3. Nano:
From the Greek nanos -
meaning "dwarf”,
this prefix is used in the
metric system to mean
10-9 or
1/1,000,000,000.
4. Nanotechnology
• Nanotechnology is exciting emerging science &
technological field.
• It is all about building things atom by atom &
molecule by molecule.
• Goal of this technology is to make tiny devices
called ‘Nanomachines’.
5. What is Nanotechnology
Semiconducting metal junction
An engineered DNA strand pRNA tiny motor formed by two carbon nanotubes
Nanotechnology is the creation of functional materials, devices and
systems, through the understanding and control of matter at dimensions in
the nanometer scale length (1-100 nm), where new functionalities and
properties of matter are observed and harnessed for a broad range of
applications
6. What is Nanoscale
Fullerenes C60
12,756 Km 22 cm 0.7 nm
1.27 × 107 m 0.22 m 0.7 × 10-9 m
10 millions times 1 billion times
smaller smaller
7. What’s the BIG deal about something so SMALL ?
Materials behave differently at this size scale.
It’s not just about miniaturization.
Color depends on particle size
Quantum dots 3.2 nm in diameter have blue emission
Quantum dots 5 nm in diameter have red emission
Evident Technologies
evidot Quantum Dots
8. Is this technology new?
In one sense there is nothing new…
• Whether we knew it or not, every piece of technology has
involved the manipulation of atoms at some level.
• Many existing technologies depend crucially on processes
that take place on the nanometer scale.
Ex: Photography & Catalysis
Nanotechnology, like any other branch of science, is primarily
concerned with understanding how nature works.
9. Working at the nanoscale
• Working in the nanoworld was first proposed by Richard
Feynman back in 1959.
• But it's only true in the last decade.
• The world of the ultra small, in practical terms, is a distant
place.
• We can't see or touch it.
• Because, optical microscopes can't provide images of
anything smaller than the wavelength of visible light (ie,
nothing smaller than 380 nanometres).
10. From “There’s Plenty of Room at the Bottom”, Dec 29, 1959
This image was written using Dip-Pen Nanolithography, and imaged using lateral force
microscopy mode of an atomic force microscope.
11. What makes the nanoscale special?
High density of structures is possible with small size.
Physical and chemical properties can be different at the nano-scale (e.g.
electronic, optical, mechanical, thermal, chemical).
The physical behavior of material can be different in the nano-regime because
of the different ways physical properties scale with dimension (e.g. area vs.
volume).
Prof. Richard Feynman
“There’s plenty of room at the bottom”
12. Physical/chemical properties can change as we
approach the nano-scale
Melting point of gold particles Fluorescence of semiconductor
nanocrystals
Decreasing crystal size
K. J. Klabunde, 2001 M. Bawendi, MIT: web.mit.edu/chemistry/nanocluster
Evident, Inc.: www.evidenttech.com
By controlling nano-scale (1) composition, (2) size, and (3) shape, we can
create new materials with new properties New technologies
13. Nanotechnology is estimated to become a
trillion dollar market
Areas in which nanotechnologies are expected to impact our everyday
lives:
• Electronics • Mechanical engineering
• Photonics (communications • Aerospace
& computing using photons) • Environmental remediation
• Information storage • Pharmaceuticals & drug
• Energy storage/transport delivery
• Materials engineering • Biotechnology
• Textiles
14. Moore’s Law
• The number of
transistors on a chip
will approximately
double every 18 to 24
months (Moore’s Law).
• This law has given chip
designers greater
incentives to incorporate
new features on silicon.
15. • Moore's Law works
largely through
shrinking transistors, the
circuits that carry
electrical signals.
• By shrinking transistors,
designers can squeeze
more transistors into a
chip.
16. Nanoscale Materials
Nanowires and Nanotubes
• Lateral dimension: 1 – 100 nm
• Nanowires and nanotubes exhibit
novel physical, electronic and
optical properties due to
– Two dimensional quantum confinement
– Structural one dimensionality
– High surface to volume ratio
• Potential application in wide range of
nanodevices and systems
– Nanoscale sensors and actuators
– Photovoltaic devices – solar cells Nanowire Solar Cell: The
– Transistors, diodes and LASERs nanowires create a surface that is
able to absorb more sunlight than a
flat surface – McMaster Univ., 2008
17. Nanoelectronics
• Nanoelectronics refer to the use of nanotechnology
on electronic components, especially transistors. Although the
term nanotechnology is generally defined as utilizing technology less than
100 nm in size, nanoelectronics often refer to transistor devices that are so
small that inter-atomic interactions and quantum mechanical properties
need to be studied extensively.
