Slaves, Witches and Colonists

Slaves & Witches in the Bronx

Special Thanks: Jacob Leisler Paper Project
Monday, December 17, 2012

Triangle Trade Linked Old World and
New to Africa


New Amsterdam and New York are at the center of the slave trade

New York
Slave Market
on Wall St.
Slave Auction in
New Amsterdam

Slaves are mostly imported from Barbados into
New York and some are taken from Africa.


Bronx in the 17th Century
with modern subway map

Hunts Inn
Bronx River

Leggett Estate
Grove Farm

Slave Burying Ground
Hunts Point

1664 Jessup and Richardson
Rose Bank estate on
Hunts Point, NY 1890.

This may certify whom it may concerne that we
Shonearoekite, Wapomoe, Tuckorre, Whawhapenucke,
Capahase, Quannaco, Shaquiski, Passachahenne,
Harrawooke, have aleined and sold unto Edward
Jessup and John Richardson, both of the place above
said, a certain Tract of land bounded on the east by the
River Aquehung or Bronxkx... -from original deed with native
signers 1664

The first landholders on Hunts Point were
Edward Jessup and John Richardson. They
bought the land from Native Americans. The land
was inherited by both Gabriel Leggett
(1637-1700) who married Elizabeth Richardson
daughter of John Richardson, and Thomas Hunt
II of Grove Farm, who married Jessup’s daughter
also named Elizabeth.


Whitfield House - Guilford CT. oldest Thomas Hunt, born about 1615-20 (no documentation of his
stone house in New England 1639 birth or age found), probably at Keston (Keyston), Northants, probably
came from there to the New Haven Colony in 1639 as an indentured
servant to William Leete who was to become a Governor of the New
Haven Colony On the first of March 1643 Thomas and his wife Cicely
Clark, who was born about 1619 were ordered out of New Haven for
keeping company with a man disliked by the ruling elders of New Haven.

1898 map showing
the Lorrilard estate
In 1652 Thomas Hunt bought from Augustine Harmons land on Spicer and at the site of
Bracketts Neck which became the nucleus for his famous Grove Farm. He “Grove Farm” near
apparently did not move there at that time because of disputes between the today’s Throggs
English and the Dutch who at that time occupied and claimed the New Neck bridge.
York area.

On Sept. 6, 1664, Col. Nichols took possession of "New Amsterdam" and the
English took over from the Dutch. Thomas Hunt moved on to his Westchester
Grove farm and in October 1664 he is described as "a delegate from Westchester."
From 1664 until his death in 1695 he resided on his Grove Farm. He left a will in
which he identified his children as Thomas, Joseph, John, Josiah, and Abigail, and
left his Grove Farm, entailed (to pass on to eldest sons of successors) to his
grandson Josiah, son of Josiah, who was subsequently known as "Grove Siah."

The pioneer Thomas Hunt left his Grove Farm to his grandson Josiah who left it
to his son Jacob who died without heirs and title passed to Jacob's brother Caleb
and then to Caleb's son Gilbert, who died without children leaving a Will which
authorized his mother, brothers, and unmarried sisters to live on the farm for 12
years after which it was to be sold and the proceeds divided. The property was
sold by Gilbert's brother Marmaduke in 1760, and then purchased in 1775 by
John Ferris who was m. to Marianne (usually seen as Miana or Myana) Hunt.

Thomas Hunt 1 1 March 1643, Goodman Hunt and his

banished from New wife were banished from the New
Haven Colony. Quoting from the
Haven colony records, "Goodman Hunt and his wife
for keepeing the councells of the said
Willaim Harding, bakeing him a pasty
and plum cakes, and keeping company
with him on the Lords day, and she
suffering Harding to kisse her, they
being onely admitted to sojourne in this
plantation upon their good behavior,
was ordered to be sent out of the town
with one moneth after the date hereof,
yea in a shorter time, if any miscaryage
be found in them." Mr. Harding himself
was convicted "of a great deale of base
carryage and filthy dalliances with
divers yong girles, together with his
inticeing and corrupting divers servants
in this plantation, haunting with them in
night meetings and juncketting etc."

