | Boston Disentanglement principle: “Don’t make reasoning, free people choose between knowing what’s known & being who they are!”
Los Angeles | London | New Delhi | Singapore | Washington DC | Boston Disentanglement principle: “Don’t make reasoning, free people choose between knowing what’s known & being who they are!”
Los Angeles | London | New Delhi | Singapore | Washington DC | Boston The climate science communication measurement problem: What we know Who we arevs.
Los Angeles | London | New Delhi | Singapore | Washington DC | Boston What we know Who we are How to disentangle from The climate science communication measurement problem:
Los Angeles | London | New Delhi | Singapore | Washington DC | Boston Disentangling knowledge & identity: a lab experiment
Los Angeles | London | New Delhi | Singapore | Washington DC | Boston Cultural Cognition Project SE Fla. evidence-based science communication initiative Disentangling knowledge & identity: field studies
Los Angeles | London | New Delhi | Singapore | Washington DC | Boston “How much risk do you believe global warming poses to human health, safety, or prosperity?” United States as a whole (summer 2013) Southeast Florida (Fall 2013) no risk at all Egalitarian communitarian Hierarch individualist A polluted science communication environment . . . An unpolluted one . . . no risk at all 01234567 -1.6 -1 0 1 1.6 None at all Extremely high risk Very low Low Between low and moderate Moderate Between moderate and high High Very liberal Strong Democrat Very Conservative Strong Republican Liberal Democrat Conservative Republican Moderate Independent r = - 0.65, p < 0.01 Left_right “How much risk do you believe fluoridated water poses to human health, safety, or prosperity?” 01234567 -1.6 -1 0 1 1.6 01234567 -1.6 -1 0 1 1.6 r = 0.07, p < 0.01 01234567 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 “How much risk do you believe medical x-rays poses to human health, safety, or prosperity?” None at all Extremely high risk Very low Low Between low and moderate Moderate Between moderate and high High Science Comprehension 34567 01234567 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 > avg. Left_right < avg. Left_right Extremely high risk no risk at all Extremely high riskno risk at all 01234567 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 None at all Extremely high risk Very low Low Between low and moderate Moderate Between moderate and high High Science Comprehension > avg. Left_right < avg. Left_right 01234567 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 01234567 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 01234567 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Extremely high risk “How much risk do you believe global warming poses to human health, safety, or prosperity?” 4 SE Fla. Counties 01234567 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 01234567 -1.6 -1 0 1 1.6 None at all Extremely high risk Very liberal Strong Democrat Very Conservative Strong Republican Moderate Independent r = 0.07, p < 0.01 < avg. Left_right > avg. Left_right Science ComprehensionVery low 01234567 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 < avg. Left_right > avg. Left_right 01234567 -1.6 -1 0 1 1.6 r = - 0.65, p < 0.01 Very high 01234567 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 01234567 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 Global warming 01234567 -1.6 -1 0 1 1.6 Very liberal Strong Democrat Very Conservative Strong Republican Liberal Democrat Conservative Republican Moderate Independent r = - 0.60, p < 0.01 01234567 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 01234567 -1.6 -1 0 1 1.6 None at all Extremely high risk Very liberal Strong Democrat Very Conservative Strong Republican Moderate Independent r = 0.07, p < 0.01 < avg. Left_right > avg. Left_right Science ComprehensionVery low 01234567 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 < avg. Left_right > avg. Left_right 01234567 -1.6 -1 0 1 1.6 r = - 0.65, p < 0.01 Very high 01234567 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 34567 Global warming
Los Angeles | London | New Delhi | Singapore | Washington DC | Boston 4 SE Fla. Counties
Los Angeles | London | New Delhi | Singapore | Washington DC | Boston Disentanglement principle: “Don’t make reasoning, free people choose between knowing what’s known & being who they are!”
Los Angeles | London | New Delhi | Singapore | Washington DC | Boston What is to be done? You tell me!
Los Angeles | London | New Delhi | Singapore | Washington DC | Boston Communicate normality
Los Angeles | London | New Delhi | Singapore | Washington DC | Boston Not “us vs. them” just us, using what we know Communicate normality
Los Angeles | London | New Delhi | Singapore | Washington DC | Boston Proselytizing the normality of climate science
Los Angeles | London | New Delhi | Singapore | Washington DC | Boston Not “us vs. them” just us, using what we know Communicate normality
Los Angeles | London | New Delhi | Singapore | Washington DC | Boston Just us, using what we know!
