Overview of EU cultural policy, entrepreneurial dimension cultural and creative industries, urban renewal North-West Europe

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CULTURAL AND CREATIVE INDUSTRIES
THE EUROPEAN CONTEXT
UNITED IN
DIVERSITY
HKU University of the Arts
Rene KOOYMAN
HKU
June 2014

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History of European Integration
The Signature of the Treaty of Paris,
April 18, 1951
The Signature of the Treaty of Rome,
March 27, 1957
1945: End of World War II
1946: Churchill calls for “a kind of United
States of Europe”
1950: Schuman Declaration
1951: Treaty of Paris: European Coal and
Steel Community
1954: European Defense Community fails
1957: Treaty of Rome: European Economic
Community and Euratom (EEC)
1963: France blocks entry of UK
1972: The UK, along with Ireland and the
Denmark, joins the European
Communities

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Europe of coal and steel
Founding Six:
 France
 Germany
 Italy
 Belgium
 Netherlands
 Luxembourg

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1973-1993
 1973 United Kingdom, Denmark and the Republic of
Ireland granted membership
 1981 Greece join
 1986 Spain and Portugal allowed in
 1992 MaastrichtTreaty Signed
 1993 European Union formed out of the old EEC

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First decade of the 21st century:
the Euro and the biggest enlargement
 1 January 2002: 12 countries introduce the euro
 2004: enlargement to Central and Eastern European
countries - 10 new Member States join: Cyprus,
Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland,
the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Slovenia
Europe has 25 Member States
 2007: Bulgaria and Romania join
Europe has 27 Member States
 2013: Croatia joins
Europe now has 28 Member States

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The European Union:
More then 500 million people – 28 countries
Member states of the European
Union
Candidate countries
Members:
Austria,Belgium, Bulgaria,
Croatia, Cyprus,
the Czech Republic
Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France,
Germany, Greece,
Hungary, Ireland, Italy,
Latvia, Lithuania,
Luxembourg, Malta,
the Netherlands, Poland,
Portugal, Romania,
Slovakia, Slovenia,Spain,
Sweden, the United
Kingdom

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EU Member States by Population
 1 Germany 81,305,856
 2 France 65,630,692
 3 United Kingdom 63,047,162
 4 Italy 61,261,254
 5 Spain 47,042,984
 6 Poland 38,415,284
 7 Romania 21,848,504
 8 Netherlands 16,730,632
 9 Greece 10,767,827
 10 Portugal 10,781,459
 11 Belgium 10,438,353
 12 Czech Republic 10,177,300
 13 Hungary 9,958,453
 14 Sweden 9,103,788
 15 Austria 8,219,743
 16 Bulgaria 7,037,935
 17 Denmark 5,543,453
 18 Slovakia 5,483,088
 19 Finland 5,262,930
 20 Ireland 4,722,028
 21 Lithuania 3,525,761
 22 Latvia 2,191,580
 23 Slovenia 1,996,617
 24 Estonia 1,274,709
 25 Cyprus 1,138,071
 26 Luxembourg 509,074
 27 Malta 409,836
adapted from https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2119.html#ee

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A fair system for all EU regions
(eligibility simulation)
3 categories
of regions
< 75 % of EU averageGDP/capita*
*index EU27=100
75-90 % > 90 %







Canarias
Guyane
Réunion
Guadeloupe/
Martinique
Madeira
Açores
Malta
Less developed regions
Transition regions
More developed regions
Regional GDP figures: 2006-07-08
© EuroGeographics Association for the administrative boundaries
│ 8

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The EU is run by five institutions
1. European Parliament - elected by the
peoples of the Member States
2. Council of the Union - composed of the
governments of the Member States
3. European Commission - driving force and
executive body
4. Court of Justice - compliance with the law
5. Court of Auditors - sound and lawful
management of the EU budget

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Policies and activities
 EU member countries have transferred some of
their law-making authority to the EU, in certain
areas such as agriculture and fisheries
 In culture policy-making is shared between the EU
and the member governments
 principle of subsidiarity

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History of cultural policy
 The Council of Europe, which is distinct from the
European Union (EU), first formalized cultural
cooperation policy in Europe with its European
Cultural Convention (since 1954 : signature is one
of the conditions for becoming a participating
state in the Bologna Process and its European
Higher Education Area (EHEA). Now 47 Members
 However, specific EU policy on cultural
cooperation began between member states since
its inclusion in the 1992 MaastrichtTreaty

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 Culture occupies a special place in politics
 Cultural activities are not considered the same as
commercial goods and services, excluded from
competition laws, free traffic, etc.
 They play an important role in conveying
European identity and values
 Cultural diversity is strengthened by the free flow
of ideas and nurtured by constant exchanges and
interaction among Europeans

