5. THE CAUSES:
Radiation exposure to thyroid gland in
child hood
Family history : a 4 to 10 fold increased
risk of well differentiated thyroid
cancer in 1st degree relatives with this
neoplasia
6. THE CAUSES:
Iodine: Iodine-deficient diets may
lead to increase the TSH level and
considered goitrogenic
Thyroiditis: (Hashimoto's Disease)
may develop into a form of cancer
called lymphoma.
8. EVALUATION OF THYROID TUMOR:
History:
Age and Gender
Rapid increase in size, dyspnea,
dysphagia and hoarseness of voice
Family History Of thyroid cancer
History Of irradiation
On Examination:
Firmness, Mobility, Size and adherence
to surrounding structures
Presence of lymphadenopathy
12. INVESTIGATIONS:
Radionuclide Scan:
To determine the functional status of the
nodule
Hypofunctional “cold nodule”ule”
Serum Calcitonin level:
Routine measurement of calcitonin level
advocated by some authors to Diagnose
Medullary cancer is unknown
13. PAPILLARY THYROID CANCER:
Cystic or Solid
Slow growing
Young females
Female: Male is 3:1
Most common (80-85%)
Local recurrence rate of papillary carcinoma is
more while distant metastasis is less
Spread through lymphatic
Multicentric-local recurrence rate of pappilary
carcinoma is more while distant metastasis is rare.
Hugely non encapsulated
14. Most common risk factors :
Radiation
Family history
FAP
Iodine excess
Presentations:
Nodule in thyroid
Dysphagia
Dysphonia
Lymphnode enlargement
16. Orphan annie nuclei: large amount of chromatin
present in nucleus makes it transparent
17. PSAMMOMA BODIES
Psammoma bodies (PBs) are concentric
lamellated calcified structures, observed most
commonly in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC),
meningioma, and papillaryserous
cystadenocarcinoma of ovary but have rarely
been reported in other neoplasms and
nonneoplastic lesions.
18.
19. CLINICAL PRESENTATION:
Incidental
as a small occult tumor <1cm (papillary microcarcinoma)
Mass in the Neck
the commonest way papillary cancer presents
Glands in the Side of the Neck
The spread to local glands (sometimes called
erroneously "lateral aberrant thyroid").
Distant Spread
Spread to lungs or bone is seen but when it occurs
unlike most other cancers, cure is possible.
21. THE FOLLICULAR CANCER:
It is unifocal(local recurrence is less)
thickly encapsulated and shows
invasion of both capsule and blood
vessels
Spread by the blood stream and
rarely through lymphatic
It is unusual tumor (5 -10%)
22. RISK FACTORS:
iodine deficiency
Family history
radiation
PRESENTATION:
Already existing swelling growing in size
Nodules
Dysphagia
Dysphonia
MOST COMMON HEMATOGENEOUS SPREAD
IS TO SKULL (USUALLY TO
OCCIPUT)CAUSING PULSATILE
SECONDARIES.
23. CLINICAL PRESENTATION:
As a single lump in the thyroid:
This is the common mode of presentation.
As pain in a bone or a spontaneous fracture:
in case of metastases to bone through the
blood stream
24.
25. COMPARISON:
Non capsulated
Multicentric
Slow-growing
Iodine excess
Usually lymphatic route
of spread
Distant metastasis to
lung
Encapsulated
Unifocal
Present as rapid
increase in size
Iodine deficiency
Usually hematogenous
route of spread
Distant metastasis to
occiput
Papillary Follicular
26.
27. THE PROGNOSIS IN DIFFERENTIATED
THYROID CARCINOMA:
The two dominant factors are the age at the
diagnosis and the presence of distant
metastases.
Recent several scoring systems based on
multifactorial analysis of risk factors have been
advise
30. Low risk High risk
Patient age < 45 y > 45 y
Tumor size < 4.0 cm > 4.0 cm
Extrathyoidal
extension
absent present
Distant
metastases
absent present
High tumor
grade
absent present
32. THE TREATMENT OF WELL
DIFFERENTIATED THYROID CANCER:
It Consists of a three- pronged attack :
Thyroid Surgery
Radioactive iodine therapy
Drug - Thyroxine therapy
33. SURGERY:
Acceptable surgical procedure to remove
thyroid tumor include
Ipsilateral lobectomy
Near total thyroidectomy
Total thyroidectomy
The recent American Thyroid Association
Guide lines recommended for more aggressive
(total thyroidectomy ) for well differentiated
thyroid carcinonoma
34. USUALLY WE FOLLOW
For Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma
microinvasive –Total thyroidectomy >near total
invasive - Total thyroidectomy
o For Follicular Thyroid Carcinoma
microinvasive –hemithyroidectomy
invasive - Total thyroidectomy
If lymphnodes are involved
ipsilateral modified radical neck
dissection is done.
35.
36. SURGERY :
With a 20-year follow up the incidence of
local recurrence with unilateral resection was
(14%),whereas, for bilateral resection it was
(2%)
For gross involvement of trachea or
esophagus resection of these structures with
reconstruction
37. ONE OF THE FEATURE OF PAPILLARY THYROID
CARCINOMA IS CYST
In case of cyst-aspiration is done
simple /benign
3 times re-aspired
If it still recurs then excision is done
38. RADIOIODINE THERAPY:
The Indications:
1.After Surgery to destroy any residual thyroid
cancer cells or residual normal thyroid tissue.