Los Angeles | London | New Delhi | Singapore | Washington DC | Boston Just us, using what we know!
Los Angeles | London | New Delhi | Singapore | Washington DC | Boston Communicate normality
Los Angeles | London | New Delhi | Singapore | Washington DC | Boston New data: shame & critical reasoning! www.culturalcognition.net
Science Narratives and the Law: The Link from Lab to Legislature Francis X. Shen University of Minnesota Law School MacArthur Foundation Research Network on Law & Neuroscience May 12, 2015
www.lawneuro.org
Politics and the Future of Neuroscience, Law, and Public Policy Science Narratives and the Link from Lab to Legislature The Brain Takes Center Stage
Politics and the Future of Neuroscience, Law, and Public Policy Science Narratives and the Link from Lab to Legislature The Brain Takes Center Stage
Source: Michael S. Gazzaniga, Neuroscience In The Courtroom, 304 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN 54 (2011).
Neuroscientific Evidence In Court :: Culpability and Mitigation
Politics and the Future of Neuroscience, Law, and Public Policy Science Narratives and the Link from Lab to Legislature The Brain Takes Center Stage
Motivation :: We see similar issues arising in statehouse as in courthouse
Lab Neuroscience Law, Legislation Lawyer Neuroscience Lay Neuroscience Legislator Neuroscience Lobbyist Neuroscience Enabling (or hindering) research Media Schools Outreach Neuroscience Narratives :: Constructing a narrative: from lab to legislation
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Number of Proposed Brain-Related Bills, by Year (All state legislatures, 1997-2009)
Neuroscience Narratives :: Topics covered by brain bills Alzheimer’s * Autism * Brain Death * Brain Injury * Civil Commitment * Crime Victims * Criminal Defense * Early Childhood * Education * End of Life * Foster Care * Health Care * Juvenile Justice * Mental Health * Military Veterans * Neonatal * Parkinson’s * Parole * Post Traumatic Stress Disorder * Privacy * Sex Offenders * Shaken Baby Syndrome * Special Education * Sports Concussions * Toxins * Veterans Courts
Politics and the Future of Neuroscience, Law, and Public Policy Science Narratives and the Link from Lab to Legislature The Brain Takes Center Stage
The Public :: Self-reported knowledge in national sample, N = 814 How knowledgeable would you say you are about science? How knowledgeable would you say you are about neuroscience? 2% 6% 11% 34% 24% 14% 8% 19% 25% 23% 17% 10% 5% 0% 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% Not at all knowledgeable Somewhat knowledgeable Very knowledgeable Science Knowledgge Neuro Knowledge
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% Strongly Disapprove Disapprove Neither Approve Nor Disapprove Approve Strongly Approve Democrat Independent Republican The Public :: Approval of neuroscience-based legal reforms, N = 1,004 (National CARAVAN sample)
1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 Democrat Independent Republican ApprovalofNeurolaw (1=StronglyDisapprove,5=StronglyApprove) Control Prosecution Defense *** p = .001 *** p < .001 The Public :: Effect of issue framing, by political party
Los Angeles | London | New Delhi | Singapore | Washington DC | Boston Panelist Discussion #SocialScienceLive
Los Angeles | London | New Delhi | Singapore | Washington DC | Boston While we do our best to answer as many questions as we can, time constraints may not allow us to answer every question. Thank you for understanding. Send us your questions! Send in your questions via the Question Box on your screen. → Using Twitter? Use the hashtag #SocialScienceLive. #SocialScienceLive
Los Angeles | London | New Delhi | Singapore | Washington DC | Boston Webinar recording, slides, and follow-up Q&A will be emailed to you and available on socialsciencespace.com. Thank you! Be sure to check our website for updates on our webinar series! #SocialScienceLive

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When Science and Politics Collide

