2. MYOPIA
SHORT SIGHTEDNESS
Condition in which incident parallel rays come to a
focus anterior to the light sensitive layer of retina
with accomodation at rest.
3. OPTICS OF MYOPIA
The optical system is too powerful for its axial
length
Image of distant object on retina is made up of
circle of diffusion formed by divergent beam since
the parallel rays of light coming from the infinity
are focused in front of the retina
5. OPTICS OF MYOPIA
Accommodation in uncorrected myopes is not
developed normally
May suffer from convergence insufficiency
and exophoria
Early presbyopia
6. ETIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION
Axial : most commonest
1mm = 3D
Curvatural :
Increased corneal or lens curvature
1mm = 6D
7. ETIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION
Positional :
Dislocation of lens
Myopia due to excessive accommodation :
Spasm of accommodation,
Suspensory lig. Rupture
8. ETIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION
Index myopia :
Change in the R.I. of the crystalline lens
eg : Nuclear Sclerosis,
Incipient Cataract,
Diabetes.
9. DEGREE OF MYOPIA
Low Myopia(<3D)
Medium Myopia(3-6D)
High Myopia(>6D)
10. CLINICAL VARIETIES
Congenital myopia
Simple or developmental myopia
Pathological or degenerative myopia
11. CONGENITAL MYOPIA
Frequently associated with
Premature babies
Marfan’s syndrome
Homocystinuria
Since birth,Diagnosed by 2-3 years
Increased axial length, overall globe size
If unilateral may produce amblyopia, strabismus
Bilateral – difficulty in distant vision, holds things closer
Usually error is 8-10 D, remains constant
12. CONGENITAL MYOPIA
Associated wi th
Cataract
Micropthalmos
Aniridia
Megalocornea
Congenital separation of retina
Management
Early full correction
Retinoscopy under full di latation
13. SIMPLE MYOPIA
Developmental myopia- commonest variety
School myopia (school going age 8-12 years)
Physiological, not associated with any eye disease
Normal biological variation in development
Rarely present from birth, rather hypermetropia
followed by myopia
14. CLINICAL PICTURE
Symptoms
Poor vision for distance(short sightedness)
Asthenopic symptoms
Half shutting of eyes
15. Signs
Prominent eyeballs
Anterior chamber - deeper than normal
Pupils- Large, sluggishly reacting
Fundus- normal; rarely temporal myopic crescent may be
seen
Magnitude of refractive error
Increasing at rate -0.5 +- 0.30/ year.
Does not exceed -6 to -8 D
Diagnosis
Confirmed by performing retinoscopy
16. PATHOLOGICAL MYOPIA
Degenerative/ progressive myopia
Rapidly progressive myopia associated with
degenerative changes
Starts in childhood at 5-10 years of age
17. ETIO-PATHOGENESIS
Genetic factors (play major role)
General growth process(minor)
More growth of retina
Stretching of sclera
Increase axial length
Degeneration of choroid
Degeneration of retina
Degeneration of vitreous
18. Defective vision
Muscae volitantes
SYMPTOMS
Floating black opacities in front of eyes
Degenerated liquified vitreous
19. Prominent eye balls
SIGNS
Elongation of eye ball mainly affects posterior pole
and surrounding area
Cornea-large
Anterior chamber –deep
Pupils-slightly large,react sluggishly to light
Lens
Opacities at the posterior pole due to aberration of
lenticular metabolism
Anterior dislocation due to overstretching
20. Fundus examination:
Optic disc
Large and pale
Temporal edge presents a characteristic MYOPIC CRESCENT
SUPER TRACTION CRESCENT may be present on nasal side
(retina pulled over disc margin)
Peripapillary crescent encircling the disc may be present, where
choroid and retina is distracted away from disc margin
21.
22.
23. Degenerative changes in retina and choroid
White atrophic patches at macula with a little
heaping of pigment around them
24. • FOSTER-FUCH’S
SPOT:
• Dark red circular
patch due to sub-retinal
neo
vascularization
and choroidal
haemorrhage
• Present at macula
• CYSTOID
DEGENERATION
– at periphery
25.