Hunt then buys 50 morgen (about 100 acres) of land on Throckmorton (Throggs) Neck in 1652

Witches in Westchester
Son and father Hunt intervene
in a case of “witchcraft” in 1670

Witchcraft Trials of Connecticut: The First Comprehensive, Documented
History of Witchcraft Trials in Colonial Connecticut R.G. Tomlinson http://tinyurl.com/8blmnwx


On May 29, 1664, Jacob Leisler made his
first known slave purchase when he
bought "a Negro for 615 florins" from a
shipment of 40 slaves on the Sparrow.
Howard Pyle, "The First Slave Auction at New Amsterdam in 1655" (1917).

Giving Names to the Nameless
My negro man Mungo is to live on the farm seven years and
then to be free Thomas Hunt About 1615 - 8 Feb 1693/94
"I leave to my son Moses Hunt... 5 shillings and my negro
'Robin.” To my daughter Phebe, so much of the rest of my
personal estate as my executors shall think reasonable,
and she is to maintain my woman slave 'Maria' while she
lives. Josiah Hunt 1665-1732 Abstracts of Wills on File in the Surrogate’s Office: City of New York - Volume 25 - Page 249


Thomas Hunt has a change of heart

While a single young woman, Katherine Harrison worked
as a servant. She enjoyed telling the other servants their
fortunes after having read a book on the subject and one of
her fortunes concerning whom one of the servants would
marry came true.
Her husband died in August of 1666 and she was not well
liked by her neighbors and was harassed by them.
On October 12, 1669 she was brought before a jury and
found guilty of witchcraft.The court was hesitant to have
her executed. It called on a panel of ministers for advice on
establishing rules of evidence and procedures making it
much more difficult to convict someone of witchcraft.
Katherine was released with the understanding that she
leave Wethersfield for her own safety. Katherine went on to
live in Westchester, New York.
Trial of Kathryn Harrison http://www.jud.state.ct.us


European traders from New Amsterdam taken as slaves:

In 1676 John Leggett (1628-1679)“the mariner” (brother of
Gabriel 1637-1700) builds a ship for merchant Jacob Leisler
named Susannah (Leisler’s mother’s name). Built on the Bronx
River that boat inaugurates shipbuilding in New Amsterdam.

Leisler sailed the Susannah to Chesapeake picking up a cargo of
tobacco and cow hides. North African Barbary pirates seized the
ship in the English channel. Leisler was freed on payment of nearly
2000 pieces of eight raised from New York merchants. Excess
money was seized by Governor Andros to build a Dutch church.
The Human Tradition in the Atlantic World, 1500-1850
By Karen Racine, Beatriz Gallotti Mamigonian


Slave Trader as Slave
Leisler is taken to Algiers where he is ransomed.
slave market Algiers

The "Jew Salooment" was active in ransoming the crew of
Leisler's Susannah as Dr. Mose Rafael Salom, a physician
resident of Amsterdam and the son of Louis d'Azevedo, a
Netherlands national then living in Algiers.

It is still unclear who advanced the funds for Leisler's ransom, but he apparently left
Algiers for London at the end of March under cover of Sir John Narborough's ﬂeet.


*Frederick Philipse, friend of John Leggett, “the mariner,” was
a large land and slave owner in Westchester and Barbados.
*"Will of John Leggett of Westchester, made at Port Royall, in
the Island of Jamaica, dated Oct. 2nd, 1679. Letters
testamentary granted to Ffredrich Phillips, as Executor by Sir
Edmund Andros, Feb 2nd, 1680.” - Philipse was executor of
Leggett’s will in 1679.

Recreation of Philips Manor in
Westchester

Frederick Philipse founds Philipsburg
Manor in 1693 importing slaves to run
his farm and mills. In 1790 there were 23
Philipsburg Manor slaves here.


slaveholding

Quaker
Merchant
Lewis Morris 1690 Lewis Morris
First lord of the manor of Morrisania
(15 October 1671 – 21 May 1746)


James Graham, Attorney General of New York and father-
in-law to Lewis Morris prosecutes Leisler for treason.
In 1691, William and Mary (whose
sovereignty Leisler was defending)
ordered his arrest. Leisler
barricaded himself inside the fort with
troops, but surrendered after six
weeks of intermittent gunfire. Eight
were sentenced to die in the following
manner: "hanged by the Neck and being
Alive their bodys be Cutt Downe to the
Earth that their Bowells be taken out and
they being Alive burnt before their faces
that their heads shall be struck off and
their Bodys Cutt in four parts and which
shall be Desposed of as their Majesties
Pages of the
earliest Minute shall Assigne." This execution divided the
Book; New York
Supreme Court
populace for decades. Leisler's head was
1691-2 Historical sewn back on and he was buried with
Document
Collection. fanfare twice. Relics survived and were
Library, Queens
College Flushing, venerated as pieces of a
NY. Protestant martyr.