  • 1. Los Angeles | London | New Delhi | Singapore | Washington DC | Boston Make sure your volume is set appropriately Make sure you have followed the instructions on your keypad properly Make sure everything is plugged in properly to assure your devices are working correctly If you have audio or visual difficulties, please let us know via the Question box and we will be happy to assist you. Please Check Your Settings #SocialScienceLive
  • 2. Los Angeles | London | New Delhi | Singapore | Washington DC | Boston When Science and Politics Collide #SocialScienceLive
  • 3. Los Angeles | London | New Delhi | Singapore | Washington DC | Boston Elizabeth Suhay Co-editor of the Politics of Science issue of ANNALS and Assistant Professor of Government at the School of Public Affairs, American University #SocialScienceLive
  • 4. Los Angeles | London | New Delhi | Singapore | Washington DC | Boston While we do our best to answer as many questions as we can, time constraints may not allow us to answer every question. Thank you for understanding. Send us your questions! Send in your questions via the Question Box on your screen. → Using Twitter? Use the hashtag #SocialScienceLive. #SocialScienceLive
  • 5. Los Angeles | London | New Delhi | Singapore | Washington DC | Boston Dan M. Kahan Elizabeth K. Dollard Professor of Law and Professor of Psychology, Yale Law School Francis X. Shen McKnight Land-Grant Professor and Associate Professor of Law, University of Minnesota #SocialScienceLive
  • 6. Los Angeles | London | New Delhi | Singapore | Washington DC | Boston#SocialScienceLive
  • 7. Los Angeles | London | New Delhi | Singapore | Washington DC | Boston Science is inevitably political • Science helps us to understand the world around us, including … • What problems we face • Who is responsible for those problems • Efficient ways to solve those problems • For these reasons, science informs public policy and law #SocialScienceLive
  • 8. Los Angeles | London | New Delhi | Singapore | Washington DC | Boston Science is inevitably political • Because of science’s ability to direct human activity through policy and law, people fight over it • Coalitions seek to … • Discredit science that undermines their values / interests • Promote science that bolsters their values / interests • Interpret, frame, spin science (where implications ambiguous) • Sometimes conscious, often not • Let’s make the ubiquity of science bias better known! #SocialScienceLive
  • 9. Los Angeles | London | New Delhi | Singapore | Washington DC | Boston Outline of today’s webinar • Introduction • Dan Kahan presentation • Francis Shen presentation • Panelist discussion • Audience Q&A #SocialScienceLive
  • 10. Los Angeles | London | New Delhi | Singapore | Washington DC | Boston Dan M. Kahan Yale University & many x 103 others www.culturalcognition.net Belief in Climate Change: What We Know vs. Who We Are Research Supported by: National Science Foundation, SES-0922714 Annenberg Center for Public Policy Skoll Global Threats Fund
  • 11. Los Angeles | London | New Delhi | Singapore | Washington DC | Boston What am I talking about?
  • 12. Los Angeles | London | New Delhi | Singapore | Washington DC | Boston What am I talking about? Everything I know about climate science communication:
  • 13. Los Angeles | London | New Delhi | Singapore | Washington DC | Boston What am I talking about? Everything I know about climate science communication: #SocialScienceLive
  • 14. Los Angeles | London | New Delhi | Singapore | Washington DC | Boston What am I talking about? Everything I know about climate science communication: What ordinary members of the public “believe” about climate change
  • 15. Los Angeles | London | New Delhi | Singapore | Washington DC | Boston What am I talking about? Everything I know about climate science communication: What ordinary members of the public “believe” about climate change doesn’t reflect what they know;
  • 16. Los Angeles | London | New Delhi | Singapore | Washington DC | Boston What am I talking about? Everything I know about climate science communication: What ordinary members of the public “believe” about climate change doesn’t reflect what they know; ; it expresses who they are.
