2. SLOS
SLO 1: Show understanding of the particle nature of matter
SLO 2: Explain the difference between the three states of matter
SLO 3: Outline how matter changes from one state to another
SLO 4: Show understanding of the concept of density and investigate
the densities of different substances
SLO 5: Use the particle theory to explain the processes of diffusion,
expansion and contraction
SLO 6: Explain and give examples of the processes of conduction and
convection
SLO 7: Describe the present atomic model (including the number of
protons, neutrons and electrons) and relate some historical models of
the atom
SLO 8: Show understanding of the definitions of atom, element,
compound, molecule and mixture and be able to distinguish between
them
SLO 9: Understand what a chemical formula represents
SLO 10: Recall names and symbols of some of the most common
elements
3. PARTICLE NATURE OF MATTER
Matter is everything that has _________ and
takes up__________(everything on earth)
Everything is made up of particles called
_____
Gold is made of gold atoms
Oxygen is made of _________________
Water (H2O) is made of hydrogen and
___________
4. PARTICLE THEORY
Matter is made up of tiny __________ (Atoms
& Molecules)
Particles of Matter are always
_______________
Particles of Matter are held together by very
strong __________________
____________ affects the speed of the
particles. The _________the temperature,
the ____________ the speed of the particles.
5. PARTICLE THEORY
______________ is all about explaining the properties of solids,
liquids and gases by looking at what the particles do.
In a solid the particles ______
around a _____ position. There is
a ______ force of attraction
between each particle and they
are very _____ together
SOLIDS
Words – strong, close, vibrate, fixed
View animation
6. LIQUIDS
GASES
In a liquid the particles are _____
together but can move in any
direction. They won’t keep a
_____ shape like _____ do.
In a gas the particles are very far
apart and move _____ in all
directions. They often ______
with each other and because they
are far apart they can be easily
_______.
Words – fixed, collide, quickly, close, solids, compressed
7.
8. SUCCESS CRITERIA
Complete page 50-51 in Scipad
Describe two properties that are different between solids
and liquids
Describe two properties that are different between liquids
and gases
What are the three states that matter can exist in?
9. CHANGING STATES
When ____________ is added or taken away
states of matter change.
____________ heat makes molecules move
__________ and further ________, solids turn
to _________ then gases as heat is added
_______________heat makes molecules move
__________ and _________ together, gases
turn into _________then solids as heat is
removed
____________ also effects states of matter
11. CHANGING STATE
Changing state requires ________________
Energy is used in changing state so
temperature stays the ___________
12. MAKING ICE CREAM
Put the following into a ziploc bag and seal it
2 tablespoon sugar
1 cup milk
1/2 teaspoon vanilla
Put the following into the ice cream container, put the
lid on and shake it.
6 tablespoons rock salt
Ice cubes
Bag with milk, sugar and vanilla in
13. SUCCESS CRITERIA
What happens to the particles in a liquid when it is turned into a solid?
(HINT: discuss speed, closeness, energy level of particles)
What happens to the particles in a liquid when it is heated and turned
into a gas? (HINT: discuss speed, closeness, energy level of
particles)
14. DENSITY
All objects are made out of
_______________
Density is how ___________ packed those
particles are.
The more tightly packed the particles, the
_____________________
decreasing density
15. DENSITY
Which is heavier: 1kg of feathers or 1 kg of gold?
They have the same mass, but what is different about
them?
Density describes how heavy an object is for its size
eg: 1kg of feathers would take up a lot of room because
feathers are not very heavy for their size. They have a low
density.
1kg of gold metal does not take up much space as it has a
high density
16. CALCULATING DENSITY
The formula to calculate density is:
___________________________
The unit used to measure density is gcm-3
(grams per cm cubed)
17. FLOATING AND SINKING
Anything with a density of more than 1
gcm-3 will sink in water
Anything with a density less than 1 gcm-3
will float
Substance Mass in g Volume in cm3 Density in
gcm-3 (m/V)
Float or sink in
water?
Aluminium 54 20
Glass 12.5 5
Cork 0.5 2.5
18. SUCCESS CRITERIA
Put the states of matter in to order of most
dense to least dense
Why are gases less dense than solids?
19. DIFFUSION
Mixing that is due to molecules moving and
colliding is called ______________
___________ is the net movement of
molecules from an area of
__________concentration to an area of
_________ concentration.
20. FACTORS AFFECTING RATE OF DIFFUSION
The rate of diffusion depends on:
The size of the molecules – smaller move
_____
The temperature – warmer moves ______
The state of the matter diffusing – gases move
______ then liquids.
The concentration of the chemicals – the
_______ the concentration gradient the _____
the diffusion rate
21. TASKS:
Explain why you can smell bread baking in
an oven throughout the house
Why does diffusion only occur in gases?