Jacob Leisler is accused of “stealing” the government
After the overthrow of James II merchant Jacob
Leisler seized the Government of the Province of Engraving depicting colonial
New York Governor Henry
New York and was appointed Commander-in-Chief Sloughter signing Jacob
by the Committee of Safety... the anti-Leislerians Leisler's death warrant.

found their revenge by securing Leisler's sentence
to death, and he was executed in New York, May
16, 1691.


Gabriel Leggett (1637-1700) shares enmity of the large landowners
with Leister’s opposition the the deposed King James II sparking class conﬂict
in New York (Leggett inherited a portion of Hunts Point through his wife Elizabeth daughter of the John RIchardson.)

“Old Gabriel had with his boldness evidently a violent spirit...”

Gabriel Leggett was a strong opponent of Leisler's claims and was by
his nature, no doubt, an extreme partisan. When, therefore, Leisler
called for volunteers to go to Canada against the French, he
resisted the call

he could make his personal and political enemies "whistle for it"
He knew Leisler was ruling without authority; he believed that soon his rule would come
to a disastrous end, that then all his acts, and those of his subordinates, would be
declared illegal. He would not accept bail when illegally arrested and imprisoned for he
was shrewd enough to know that bye and bye he could make his personal and political
enemies "whistle for it" and that he did by heavy penalties for false imprisonment, as
will presently appear by their petitions to Gov. Fletcher from in prison.
EARLY SETTLERS OF
WEST FARMS REV. THEODORE A. LEGGETT

“Will of Gabriel Leggett”


“Here comes the father of rogues”
"Capt. Barnes upon his oath as a Justice of
the peace saith that Capt. Williams and
Gabriel Leggett being at his house was
drinking together and he thinks Gabriel was a
little overtaken in drink, but he called Capt.
Williams thief, murderer & Iyer, & he would
prove it, and repeated over many times, upon
which Williams being provoked got out a writt
17th century rum
against him.
bottle

“notories ill behaved & wicked maletious nature”

To his excellency Benjamin fifletcher Capt. Genl and Gov"" of
the Province of New York... Now soe itt be may itt Please yr
Excellence that said G' Legat having married one of the
daughters of sd Richardson may have a right in due court of law
to some of the land, &c., butt that not contenting the said
Gabriel Legatt he being a person of notories ill behaved &
wicked maletious nature... is in dayley feare of his being
violently assaulted and abused by said Legatt as he daily
threatens &c...
--Thomas Williams (stepfather to Gabriel Leggett)


"land which my Lord of London obtained of
John her Majestie for the church at Westchester."
Richardson John Bartow, rector of St. Peter's Church
1628-1679

daughter At Town meeting May 5, 1696, Gabriel Legat
and Josiah Hunt were appointed to oversee
repairs to be made upon the Meeting House. 1700
It was not until 1700 that the town meeting
Mary Joseph son George house, previously used for religious services,
Richardson Hadley Hadley
was abandoned, and a church was erected.
husband
sold 8 acres le
Jan. 10, 1687/8 ge s sa
llen
By John Richardson's cha
will the bulk of his
property was left Thos. Gabriel
Williams Crown St. Peters
to his wife during life Leggett founded
without other
died 1698 Lands
conditions. She was a 1637-1700 1693
rich widow, and her escheated sold
marriage to Captain March 3, 1695
Williams was apparently marriage
a great trial to the 1684 marriage
heirs; but what seemed 1676
to exasperate Gabriel Martha
the most was that Capt. Richardson
Williams would not
vacate the house after widow of John Elizabeth
Martha's death; as Richardson Richardson
appears by his petition
to Gov. Fletcher. died 1694 1656-1724
Mary’s sister


Thomas Hunt II (1639-1719) marries Elizabeth Jessup their daughter Cicily
Hunt marries John Leggett (1698) and by 1777 their children own the
slaves Dick, Sharp, Titus, Bill, Bell, Bett and the “boys” Bill, Harry and Lew.
British Troops Arrive in 1776
It is said that
during the occupancy
of the homestead by
Lord Howe that at the
first opportunity the
daughters were rowed
across the sound in
the night by a negro
slave to their Uncle
Floyd's so as to take
them out of harm's
way. Bolton's History of
Westchester, Vol. II

Grove Farm was part of the Throckmorton grant,
today known as Throggs Neck in the Bronx.