  • 17. Los Angeles | London | New Delhi | Singapore | Washington DC | Boston “Belief” in evolution #SocialScienceLive
  • 18. Los Angeles | London | New Delhi | Singapore | Washington DC | Boston#SocialScienceLive “Ordinary Science Intelligence” Assessment OSI_1.0 OSI_2.0
  • 19. Los Angeles | London | New Delhi | Singapore | Washington DC | Boston Ordinary science intelligence: item response functions Nationally representative sample. Colored bars reflect 0.95 level of confidence
  • 20. Los Angeles | London | New Delhi | Singapore | Washington DC | Boston Ordinary science intelligence: item response functions Nationally representative sample. Colored bars reflect 0.95 level of confidence
  • 21. Los Angeles | London | New Delhi | Singapore | Washington DC | Boston Ordinary science intelligence: item response functions Nationally representative sample. Colored bars reflect 0.95 level of confidence #SocialScienceLive
  • 22. Los Angeles | London | New Delhi | Singapore | Washington DC | Boston Ordinary science intelligence: item response functions Nationally representative sample. Colored bars reflect 0.95 level of confidence
  • 23. Los Angeles | London | New Delhi | Singapore | Washington DC | Boston Ordinary science intelligence: item response functions Nationally representative sample. Colored bars reflect 0.95 level of confidence
  • 24. Los Angeles | London | New Delhi | Singapore | Washington DC | Boston Ordinary science intelligence: item response functions Nationally representative sample. Colored bars reflect 0.95 level of confidence
  • 25. Los Angeles | London | New Delhi | Singapore | Washington DC | Boston Ordinary science intelligence: item response functions Nationally representative sample. Colored bars reflect 0.95 level of confidence
  • 26. Los Angeles | London | New Delhi | Singapore | Washington DC | Boston Ordinary science intelligence: item response functions Nationally representative sample. Colored bars reflect 0.95 level of confidence
  • 27. Los Angeles | London | New Delhi | Singapore | Washington DC | Boston Teaching evolution to “nonbelievers”
  • 28. Los Angeles | London | New Delhi | Singapore | Washington DC | Boston “Belief” in global warming Annenberg Center for Public Policy & Cultural Cognition Project. N’ = 1957. Nationally representative sample, April/May 2014 (YouGov). CIs reflect 0.95 level of confidence intervals. Source: Kahan, D. The Science Communication Measurement Problem, Adv. in Pol. Psych. (in press).
  • 29. Los Angeles | London | New Delhi | Singapore | Washington DC | Boston “Belief” in global warming Annenberg Center for Public Policy & Cultural Cognition Project. N’ = 1957. Nationally representative sample, April/May 2014 (YouGov). CIs reflect 0.95 level of confidence intervals. Source: Kahan, D. The Science Communication Measurement Problem, Adv. in Pol. Psych. (in press).
  • 30. Los Angeles | London | New Delhi | Singapore | Washington DC | Boston “Belief” in global warming 01234567 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 < avg. Left_right > avg. Left_right Science ComprehensionVery low 01234567 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 < avg. Left_right > avg. Left_right 01234567 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 01234567 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 Very low Very highScience comprehension None at all Extremely high risk 01234567 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 > avg. Left_right < avg. Left_right 01234567 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 Science Comprehension Very low Very high 01234567 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 01234567 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 01234567 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 01234567 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 01234567 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 Ordinary Science Intelligence 01234567 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 > avg. Left_right < avg. Left_right 01234567 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 Science Comprehension Very low Very high 01234567 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 01234567 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 01234567 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 01234567 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 01234567 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 globalwarmingrisk Annenberg Center for Public Policy & Cultural Cognition Project. N’ = 1957. Nationally representative sample, April/May 2014 (YouGov). CIs reflect 0.95 level of confidence intervals. Source: Kahan, D. The Science Communication Measurement Problem, Adv. in Pol. Psych. (in press). Kahan, D.M., Peters, E., Wittlin, M., Slovic, P., Ouellette, L.L., Braman, D. & Mandel, G. The polarizing impact of science literacy and numeracy on perceived climate change risks. Nature Climate Change 2, 732-735 (2012).
  • 31. Los Angeles | London | New Delhi | Singapore | Washington DC | Boston
  • 32. Los Angeles | London | New Delhi | Singapore | Washington DC | Boston r = - 0.65, p < 0.01
  • 33. Los Angeles | London | New Delhi | Singapore | Washington DC | Boston “Belief” in global warming 01234567 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 < avg. Left_right > avg. Left_right Science ComprehensionVery low 01234567 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 < avg. Left_right > avg. Left_right 01234567 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 01234567 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 Very low Very highScience comprehension None at all Extremely high risk globalwarmingrisk Annenberg Center for Public Policy & Cultural Cognition Project. N’ = 1957. Nationally representative sample, April/May 2014 (YouGov). CIs reflect 0.95 level of confidence intervals. Source: Kahan, D. The Science Communication Measurement Problem, Adv. in Pol. Psych. (in press).
  • 34. Los Angeles | London | New Delhi | Singapore | Washington DC | Boston “Belief” in global warming 01234567 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 < avg. Left_right > avg. Left_right Science ComprehensionVery low 01234567 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 < avg. Left_right > avg. Left_right 01234567 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 01234567 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 Very low Very highScience comprehension None at all Extremely high risk globalwarmingrisk Annenberg Center for Public Policy & Cultural Cognition Project. N’ = 1957. Nationally representative sample, April/May 2014 (YouGov). CIs reflect 0.95 level of confidence intervals. Source: Kahan, D. The Science Communication Measurement Problem, Adv. in Pol. Psych. (in press).