2.To treat thyroid cancer that has spread to
the lymph nodes, lungs or bones.
3.To treat thyroid cancer recurrence after
initial treatment by surgery or previous
radioactive iodine or both.
39. RADIOIODINE THERAPY:
Recent American thyroid association guide
lines recommended radioiodine ablation for:
Pt. with stage III or IV disease
All Pt. with stage II disease <45 yrs or
> 45 yrs
Selected Pt. with stage I disease those
with:
large tumor ( >1.5 cm )
multifocality
residual disease
nodal metastasis
40. THYROXIN THERAPY :
Recent meta-analysis supported the
efficacy of TSH suppression in
preventing adverse clinical effect
High risk pt. are maintained at TSH level
below 0.1 mU/ L
Low risk pt. TSH level at or below the
normal range (0.1- 0.5 mU/ L)
41. THYROXIN THERAPY :
The degree of thyroid suppression is
dictated by balancing the risk of
recurrent thyroid cancer and
subclinical thyrotoxicosis
particularly the cardiovascular risks
Supression therapy is monitored by
serum thyroglobulin(ideally should
be <2ng/ml)
42. MEDULLARY THYROID CANCER:
These are tumors of parafollicular (C
cells), which produce a hormone called
calcitonin
Types of MTC :
Sporadic MTC(common type)
Familial MTC
MEN 2A
MEN 2B
Familial Non- MEN
43.
44. So a patient with Medullary Thyroid
Carcinoma, rule out MEN Syndrome
by ruling out
PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA.
In MEN- pheochromocytoma is
treated first even if it is benign
45. CLINCAL PRESENTATION:
Sporadic MTC:
asymptomatic thyroid mass that is
patient usually presents with a nodule.
Familial MTC :
patient may usually present with
diarrohea.
screening stimulation test for calcitonin
or with molecular analysis ( detection
of RET gene mutation)
46. ENZYMES SECRETED IN MEDULLARY THYROID
CARCINOMA
Calcitonin
CEA
ACTH
PROSTAGLANDINS
SEROTONIN(release is the
reason for diarrohhea)
47. TREATMENT OF SPORADIC MTC:
C cells do not concentrate
iodine so radioactive iodine is of
no value in the management
48. Surgery is the only definitive
therapy of MTC:
-Total thyroidectomy
-Central node dissection
- Ipsilateral modified radical neck
dissection
1. if size of medullary thyroid
carcinoma is more than 2 cm.
2. if LN are enlarged.
50. TREATMENT OF FAMILIAL MTC:
Based on the genetic test for the
mutation of RET gene
Since different mutations in the
RET gene are associated with
variable disease aggressiveness
this leading to individualized
treatment of pt. with inherited MTC
51. MEN2A AND FMTC RX. :
Prophylactic thyroidectomy at age 5 to
6 years
53. ANAPLASTIC CANCER OF THE THYROID:
It is a very aggressive tumor with a worst
prognosis
A female to male ratio 1.5:1 and a mean age
is 67 years
It is commonest in areas of endemic goiter
where there is chronic iodine deficiency.
ATC commonly related to prior diagnosis of
well differentiated thyroid cancer
54. CLINICAL PRESENTATION:
a long-standing goiter that suddenly
increases in size.
Local invasion lead to obstructive
symptoms, hemoptysis, dysphagia and
hoarseness
At the time of Diagnosis 25 to 50 % of
Patient have synchronous pulmonary
metastases
56. A CT scan showing anaplastic
cancer of the thyroid
A woman with anaplastic
cancer of the thyroid
57. SURGICAL TREATMENT OF ATC:
In the majority of cases surgery is
limited to an open biopsy to exclude
lymphoma
Otherwise treatment usually involves
total thyroidectomy with chemotherapy
agents
Or we can go for palliative treatment
like istemectomy or tracheostomy
58. RADIOTHERAPY AND CHEMOTHERAP:
External beam radiotherapy (EBRR) as
been used with limited success to
treat locally recurrent ATC
Doxorubicin is the single most
effective chemotherapeutic for ATC
59. THYROID LYMPHOMA:
Thyroid lymphoma is relatively rare
disease constituting <1% of all
lymphoma and accounting for 2% of
extranodal non- Hodgkin’s lymphoma
Female: Male ratio from 3:1 up to 8:1
Median age is seventh decade of life
60. CLINICAL PRESENTATION:
Local invasion : hoarseness, dyspnea
with stridor, or dysphagia
Hypothyroidism in case of Autoimmune
thyroiditis or Hashimoto’s thyroiditis
61. A 70 Y. old lady with diffuse
large B cell lymphoma
62. TREATMENT :
Primary treatment should be EBRT
combined with Chemotherapy
regimen based on histopathological
subtype of lymphoma
63. TREATMENT :
Primary treatment should be EBRT
combined with Chemotherapy
regimen based on histopathological
subtype of lymphoma
Green LD et al, anaplastic thyroid
cancer and 1ry thyroid lymphoma. J
Surg Oncol 2006;94:725