Thomas Hunt Established Grove Farm
Sold to John Ferris in 1775 Throggs Neck, NY


Hunts Point’s Slaves

Joseph Rodman
Drake Cemetery

Slave Burying
Ground

The Hunt Leggett Cemetery in Hunts Point

Indians were enslaved and were inherited

• “By deed dated April 2, 1705,
Westchester Records, L. 3, p. 165:
Elizabeth Legatt of West Farms,
widow, to her daughter Mary Legatt,
gives "unto the said Mary Legatt,
her heirs and assigns forever my
two negro children born of the body
of Hannah my negro woman, and of
the issue of the body of Robin My
Indian slave, the boy being named
Abram, and the girl named Jenny.*”
*EARLY SETTLERS OF WEST FARMS, WESTCHESTER COUNTY, N. Y. Reprinted from the New
York Genealogical and Biographical Record, July, 1913.]


Some natives were hiding out in a dense wetland now Bronxdale

There may have
been a Native
American
settlement there
at one time: in
Bear Swamp the early 1800s a
basin for grinding
Fording Place near the Indian
Village on the Bronx River corn was found
cut into a rock
1868 www.nycgovparks.org outcrop. bronxriver.org
Before the coming of the white man, this tree stood
near the fording-place of the Indian tribes whose trail
passed nearby ; down through a gap between rock ledges
dashed the stream in a rapid to the point where the fresh
water mingled with the salt, for then the tide rose and
fell at that point, and the Indians found that at the join- DeLancey Pine
ing of the waters, there was at all tides a shoal place
suitable for wading the stream. The Indians, on their was used by
way to the summer camps at what was afterwards Hunts rebel snipers
Point, crossed over to the west bank of the stream and
continued southward on a trail following the windings aiming at
of the stream, and this stream they named the "Stream of British troops
the High Banks" or "Aquehung" on account of the ledges near the
near the big pine.
Fording Place
Morris Park Race Track located in
Bronxdale until 1913
Valentine's manual of old New York on the Bronx

Slave rebellions rocked New York in 1712 and1741


*
1755 Slave Census
St. Peters on
Westchester Ave.
Ferris family cemetery & Quaker
Cemetery
Westchester Square, Bronx

*

John Ferris bought Grove Farm in October of
1775. It was in the family for over a hundred
years.

Entrance to the Ferris Estate
with Whitestone Bridge under
construction 1938.
* Westchester included the Bronx in 1755

“Legget's slave Mercy...”
Gabriel Legget, (1698-1786) a patriot slaveowner
in lower Westchester County... was turned out of
his farm by Major Bearmore of the British army in
1779, who then occupied his farm. Legget's slave
Mercy and her two children left Legget shortly
before his eviction from his property to live on
Long Island with Stephen De Lancey. Legget's wife
then arranged for her to live with Mr. Davenport at
Morrisania and then with Capt. Kip, who had
succeeded Bearmore in occupying Legget's
property. After Kip turned Mercy out, Legget asked
Mercy's husband to build a hut for her on the
Legget farm where her third child was born.
Legget used his slave's family to maintain and
safeguard his property during the emergency. Upon
the withdrawal of British troops from the farm,
Mercy and her three children went to New York
City, where she sought freedom under the British
proclamation. Legget claimed her as his property
prior to her embarkation to go to Nova Scotia with
the 1783 British evacuation of New York and had
her brought on shore for examination. The board
ordered Mercy and her children to be returned to
Legget* Petition of Gabriel Legget, August 7, 1783 Board
Meeting, British Headquarters Papers, Document Granite marker placed by David John Leggett and
10427, Manuscript Room, New York Public Library. his father John Milton Leggett in 2001

*The proximity of the British lines in New York City also encouraged Westchester slaves to run away from their masters and seek freedom within the British
camps. The number of slaves decreased by 63.7 percent from 1771 to 1786 in Westchester County. This lost black population did not reappear in the 1790
census, as it did in the other southern New York counties.