  • 35. Los Angeles | London | New Delhi | Singapore | Washington DC | Boston “Belief” in global warming globalwarmingrisk 0 .1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9 1 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 01234567 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 < avg. Left_right > avg. Left_right Science ComprehensionVery low 01234567 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 < avg. Left_right > avg. Left_right 01234567 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 01234567 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 Very low Very highScience comprehension None at all Extremely high risk 01234567 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 > avg. Left_right < avg. Left_right 01234567 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 Science Comprehension Very low Very high 01234567 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 01234567 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 01234567 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 01234567 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 01234567 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 globalwarmingrisk Kahan, D.M., Peters, E., Wittlin, M., Slovic, P., Ouellette, L.L., Braman, D. & Mandel, G. The polarizing impact of science literacy and numeracy on perceived climate change risks. Nature Climate Change 2, 732-735 (2012). Annenberg Center for Public Policy & Cultural Cognition Project. N’ = 1957. Nationally representative sample, April/May 2014 (YouGov). CIs reflect 0.95 level of confidence intervals. Source: Kahan, D. The Science Communication Measurement Problem, Adv. in Pol. Psych. (in press).
  • 36. Los Angeles | London | New Delhi | Singapore | Washington DC | Boston “Belief” in global warming 0 .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 1 -2.5 -1 0 1 2.599th percentile1st percentile 84th percentile16th percentile 50th percentile Probabilityofcorrectresponse There is “solid evidence” of recent global warming due “mostly” to “human activity such as burning fossil fuels.” Ordinary Science Intelligence Liberal Democrat Conservative Republican 01234567 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 > avg. Left_right < avg. Left_right 01234567 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 Science Comprehension Very low Very high 01234567 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 01234567 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 2101234567 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 01234567 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 01234567 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 01234567 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 > avg. Left_right < avg. Left_right 01234567 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 Science Comprehension Very low Very high 01234567 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 01234567 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 01234567 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 01234567 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 2101234567 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 01234567 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 > avg. Left_right < avg. Left_right 01234567 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 Science Comprehension Very low Very high 01234567 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 01234567 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 01234567 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 01234567 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 01234567 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 01234567 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 > avg. Left_right < avg. Left_right 01234567 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 Science Comprehension Very low Very high 01234567 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 01234567 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 01234567 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 2101234567 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 01234567 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 Annenberg Center for Public Policy & Cultural Cognition Project. N’ = 1957. Nationally representative sample, April/May 2014 (YouGov). CIs reflect 0.95 level of confidence intervals. Source: Kahan, D. The Science Communication Measurement Problem, Adv. in Pol. Psych. (in press).
  • 37. Los Angeles | London | New Delhi | Singapore | Washington DC | Boston “Belief” in global warming 0 .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 1 -2.5 -1 0 1 2.599th percentile1st percentile 84th percentile16th percentile 50th percentile Probabilityofcorrectresponse There is “solid evidence” of recent global warming due “mostly” to “human activity such as burning fossil fuels.” Ordinary Science Intelligence Liberal Democrat Conservative Republican Annenberg Center for Public Policy & Cultural Cognition Project. N’ = 1957. Nationally representative sample, April/May 2014 (YouGov). CIs reflect 0.95 level of confidence intervals. Source: Kahan, D. The Science Communication Measurement Problem, Adv. in Pol. Psych. (in press).
  • 38. Los Angeles | London | New Delhi | Singapore | Washington DC | Boston Teaching evolution to “nonbelievers”
  • 39. Los Angeles | London | New Delhi | Singapore | Washington DC | Boston This measures who we are . . . Nationally representative sample. Colored bars reflect 0.95 level of confidence
  • 40. Los Angeles | London | New Delhi | Singapore | Washington DC | Boston This measures who we are . . . so measure what we know instead
  • 41. Los Angeles | London | New Delhi | Singapore | Washington DC | Boston Disentanglement principle: “Don’t make reasoning, free people choose between knowing what’s known & being who they are!”
  • 42. Los Angeles | London | New Delhi | Singapore | Washington DC | Boston Disentanglement principle: “Don’t make reasoning, free people choose between knowing what’s known & being who they are!”