• Besides being small and allowing more transistors to be packed into a
single chip, the uniform and symmetrical structure of nanotubes allows a
higher electron mobility, a higher dielectric constant (faster frequency),
and a symmetrical electron/ hole characteristic.
18. CARBON-BASED SENSORS AND ELECTRONICS
• Carbon nanomaterials such as one-dimensional (1D) carbon nanotubes
and two-dimensional (2D) graphene have emerged as promising options
due to their superior electrical properties which allow for fabrication of
faster and more power-efficient electronics.
• At the same time their high surface to volume ratio combined with their
excellent mechanical properties has rendered them a robust and highly
sensitive building block for nanosensors
19. CARBON-BASED SENSORS
A true example of nanotechnology: an
array of individually addressable
vertically-aligned carbon nanofibers for
sensing applications at the nanoscale. For
comparison, a single human hair is 1000
times thicker than any of the nanofibers in
the image.
20. Graphene transistor
• In 2004, it was shown for the
first time that a single sheet of
carbon atoms packed in a
honeycomb crystal lattice can be
isolated from graphite and is
stable at room temperature. The
new nanomaterial, which is
called graphene, allows
electrons to move at an
extraordinarily high speed. This
property, together with its
intrinsic nature of being one-
atom-thick, can be exploited to
fabricate field-effect transistors
A layer of graphene acts as the conducting that are faster and smaller.
channel in a field-effect transistor
21. Carbon Nanotube Electronics
• When a layer of graphene is rolled into a tube, a single-walled carbon
nanotube (SWNT) is formed. Consequently, SWNTs inherit the attractive
electronic properties of graphene but their cylindrical structure makes
them a more readily available option for forming the channel in field-effect
transistors. Such transistors possess an electron mobility superior to their
silicon-based counterpart and allow for larger current densities while
dissipating the heat generated from their operation more efficiently.
• During the last decade, carbon nanotube-based devices have advanced
beyond single transistors to include more complex systems such as logic
gates and radio-frequency components
23. Carbon-based Nanosensors
• In addition to the exceptional
electrical properties of graphene and
carbon nanotubes, their excellent
thermal conductivity, high
mechanical robustness, and very
large surface to volume ratio make
them superior materials for
fabrication of electromechanical
and electrochemical sensors with
higher sensitivities, lower limits of
detection, and faster response time.
A good example is the carbon
nanotube-based mass sensor that
can detect changes in mass caused
by a single gold atom adsorbing on
its surface
Any additional gold atom that adsorbs on the surface of a
vibrating carbon nanotube would change its resonance
frequency which is further detected
24. MOLECULAR ELECTRONICS
• Recent advances in nanofabrication techniques have
provided the opportunity to use single molecules, or
a tiny assembly of them, as the main building blocks
of an electronic circuit. This, combined with the
developed tools of molecular synthesis to engineer
basic properties of molecules, has enabled the
realisation of novel functionalities beyond the scope
of traditional solid state devices.
25. Single Molecule Memory Device
• A modern memory device, in its most common
implementation, stores each bit of data by charging up a tiny
capacitor. The continuous downscaling of electronic circuits,
in this context, translates to storing less charge in a smaller
capacitor.
• As memory device dimensions approach the nanometer
range, the capacitor can be replaced by a single organic
molecule such as Ferrocene, whose oxidation state can be
altered by moving an electron into or out of the molecule
26. Single Molecule Memory Device
A neutral Ferrocene molecule is An electron tunnels to the The positively charged
attached to a nanoelectrode nanoelectrode by the Ferrocene molecule
representing a “0” state application of an external represents a “1” state
electrical field
28. Organic Transistor Odour Sensor
• Organic field-effect transistors
(OFETs) are a good example of the
scope of traditional electronic devices
being augmented by the chemical
reactivity of an organic semiconductor
material in their channel.