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EU Programs
 MEDIA Programme
 European Capital of Culture
 European Cultural Route
 European Cultural Month
 Erasmus+ Programme
 European Heritage Days
 Modul-dance , Video Active
 Protected areas of the European Union
 Europeana.eu : digital access > six million objects
 European Library

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Economic layer:
the visual
matrix of
cultural
activities
Main choices are justified
by:
i) focusing on creation
ii) production of data
Compared with the
FCS2009 of UNESCO:
coherency but more
restricted boundaries
(exclusion of software,
telecoms, recreation,
sports, natural heritage,
supporting materials)

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The Future
It is possible thatTurkey will be next to join - as they
have tried to become a member since 1987, but:
 70 million inhabitants; second largest after DE
 99.7 % muslim; against EU multi-culturalism efforts
 23% under age of 15 / increasingly aging EU
 Middle-East pride
 EU Sceptics ??

16. The Entrepreneurial Dimension
of Cultural and Creative Industries
in Europe

17. Cultural and creative industries
‘Cultural industries’: goods or services
that embody cultural expressions,
irrespective commercial value: film, DVD,
video, television and radio, video games,
new media, music, books and press,
performing arts, visual arts.
‘Creative industries’ :
use culture as an input ,
whose outputs are mainly functional:
architecture, advertising, gaming,
design and fashion.’

18. Delineation
of the
Cultural
&
Creative
sector
(KEA 2005)

19. Contribution Cultural/Creative sector
• UNCTAD: Creative Economy Report 2010
• EU: See EDCCI Page 102

20. The new SME definition
Three criteria:
• Staff headcount
• Annual turnover
or:
• Balance sheet
turnover
• ????

21. Size of Enterprises
By sector across CCIs
eurokleis 2009
EDCCI: Page 64

22. CCIs : EU
Top
Regions
LQ is an indicator of CCI
employment relative to
the total employment of
the region, where LQ>1
indicates
an over-representation of
CCI employment
Source: European Cluster
Observatory
See EDCCI Page 102

23. Staff headcount - turnover
o Very small (< 2 milj EUR)
o SMEs (2 – 10 m EUR)
o Large enterprises:
Cultural Industries BRD
o 763.000 taxable employees
Fesel/Söndermann BRD 2009
97% of headcount 27 % turnover
3 % headcount 32 % turnover
< 1 % nr headcount 40 % turnover
o 210.000 Free-lance workers
not registered
Creative industries: headcount / turnover

24. Labour Market Characteristics
• Labour market of the CCIs is complex
• Thrives on numerous small initiatives
• Careerwise a high degree of uncertainty
• Non-conventional forms of employment; part-time,
temporary contracts, self-employment , free-lancers
• Multiple job-holdings; combined other sources
• New type of employer; the ‘entrepreneurial individual’
or ‘entrepreneurial cultural worker’
• Does not fit into typical patterns of full-time pro’s
• Heterogeneity of human resources categories; higher
professional training, vernacular backgrounds, craft
industry, any other category

25. Product characteristics
• Creative inputs and products are abundant
• Hypercompetitive environment
• Succes is uncertain: ‘nobody knows’
• Knowledge-based and labour-intensive input
• Not ‘simply merchandise’, but express cultural
uniqueness and identities
• Experience goods; production and
consumption ‘on the spot’
• Product life-cycles are often short

26. Entrepreneurship indicators
OECD, Measuring entrepreneurship, 2010

27. Rene Kooyman
3 June 2014
The Urban Quest

28. What’s going on?
 Urbanisation
 From industrial production to a
knowledge society
 Growth falters; is absent
 Small and medium-sized enterprises
(SMEs) of strategic value

29. EU Policy
 Small and medium-sized enterprises
(SMEs) of strategic value
 ' Old School ' no longer valid:
innovation = needed
 The economic power
of the cultural and creative
industries

30. Size of Enterprises
EDCCI: Page 64
2010 HKU Entrepreneurial Dimension of
Cultural and Creative Industries

31. Talking about cities
• Demographics: aging population
• Mobility: multicultural societies
• Changing consumer patterns
• The networks: a connected society
Abandoned
Industrial
area's
Revitalisation

32. Spatial components: metropolis and decay
Changing
perspectives:
Long-term
/top-down
Bottom-up
cooperative
initiatives
 Jacobs
 Bourdieu
 Florida

33. The CURE Partners
CURE-WEB.EU
cre8te, Edinburgh
Colchester Borough Council
Grundstücksgesellsch Kettwig
Stadt Hagen (Lead Partner)
Stadt Dinslaken
Stad Brugge
Lille Métropole
Dublin: Temple Bar (observer)
Utrecht University of the Arts
(academic partner)

34. Creative Urban Renewal (CURE)
 Aims to facilitate triggered growth of the
creative economy in decayed urban areas in
medium-sized cities in Northwest-Europe
 Very different situations:
Tourism/heritage (Edinburgh, Brugge)
Abandoned industrial sites: Essen Kettwig
(scheidshce Hallen), coal-mining areas
Dinslaken, former textile industry
Elbershallen, social-economical problem
areas (Hagen, Lille)

35. Do we need a theoretical framework?
 Concepts are an abstraction of reality
 We cannot communicate without using
concepts about the reality
 Creates a certain unity in objects
described and definitions
 Offers a self-audit facility to ensure
cohesion and appropriate
conceptualisation for conclusions.

