2. P P
S A T S
P P A =Adenine
This is a DNA S G S
C
molecule before it
starts its journey in P P
T =Thymine
replication. The S T A S
phosphates are
P P
above the sugars. C =Cytosine
The sugars have S G C S
base pairs attached
P P
to them. Adenine
with Thymine, and G =Guanine
S A T S
Guanine with
Cytosine. P P
S =Sugar(Ribose)
Hydrogen bonds
S C G S
are in between the
base pairs which P P
P =Phosphate
hold them together. S T A S
P P
S G C S
P P
S A T S
3. • Step 1. DNA Helicase is basically the starting point in
DNA replication, it is an enzyme that splits apart. The
DNA Replication takes place during the S Stage right
after the G1 Stage and before the G2 Stage.
DNA Replication
4. P P
S A T S
P P H =DNA
DNA
S C G S Helicase
Helicase P P
starts the S T A S
process by P P
splitting the S G C S
bonds which P P
create the S A T S
Replication
P P
Fork
S C G S
P P
S T A S
P P
S G C S
P P
S A T S
P P
S S
C H G
S P P S
T A
P P
S S
G C
5. • Step 2. RNA Primase begins its binding. RNA Primase
can attract nucleotides which bind to DNA nucleotides
due to the hydrogen bonds between the bases
DNA Replication
6. P P
S A T S
P P
S C G S
P P
S T A S =RNA Primse
P P
S G C S
P P
S A T S
P P
S C G S
P P
S T A S
P P
S G C S
P P
S A T S
P P
S S
C G
S P P S
T A
P P
S S
G C
7. • Step 3. The 5’3’ Leading strand begins its journey by
reading the template and continuously adding
nucleotides. The 3’5’ lagging strand adds more RNA
primase creating gaps or fragments known as Okazaki
fragments.
DNA Replication
8. P P
S A T S
P P
S C G S
P P
S T A S
P P
S G C S
P P
S A T S
P P
S C G S
P P
S T A S
P P
S G C S
P P
S A T S
P P
S S
C G
S P P S
T A
P P
S S
G C
9. • Step 4. In the Lagging strand the DNA Polymerase I
removes the fragments. The gaps are closed with the
action of DNA Polymerase, and DNA Ligase.-
DNA Replication
11. • Step 5. The last step of DNA Replication is Termination.
The DNA Polymerase reaches the ends of the strands. It
is not possible for the DNA Polymerase to fill the gaps
where the RNA Primers were. So the end of the parental
strand where the last primer bind isn’t replicated. These
ends consist of Telomeres. As a result a part of the
Telomere is removed in every cycle of DNA Replication.
DNA Replication
12. • Step 6. DNA Replication is not complete until a
mechanism of repairs fixes all possible errors caused
during the replication. Enzymes like nucleases remove
the wrong nucleotides and the DNA Polymerase fills the
gaps.
DNA Replication
14. • Telomeres are long stretches at the ends of the
chromosome which are noncoding.
Telomeres
15. • Okazaki Fragments are when the replication fork opens
sufficiently, DNA Polymerase can begin to synthesize a
section of complementary strand.
Okazaki Fragments
16. • A DNA Ligase has the job of stitching the Okazaki
Fragments together.
DNA Ligase
17. • Telomerase is an enzyme that adds telomere repeat
sequences to the 3’ end of DNA strands. By lengthening
this strand, DNA Polymerase is able to complete the
synthesis of the “incomplete ends” of the opposite strand.
Telomerase
18. • Cancer is different from the regular tissue due to its
ability to grow indefinitely. Most 85-90% cancers express
telomerase atleast in the population of cancer stem cells
that divide uncontrollably causing the Tumor to grow.
Cancer
19. • Transplanted Cells are removing cells from the
patient, and transforming them with the gene for the
product that the patient has been unable to synthesize and
return them to the patient.
Transplanted Cells
20. • Cloning is the replication of a single DNA molecule
starting from a single living cell to generate a large
population of cells containing identical DNA molecules.
Cloning
21. • Aging is a syndrome of changes that are deleterious
, progressive, universal and thus far irreversible. Aging
damage occurs to molecules, cells, and organs.
Aging
22. • The purpose of DNA replication is to make an exact copy
of DNA for other strands to be made. If DNA replication
went wrong mutations could occur which could be fatal
the that strand of DNA or to the human body all together.
The Purpose