Abolitionists The slavery question interested Mrs. Leggett deeply and she was an ardent and
outspoken Abolitionist. She was closely in touch with the Underground Railroad and
helped many a poor creature to escape into Canada. Detroit Free Press - 10 February 1900

A story of survival in the Bronx during the
American Revolution: Mayanna Hunt (1738-1809)
as told by granddaughter Eliza Seaman Leggett
Gerrit Smith
So many homes were left unprotected with women and a few
servants, perhaps slaves in those days... in those days farms were not
bought by the acre but by the mile so Grove Farm extended for many
miles. Grandfather was often way with his sloop, perhaps taking a
load of oysters or farm truck to the city, New York... Now too there
came tramping a set of these outlaws; our little grandmother knew no
fear - but she knew well enough what this sudden incoming meant.
Sojurner Truth
Always there was a plan laid, if an attack threatened.
Oh, the grand-mothers of the war time. She joked with the boys
saying you've caught us this time, you are more lucky than those
fellow who came around last, but be easy with us. I'll treat you well.
The cider began to work, the hot good cakes did their share and
knowing the man of the house was away, they ate and snoozed a
little. Finally they went to the barns - to find that all the live stock had
been driven to West Chester, and a small army of neighbors had come
Laura Smith with guns to help their neighbor - they had been fairly beaten and no
Haviland blood shed - then our little grandmother laid her hands on her hips
Eliza Seaman Leggett (1815-1900) and laughed for she was a merry woman, and old Sam, the master
Abolitionist and Suffrage Activist par excellence among the servants, said, "We did better then the
Eliza’s grandfather James Ferris masta could." And for his ready wit was filled with cider and dough-
bought Grove Farm in 1775 and was nuts. Journal of Elizabeth Seaman Leggett Detroit Public Library, The Burton Historical Collection,
Detroit, Wayne County, Michigan.
listed as a slave owner in the 1755
slave census.

Aunt Rose
Thomas Leggett Jr. in 1830 had a large
retinue of colored help, some of whom had
been slaves to his father and others who were
children but were free now. They were
almost all born on the place, and looked upon
it as their home

*
Grove Farm
Ferris

The old cook who was always called old
"Aunt Rose" had been a slave up to the year
1827 but remained on the place as well as all
her children and grandchildren up to the Hunt
Hunts
death of my grandfather in the year 1843,
Point
when my grandfather had provided for the Leggett
support of the old ones so long as they
should live... When I was a young boy in
1830, my grandfather was an old man of 75
years of age. His then coachman, [John
Cornell] whom I remember very well, was a
grandson of the old cook "Rose" and his
head man in the stables was the oldest son of
the old cook and a nice old fellow he was.

* View from Leggett estate in 1861

Quaker Church Cemetery
Saratoga New York

Thomas Leggett Jr. Mary Underhill
1755-1843 1770-1849
Quaker burying ground, Bronx**

Item: I authorize and direct my executors to make a provision out of my residuary
estate for my faithful colored servant woman Rose, for her life not to exceed the
rate of One hundred and ﬁfty dollars per annum* to be computed from my
decease and to be applied by my executors in such manner as they may think ﬁt to
her use and comfort. -Signed, sealed and declared as a codicil to his will by Thomas Leggett
1840.
*about equal to the average wage of a female worker in 1840.
**It did not become common for Quaker spouses to be buried together until the late 19th century


Conﬂicting Stories About Aunt Rose Quaker Burying Ground

“A faithful woman...”
Thomas (Leggett 1755-1843) lies in the St. Peter’s
"Friends Burial Place" perhaps always part of Church
St. Peter's yard, but bought by the Quakers
next door]- and his old slave Rose ...........lies
at his feet by his request, a faithful woman
indeed. The Quakers liberated their slaves at
a very early date but as a rule they remained
in the family rearing their children there. -
Elizabeth Seaman Legett’s Journal 1888

Or last burial in the old slave burying ground? Joseph Rodman
Drake Cemetery
A clear recollection of the last black interred in the slave
plot. This was an old negress named "Aunt Rose." She had
formerly been a slave in the Legget family, but she and her
children had been manumitted. Aunt Rose was something
of a character in her way and a memory of her has
consequently survived to the present time in Mr. Tiffany's
family. She was buried in the slave plot some time away back
in the forties. --Valentine’s Manual of Old New York 1920
Henry D. Tiffany was a descendant of the Leggett and Fox families of Hunts Point.