26. Posterior staphyloma
Due to ectasia of sclera at posterior pole
It may be apparent as an excavation with vessels
bending backward over margins
30. TREATMENT OF MYOPIA
Optical treatment of myopia
Concave lenses
Basic rule – minimum acceptance providing maximum
vision
Modes of prescribing concave lens-
1. Spectacles
2. Contact lens
31. Contact lenses are used in case of high myopia as they
avoid peripheral distortion and minification produced
by strong concave spectacle lens
32. SURGICAL TREATMENT OF
Radial keratotomy
Photo-Refractive keratectomy (PRK)
LASIK
Fucala’s lens extraction
ICL (Implantable Collamer Lens) or Phakic IOL
ICR ( Intra Corneal Ring implantation)
Orthokeratology
MYOPIA
33. SURGICAL TREATMENT OF
MYOPIA
Radial keratotomy
Obsolete now a days
Making deep radial incisions in peripheral part of
cornea leaving the central a 4mm optical zone
These incisions on healing ; flatten the central
cornea thereby reducing its refractive power
Correct low to moderate myopia(2-6D)
DISADVANTAGES:
Cornea is weakened – globe rupture in sports persons
Uneven healing – irregular astigmatism
Patient may feel glare at night
34.
35. Photo refractive
keratectomy (PRK)
A central optical zone
of anterior corneal
stroma is photoablated
using excimer laser
(193nm uv flash) to
cause flattening of
central cornea
Correction for -2 to -
6D of myopia
36. Disadvantages:
• Post operative recovery is slow
• Pain and discomfort
• Residual corneal haze in centre affecting vision
• Expensive
37. LASER ASSISTED IN-SITU
KERATOMILEUSIS(LASIK)
Refractory surgery of choice for myopia of upto -12D
38. Flap of 130-160 micron thickness of
anterior corneal tissue is raised
Midstromal tissue is ablated
directly with an excimer laser beam
ultimately flattening the cornea
39.
40. PATIENT SELECTION
CRITERIA
1. Patients >20 years
2. Stable refraction for at least 12 months
3. Absence of corneal pathology
Absolute contraindication for LASIK
Corneal thickness <450 micrometers
Presence of ectasia
41. ADVANCES IN LASIK
Customised(C)-LASIK:
Based on wave front
technology
Corrects spherical,
cylindrical and other
aberations present in eye
Gives vision beyond 6/6
i.e.,6/5 or 6/4
42. Epi-(E) LASIK:
Only epithelial sheet is
separated with Epiedge
Epikeratome
Devoid of complications
related to corneal
stromal flap
43.
44. ADVANTAGES OF LASIK
Minimal or no postoperative pain
Recovery of vision is very early as compared to PRK
No risk of perforation during surgery and rupture of
globe due to trauma like RK
No residual haze unlike PRK where subepithelial
scarring may occur
LASIK is effective in correcting myopia of -12D
45. DISADVANTAGES
Expensive
Requires greater surgical skill than RK and PRK
Flap related complications
Intraoperative flap amputation
Wrinkling of flap on repositioning
Postoperative flap dislocation/subluxation
Epithelization of flap – bed interface
Irregular astigmatism
46. EXTRACTION OF CLEAR
CRYSTALLINE LENS
Fucala’s operation
Myopia of -16D to -18D in unilateral cases
Clear lens extraction with intraocular lens implantation
of appropriate power is the refractive surgery for
myopia of >-12D
47. PHAKIC INTRAOCULAR LENS
(ICL)
Intraocular contact lens implantation for correction of
myopia of >-12D
Special type of IOL is implanted in anterior chamber
or posterior chamber anterior to natural crystalline
lens
48. INTRACORNEAL RING (ICR)
IMPLANTATION
Into the peripheral cornea at approximately 2/3rd
stromal depth
Flattening of central cornea, decreasing myopia
Advantage: reversible procedure
49. ORTHOKERATOLOGY
A non-surgical reversible method of moulding the
cornea with overnight wear unique rigid gas permeable
contact lenses
Myopia correction upto -5D
Used in patients below 18 years of age