  • 43. Los Angeles | London | New Delhi | Singapore | Washington DC | Boston Disentanglement principle: “Don’t make reasoning, free people choose between knowing what’s known & being who they are!”
  • 44. Los Angeles | London | New Delhi | Singapore | Washington DC | Boston Disentanglement principle: “Don’t make reasoning, free people choose between knowing what’s known & being who they are!”
  • 45. Los Angeles | London | New Delhi | Singapore | Washington DC | Boston The climate science communication measurement problem: What we know Who we arevs.
  • 46. Los Angeles | London | New Delhi | Singapore | Washington DC | Boston What we know Who we are How to disentangle from The climate science communication measurement problem:
  • 47. Los Angeles | London | New Delhi | Singapore | Washington DC | Boston Disentangling knowledge & identity: a lab experiment
  • 48. Los Angeles | London | New Delhi | Singapore | Washington DC | Boston Cultural Cognition Project SE Fla. evidence-based science communication initiative Disentangling knowledge & identity: field studies
  • 49. Los Angeles | London | New Delhi | Singapore | Washington DC | Boston “How much risk do you believe global warming poses to human health, safety, or prosperity?” United States as a whole (summer 2013) Southeast Florida (Fall 2013) no risk at all Egalitarian communitarian Hierarch individualist A polluted science communication environment . . . An unpolluted one . . . no risk at all 01234567 -1.6 -1 0 1 1.6 None at all Extremely high risk Very low Low Between low and moderate Moderate Between moderate and high High Very liberal Strong Democrat Very Conservative Strong Republican Liberal Democrat Conservative Republican Moderate Independent r = - 0.65, p < 0.01 Left_right “How much risk do you believe fluoridated water poses to human health, safety, or prosperity?” 01234567 -1.6 -1 0 1 1.6 01234567 -1.6 -1 0 1 1.6 r = 0.07, p < 0.01 01234567 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 “How much risk do you believe medical x-rays poses to human health, safety, or prosperity?” None at all Extremely high risk Very low Low Between low and moderate Moderate Between moderate and high High Science Comprehension 34567 01234567 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 > avg. Left_right < avg. Left_right Extremely high risk no risk at all Extremely high riskno risk at all 01234567 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 None at all Extremely high risk Very low Low Between low and moderate Moderate Between moderate and high High Science Comprehension > avg. Left_right < avg. Left_right 01234567 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 01234567 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 01234567 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Extremely high risk “How much risk do you believe global warming poses to human health, safety, or prosperity?” 4 SE Fla. Counties 01234567 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 01234567 -1.6 -1 0 1 1.6 None at all Extremely high risk Very liberal Strong Democrat Very Conservative Strong Republican Moderate Independent r = 0.07, p < 0.01 < avg. Left_right > avg. Left_right Science ComprehensionVery low 01234567 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 < avg. Left_right > avg. Left_right 01234567 -1.6 -1 0 1 1.6 r = - 0.65, p < 0.01 Very high 01234567 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 01234567 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 Global warming 01234567 -1.6 -1 0 1 1.6 Very liberal Strong Democrat Very Conservative Strong Republican Liberal Democrat Conservative Republican Moderate Independent r = - 0.60, p < 0.01 01234567 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 01234567 -1.6 -1 0 1 1.6 None at all Extremely high risk Very liberal Strong Democrat Very Conservative Strong Republican Moderate Independent r = 0.07, p < 0.01 < avg. Left_right > avg. Left_right Science ComprehensionVery low 01234567 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 < avg. Left_right > avg. Left_right 01234567 -1.6 -1 0 1 1.6 r = - 0.65, p < 0.01 Very high 01234567 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 34567 Global warming
  • 50. Los Angeles | London | New Delhi | Singapore | Washington DC | Boston 4 SE Fla. Counties
  • 51. Los Angeles | London | New Delhi | Singapore | Washington DC | Boston Disentanglement principle: “Don’t make reasoning, free people choose between knowing what’s known & being who they are!”
  • 52. Los Angeles | London | New Delhi | Singapore | Washington DC | Boston What is to be done? You tell me!
  • 53. Los Angeles | London | New Delhi | Singapore | Washington DC | Boston Communicate normality
  • 54. Los Angeles | London | New Delhi | Singapore | Washington DC | Boston Not “us vs. them” just us, using what we know Communicate normality
  • 55. Los Angeles | London | New Delhi | Singapore | Washington DC | Boston Proselytizing the normality of climate science
  • 56. Los Angeles | London | New Delhi | Singapore | Washington DC | Boston Not “us vs. them” just us, using what we know Communicate normality
  • 57. Los Angeles | London | New Delhi | Singapore | Washington DC | Boston Just us, using what we know!