36. Creative Zone Innovator (CZI)

37. Sub-
values
and
Indi-
cators

39. Scheidt’sche Hallen Kettwig
 Former Spinning Mill
 Closed in 1974
 Public planning completed 2011
 Housing area sold to an investor
 Partial demolition, reconstruction and
restauration
 10.000 m2 for Creative Industries
 Flow of Diversity / Business Modelling

42. Kreativ Quartier Lohberg Dinslaken
 Coal mine closed in 2005
 Total 40 ha with 11 heritage buildings
 City Council and Investment Company
develop a partner-based concept
 Principles of sustainability and economic
feasibility
 Combine renewable energy and Creative
Industries
 “Idea meets Market”: Learning Lab, Creative
Value Chain

44. Cultural Factory Elbershallen
Hagen
 Former Textile Industry redeveloped
since 2000
 Public private partnership: City of Hagen
 4.5 ha : first businesses commercially
driven; now diversified; daycare centre,
bowling alley, supermarket; and Creative
Industries (music school, dance studio,
Theater an der Volme)
 Diversity, Business Modelling

45. Creative Zone 22
Hagen
 Underprivileged
neighbourhood
 Top-down initiative
 Slowing down shrinking
population
 Multi-cultural advantages
 Co-working space
 Creatve Value Chain

47. Lille Metropole
 Textile crisis 1970; regional
unemployment, poverty
 Trans-national initiative; concentrating
on ‘the image’
 Requalification of derelict areas into AV
Cultural and Creative Incubator
 4 dimensions:
 LL, CVC, FOD, CBM

49.  Creative Value Chain: Screenworks Film Collective
 Creative desks program: incubator (CBM),
 Non-profit coworking and learning space (LL) for
independent workers, freelancers, start-ups, and the
local community
 Collaboration with private sector and academia
Creative Edinburgh
CURE-WEB.EU

50. ICE ICE Store: Creative Outlet
Store
CURE-WEB.EU
ICE Store:
ICE Store is a new way of
doing business. It is a not for
profit social enterprise
consisting of a retail store
selling the work of
independent artists and
designers from Scotland.
Everything in ICE Store is
handmade giving special
meaning to all of our
products.
ICE Store for Creatives:
Picture this: a city centre
location to showcase your
work, a place where you will
have an audience of thousands
and the support to take your
talents to the wider world. A
dream? ICE Store makes this a
reality!
ICE Store for Customers:
Don’t you hate it when you can’t
get that unique dress or
necklace that suits you and the
occasion perfectly? Or when
finding the perfect gift for a
friend becomes an impossible
task? ICE Store makes it easy!

51. Brugge: cultural heritage
Empty shopping
street not viable
Now:
• pop-up shop
• courses
• vernacular
design

52. Brugge – „design met wortels“
Design with roots
CURE-WEB.EU
 Contemporary design meets old handcraft
techniques
 Run workshops on knitting, making jewels
with wax, old fabrics

54. Colchester UK
 Hidden
Kiosk
 This One
Wall
 First site

55. How is it done?
1. Identify your fundamentals: basic
dimensions (learning lab, creative
value chain, flow of diversity,
business modeling
2. Define the Core Values
3. Identify and select Sub-values
4. Specify and select Indicators

56. The Toolkit
 Take Time: Urban Area Development
is not done on a short-term strategy
 Persist: hold on to your perspective
 Spread the word: communications is
key-factor
 Build alliances: define, discuss and re-
define your projects
 Learn when you move along......

57. Re-thinking uban policy
• comprehend the economic benefits (market
and non-market) of the arts and culture
• recognise the fundamental importance of
cultural value as a component of the urban
value created by the cultural sector
• foster a positive climate for private sector
engagement with the arts
• promote cultural policy as a core government
function involving a wide range of
departments including culture, heritage,
education, urban / regional development, etc.
An effective urban policy will:

58. rkooyman@rkooyman.com

59. That’s
the way it’s
done!
Rene Kooyman
http://cure-web.eu
rene.kooyman@hku.nl