2. Outline
Features of the spoken language
Teaching spoken English: Principles and
practice
How to use A Speaking Course
3. Part One: Preview
Features of the spoken language
Prosodic features
Shortened forms
Features resulting from limited
processing time
Organizational features
Accent and dialect
Functions of the spoken language
4. 1. Features of the spoken language
1.1 Prosodic features:
stress
pitch
intonation
rhythm
tempo
e.g. She sells seashells on the seashore,
the shells she sells are seashells I’m
sure.
(1)
5. 1. Features of the spoken language
1.2 Shortened forms
Contraction
Elision
Ellipsis
(2)
9. 1. Features of the spoken language
1.3 Features that result from the
limited processing time
False start
Repairs
Fillers
(3)
10. False start:
when a speaker stops after beginning an
utterance and then either repeats or
reformulates it.
e.g. right well let's er --= let's look at the
applications -- erm - let me just ask
initially this
(The CHRISTINE Project:
http://www.grsampson.net/RChristine.html)
11. Repairs:
an alteration suggested or made by
the speaker, the addressee or the
audience to correct or clarify a
previous conversational
contribution.
12. Fillers:
- no particular meanings
- provides time to think,
to create a pause or
to hold a turn
e.g. “er”, “uhm”, “ah”, “well”.
Compare with the Chinese filler “neige”.
13. 1. Features of the spoken language
1.4 Organizational features
Back-channeling
Turn-taking
(4)
14. Back-channeling:
Feedback for a speaker, meaning “I
understand you” or “I’m listening”.
e.g. “I see”, “really”, “uh huh” or “oh”
15. Turn-taking:
a typical, orderly arrangement in
which participants speak with
minimal overlap and gap between
them.
Short-turns: one or two sentences;
long turns: can be an hour’s lecture.
16. 1. Features of the spoken language
(5)
Accent: the ways in which words are
pronounced. Factors: age, region or
social class, e.g. RP
Dialect: The distinctive grammar and
vocabulary associated with the
regional or social use of a language,
e.g. Bernard Shaw’s Pygmalion.
17. 1. Features of the spoken language
(6)
Different functions
Interactional talk: Conversational language
for interpersonal reasons and/or
socializing. E.g. chitchat. Primarily
listener-oriented.
Transactional talk: Language to get things
done or to transmit content or
information. Primarily speaker-oriented.
18. Part Two: Preview
What should be taught and what can be
taught?
The roles of a spoken English teacher
Basic principles in teaching spoken English
Some suggestions for the design of
activities
19. 2.1 What should be taught and what
can be taught? (1)
What are the possible aims of a spoken
English course?
Notions; Situations; Topics; etc.
Which spoken model should we present to
our students?
RP or a standard American accent?
20. 2.1 What should be taught and what
can be taught? (2)
What should be corrected and what should
not be corrected?
What are the possible sideline productions?
Training of communication skills, public
speaking skills, and skills to organize
thoughts within a short time…
21. 2.2 The roles of a spoken English
teacher
Three stages and respective teachers’ roles:
Presentation: an informant (+ a
model provider?)
Practice: a conductor or a classroom
manager
Production: a guide or a facilitator
Does teaching have to be in this order?
22. 2.3 Basic principles in teaching spoken
English (1)
The importance of stress and rhythm
Difference between English and Chinese
English: stress-timed
Chinese: syllable-timed
e.g. I saw a big tree on the top of the
mountain.
The use of songs in the teaching of
pronunciation: Do Re Mi (Unit 1)
23. 2.3 Basic principles in teaching spoken
English (2)
Communicative stress: the less the better
How to reduce this stress?
The listener: peers; one is better than many
The situation: private; familiar; relaxing
The language: same for speaker and listener
Status of knowledge: information about the
topic or issue and the vocabulary needed
So: group and pair work are better than
individual and class work.
24. 2.3 Basic principles in teaching spoken
English (3)
Information gap: basic principle in the
design of tasks
Always ask:
Is there a reasonable purpose for the
speaker to perform the task?
Does the listener need that information?
25. 2.3 Basic principles in teaching spoken
English (4)
Correction: when and how?
Relaxed attitude towards mistakes, esp.
at the beginning.
Beginning of a semester: establishing a
good rapport with the students; help
learners to build confidence in speaking
in English
26. 2.3 Basic principles in teaching spoken
English (5)
Correction: when and how?
Relatively privately, e.g. in the process of
pair or group work.
In class if necessary without mentioning
names of students. Take notes while
supervising pair or group work.
27. 2.3 Basic principles in teaching spoken
English (6)
The importance of encouragement: Pygmalion
Effect - Rosenthal and Jacobson (1968),
children aged six to twelve years, all drawn
from the same school, given an IQ test.
Children were then assigned to an experimental
or control group. When teachers were told that
the children in the experimental group were
"high achievers", these children showed
significant IQ gains over the course of one year,
despite allocation to group having been in fact
random.
28. 2.4 Some suggestions for the design of
activities
The use of pictures
The use of jigsaw
The use of games
The use of drama
The use of role play and simulation
29. Part Three: Preview
Brief introduction to A Speaking
Course
Teaching spoken English to big
classes
Teaching spoken English to mixed
ability classes
Motivating the students
30. 3.1 A Speaking Course
An integrated syllabus:
Book 1: Pronunciation; Functions (I);
Functions (II); Situations
Book 2: What will you say?
What will you do?
How to complete the project?
What is your opinion?
31. 3.1 A Speaking Course
Principles in organization and design of
content
1) Objectives, warming-up, activities,
review, tips
2) Presentation, practice, production
Models are usually provided.
3) Situations and topics are close to the
life and future needs of the students.
32. 3.2 Teaching big classes
Big classes: 50-60 students in one class
Difficult, but not mission impossible.
1) Carefully design tasks with clear
learning goals
2) Use pair work and group work
3) Maintain discipline: Be firm and fair
4) Feedback: One or two groups or pair
33. 3.3 Teaching mixed ability classes
Let the more competent students do some
of the teaching.
Pair work and group work benefit the
more capable students more.
Leave different types of assignments for
the students to choose from.
34. 3.4 Motivating the students
Involve the students in the design of tasks
Interesting tasks
Varied design of activities
Encouragement and some training of
learning skills
Make learners aware of the
sideline products of the training of
spoken English.
35. Tell me and I'll forget;
Teach me and I'll remember;
Involve me and I'll learn.
Benjamin
Franklin?