  • 58. Los Angeles | London | New Delhi | Singapore | Washington DC | Boston Just us, using what we know!
  • 59. Los Angeles | London | New Delhi | Singapore | Washington DC | Boston Communicate normality
  • 60. Los Angeles | London | New Delhi | Singapore | Washington DC | Boston New data: shame & critical reasoning! www.culturalcognition.net
  • 61. Science Narratives and the Law: The Link from Lab to Legislature Francis X. Shen University of Minnesota Law School MacArthur Foundation Research Network on Law & Neuroscience May 12, 2015
  • 62.
  • 63.
  • 65. Politics and the Future of Neuroscience, Law, and Public Policy Science Narratives and the Link from Lab to Legislature The Brain Takes Center Stage
  • 66. Politics and the Future of Neuroscience, Law, and Public Policy Science Narratives and the Link from Lab to Legislature The Brain Takes Center Stage
  • 67.
  • 68.
  • 69.
  • 70.
  • 71.
  • 72.
  • 73. Source: Michael S. Gazzaniga, Neuroscience In The Courtroom, 304 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN 54 (2011).
  • 74.
  • 75. Neuroscientific Evidence In Court :: Culpability and Mitigation
  • 76.
  • 77. Politics and the Future of Neuroscience, Law, and Public Policy Science Narratives and the Link from Lab to Legislature The Brain Takes Center Stage
  • 78. Motivation :: We see similar issues arising in statehouse as in courthouse
  • 79. Lab Neuroscience Law, Legislation Lawyer Neuroscience Lay Neuroscience Legislator Neuroscience Lobbyist Neuroscience Enabling (or hindering) research Media Schools Outreach Neuroscience Narratives :: Constructing a narrative: from lab to legislation
  • 80. 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Number of Proposed Brain-Related Bills, by Year (All state legislatures, 1997-2009)
  • 81. Neuroscience Narratives :: Topics covered by brain bills Alzheimer’s * Autism * Brain Death * Brain Injury * Civil Commitment * Crime Victims * Criminal Defense * Early Childhood * Education * End of Life * Foster Care * Health Care * Juvenile Justice * Mental Health * Military Veterans * Neonatal * Parkinson’s * Parole * Post Traumatic Stress Disorder * Privacy * Sex Offenders * Shaken Baby Syndrome * Special Education * Sports Concussions * Toxins * Veterans Courts
  • 82. Politics and the Future of Neuroscience, Law, and Public Policy Science Narratives and the Link from Lab to Legislature The Brain Takes Center Stage
  • 83. The Public :: Self-reported knowledge in national sample, N = 814 How knowledgeable would you say you are about science? How knowledgeable would you say you are about neuroscience? 2% 6% 11% 34% 24% 14% 8% 19% 25% 23% 17% 10% 5% 0% 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% Not at all knowledgeable Somewhat knowledgeable Very knowledgeable Science Knowledgge Neuro Knowledge
  • 84. 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% Strongly Disapprove Disapprove Neither Approve Nor Disapprove Approve Strongly Approve Democrat Independent Republican The Public :: Approval of neuroscience-based legal reforms, N = 1,004 (National CARAVAN sample)
  • 85. 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 Democrat Independent Republican ApprovalofNeurolaw (1=StronglyDisapprove,5=StronglyApprove) Control Prosecution Defense *** p = .001 *** p < .001 The Public :: Effect of issue framing, by political party
  • 86.
  • 87. Los Angeles | London | New Delhi | Singapore | Washington DC | Boston Panelist Discussion #SocialScienceLive
  • 88. Los Angeles | London | New Delhi | Singapore | Washington DC | Boston While we do our best to answer as many questions as we can, time constraints may not allow us to answer every question. Thank you for understanding. Send us your questions! Send in your questions via the Question Box on your screen. → Using Twitter? Use the hashtag #SocialScienceLive. #SocialScienceLive
  • 89. Los Angeles | London | New Delhi | Singapore | Washington DC | Boston Webinar recording, slides, and follow-up Q&A will be emailed to you and available on socialsciencespace.com. Thank you! Be sure to check our website for updates on our webinar series! #SocialScienceLive