22. EXPANSION
When matter is heated, the particles inside
them move _________, and take up more
_________
As a result the matter ________
23. Effects of heat
Heat produces the
following effects on
matter:
Expansion: The increase in volume which occurs
when a system gains heat.
Expansion
Contraction
24. Effects of heat
Heat produces the
following effects on
matter:
Expansion
Contraction
Contraction: the decrease in
volume which occurs when a
system loses heat.
27. CONDUCTION
______________is the movement of heat
through __________.
Heat energy travels from the hot end to the cold
end by particles ____________ and jostling less
energetic neighbors giving them extra energy
28. CONDUCTION EXPERIMENTS
Aim:
Which metal conducts heat the fastest?
Method:
1. Melt wax and attach drawing pins to ends of
metals
2. Hold over Bunsen
3. Record the order in which the pins fall off.
(metals: brass, copper, aluminium, mild steel and
stainless steel)
Conclusion:
Which metal conducts heat the fastest? Why?
29. Conductors and insulators
metal
Insulators do not
allow heat to move
through them easily. plastic Double-glazed window
air
air space
cork
Conductors allow
heat to move through
them easily.
30. Examples of good conductors are:
__________is the prevention of the transfer of
heat.
Insulators __________allow the transfer of heat
to occur easily.
Examples of good insulators are:
31. SUCCESS CRITERIA
Explain what is happening to the particles in a steel rod as
heat moves down it?
Does conduction occur in solids, liquids or gases?
Give a use of conduction.
When is conduction a problem?
32. CONVECTION
_____________ is the movement of heat through liquids or
gases.
The flow of heat through water or air is called
__________________________
Convection currents follow two rules:
Heat ____________ (hot air or water rises)
Cold ____________ (cold air or water sinks)
This is how the heat in the Earth’s mantle moves
37. ATOMS
All matter is made up of ____________
Chemistry involves the _____________ of
atoms or groups of atoms
38. ATOMS ARE MADE UP OF THE FOLLOWING
SUB ATOMIC PARTICLES:
____________
negative charge
outside nucleus, in shells
constant motion
very very small (1/2000 of a
proton)
_____________
No charge, neutral
Inside nucleus
Same size as proton
_____________
Positively charged
Inside nucleus
39. Atoms have an overall neutral charge,
therefore:
Number of protons = Number of electrons
40. MAKING MODELS . . .
You are going to make a model of the
lithium atom, Li.
Li is Lithium, a metal.
Li has 3 protons, 3 _________ + 4
neutrons.
(remember atoms are neutral so they must
have the same number of protons
(positive) and electrons (negative)
41. ATOM MODEL:
Protons – 1 colour of pebble
Electron – chocolate chip
Neutron – different coloured pebble
Nucleus - Marshmallow
Electron orbit - cotton
42. SUCCESS CRITERIA
Copy the title into your books,
and draw your model atom.
Label your drawing, protons,
neutrons, electrons
What colour pebble
represents the protons?
What colour pebble
represents the neutrons?
What particles make up the
nucleus?
Complete Scipad page 10
Atoms
43. ___________________:
Smaller number
Number of protons
Number of electrons
_________________________:
Bigger number of the two
Total number of sub atomic particles
Number of protons + neutrons.
ATOM INFORMATION
44. How do we work out the number of:
Protons
=
Electrons
=
Neutrons
=
ATOMIC INFORMATION
45. How can you tell if a chemical change has
occurred?
Draw a labelled diagram of an atom, state the
charge and size of each particle
What information does the atomic number tell
us?
What information does the mass number tell
us?
SUCCESS CRITERIA
46. Elements are made of _______________
_____________ are made of two or more elements
chemically combined
Mixtures are made up of two or more elements
which are __________chemically combined
ELEMENTS MIXTURES AND COMPOUNDS
47. Aim: Investigate compounds and mixtures
Method:
1. Separate a mixture of iron and sulphur using a
magnet
2. Heat a mixture of iron and sulphur to form iron
sulfide which is a compound
3. Now try to separate iron with a magnet
Results:
Mixtures can/cannot be physically separated
Compounds can/cannot be physically separated
COMPOUNDS AND MIXTURES
48. Elements contain only ________capital
letter
Al, H, He
Compounds contain more than one element
and therefore ___________one capital letter
H2O, CuSO4
Each capital letter represents a different
atom
ATOMS AND COMPOUNDS
49. The numbers in a compound tell us how many
atoms there are:
H2O =
CO2 =
CuSO4 =
Methane has four hydrogen atoms for every one
carbon atom, what is its formula? (Carbon goes
first)