Forgotten: Leggett’s and slave burying ground
“In the latter part of March, 1891, I went with Mr. Francis H.
Leggett to West Farms to be present at the opening of certain
graves, which proved to be those of William Leggett, 3rd son of
Gabriel 1st, and of his family and others. On the lawn of the
big white house which for half a century has stood on this
estate (on Hunt's Point), grew six cedar trees until comparatively
recent times, and tradition had told the owners that within the
mound where they grew was an Indian burying-ground. Mr.
J. L. Spofford, who now has control of this property, had his Hunt Mansion
men dig into this mound, and found underneath lying flat, a
gravestone bearing this inscription: "1744, Sarah Leggett — died
Aug. 30, 1744. aged 52 yrs." Nine bodies were removed from
this mound, or what was found of them, and buried in St. Peter's
yard at Westchester. They should not have been disturbed,
for I have since learned that when the property was sold by the
Leggetts it was with the understanding that, the stones being
laid flat, they never should be removed. Some of these stones, I am
told, can be seen as forming in part a rookery made by Mr. Spofford.”

REV. THEODORE A. LEGGETT
EARLY SETTLERS OF
WEST FARMS, WESTCHESTER COUNTY, N.Y.

Paul N. Spofford
father of J.L. Spofford
(1792-1869)


Saving the
Hunt-Leggett
cemetery in
Hunts Point
--NYTimes 1903

Albert E. Davis letter to the NYTimes 1903


Slave pilots guided ships through the harbor.
“A tall, intelligent Negro, belonging to the Hunt family of the Bronx.”

1780 the frigate Hussar sinks with British
army gold while trying to escape NY
Hunts
Point
King George III on a
golden guinea used
to pay soldiers


Deceptively serene
the waters of Hell
Gate were
treacherous. On
Wards Island Negro
Point and Negro Point
Bluff may hearken
back to the days
when local slaves
piloted ships safely
past submerged
hazards.

1885 demolition of Pot Rock in Hell Gate

1790
slave census
shows the
settler families
in Hunts Point
own large
numbers of
slaves

Some Black people in New York were free by 1790


Freedom came in various ways

Manumission
the act of a slave owner freeing his or her slaves.
Charity Thomas was born on Saturday, 3 July 1734. She was the daughter of John Thomas.
Charity married James Ferris II, son of James Ferris and Anne Sands, on 19 September 1753 at
New York. On 14 April 1747, James & his family resided on property inherited from his father at
Throggs Neck, Westchester County, New York.

Twelfthly with respect to my slaves it is my wish and desire and I do order and direct that
they be manumitted and liberated in the manner following my wench* Phebe is to be free
immediately after my decease. My wench Betty and her infant child Eliza and two men
Elijah and Abraham are to remain in the service of my son David as usual in the Farm for
the term of one year from the time of my decease and then to be manumitted according to
Law but if the Overseers of the Poor for the Town of Westchester shall after time refuse to
manumit them as the Law directs then I direct my Executors to do it in such way as they
shall judge most proper so that they may be actually free. My boy Israel is to live in the
service and employ of my said son David as usual on the Farm until he shall be twenty
one years of age and then to be free. 9 September 1807 *wench: housemaid


Freedom Denied Born near Philipse Manor
Rose Butler Challenged her owners who
used petty laws and rules to keep her
about 1799 as New York
enslaved. began gradual emancipation.
Rose Butler was 20 on July
9, 1819 when she became
the only known person hung
in Washington Square Park.
Her crime was arson against
her owner - resulting in light
damage and no injuries. Slave
holders used her as an
example.
Rose Butler is buried with about
20,000 others in potters ﬁeld
beneath the park.

Before They Could Vote The 310 year old Hangman’s Elm in Washington Square Park.
American Women's Autobiographical Writing, 1819–1919
Edited by Sidonie Smith and Julia Watson


Two “white” men where implicated in the arson attempt but never questioned.

Corlaer’s Hook in 1876

The “Hook” was notorious in
early New York for its dance
halls and brothels catering to
sailors.

Proof of Innocence? Why was the William L. Morris house
targeted for arson?
“They advised me to burn the house and I refused, the shortest
of the men said ‘he would burn her out;’ and further said, if I
told of their conversation they would take away my life?”

Apparently attacks continued after Rose was imprisoned.
Before They Could Vote
American Women's Autobiographical Writing, 1819–1919
Edited by Sidonie Smith and Julia Watson


Slaves, Witches and Colonists

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