• In an odour sensor, the nano-scale
chemical reactions upon exposure of
the device to a certain atmospheric
condition modify the electronic
properties of the organic
semiconducting material which is
further reflected by a change in the
current flowing through the
transistor
29. QUANTUM COMPUTING
The excitement in the field of
quantum computing was
triggered in 1994 by Peter Shor
who showed how a quantum
algorithm could exponentially
speed up a classical
computation. Such algorithms
are implemented in a device that
makes direct use of quantum
mechanical phenomena such as
entanglement and superposition.
Since the physical laws that
govern the behaviour of a
system at the atomic scale are
Quantum computing chip: the two black squares are inherently quantum mechanical
the quantum bits or qubits, the processing centre; the in nature, nanotechnology has
meandering line at the centre is the quantum bus; and emerged as the most
the lateral meandering lines are the quantum memory appropriate tool to realise
quantum computers
30. SINGLE ELECTRON TRANSISTOR
In contrast to common transistors, where
the switching action requires thousands
of electrons, a single electron transistor
needs only one electron to change from
the insulating to the conducting state.
Such transistors can potentially deliver
very high device density and power
efficiency with remarkable operational
speed. In order to implement single
electron transistors, extremely small
metallic islands with sub-100 nm
dimensions have to be fabricated.
These islands, which are referred to as
quantum dots, can be fabricated by
employing processes made available by
A single electron transistor in a surface the advances in nanotechnology
acoustic wave echo chamber
31. SPINTRONICS
Similar to electrical charge, spin is another
fundamental property of matter. While
conventional electronic devices rely on the
transport of electrical charge carriers, the
emerging technology of spintronics employs
the spin of electrons to encode and transfer
information. Spintronics has the potential
to deliver nanoscale memory and logic
devices which process information faster,
consume less power, and store more data in
less space. The extension of the hard disk
capacities to the gigabyte and the terabyte
ranges was the main achievement of
spintronics by taking advantage of Giant
Magneto-Resistance (GMR) and Tunnel
Magneto-Resistance (TMR) effects which
are effective only at the nano scale
A close-up look at a hard disk drive improved
with the Giant Magneto-Resistance technology
32. NANO-ELECTRO-MECHANICAL SYSTEMS
(NEMS)
• All electronic tools have one thing in common: an integrated circuit
(IC) acting as their “brain”. The extent to which this “brain” has
influenced our lives has already been tremendous but what if its decision-
making capability is augmented by “eyes” and “arms”? Nano-electro-
mechanical systems have evolved during the last 10 years to make this
dream come true by creating sensors (“eyes”) and actuators (“arms”) at
the same scale as the accompanying nanoelectronics.
• Recent developments in synthesis of nanomaterials with excellent
electrical and mechanical properties have extended the boundaries of
NEMS applications to include more advanced devices such as the non-
volatile nano-electro-mechanical memory, where information is
transferred and stored through a series of electrical and mechanical
actions at the nanoscale.
33.
34. Nanochip
− Currently available
microprocessors use
resolutions as small as 32
nm
− Houses up to a billion
transistors in a single chip
− MEMS based nanochips
have future capability of 2
nm cell leading to 1TB
memory per chip
A MEMS based nanochip
– Nanochip Inc., 2006
35. Light Emitting Diode
Organic light emitting diode (OLED)
technology uses substances that emit red,
green, blue or white light. Without any other
source of illumination, OLED materials
present bright, clear video and images that are
easy to see at almost any angle.
OLED displays stack up several thin layers
of materials. They operate on the attraction
between positively and negatively charged
particles. When voltage is applied, one layer
becomes negatively charged relative to
another transparent layer. As energy passes
from the negatively charged (cathode) layer to
the other (anode) layer, it stimulates organic
material between the two, which emits light
visible through an outermost layer of glass.
36. Intel Celleron Processor
Intel entered the
nanotechnology era in 2000
when it began volume
production of chips with sub-
100nm length transistors.
Intel believes that the future
of nanotechnology is silicon
based; the company has a
major effort in this area, both
in-house and through external
research programs.
37. iPod Nano
Inside the iPod Nano are
memory chips from Samsung
and Toshiba. Samsung, the
biggest producer of NAND and
DRAM flash memory chips in
the world, uses semiconductor
manufacturing methods with
precision below 100
nanometers. This precision, in
part, is what enables the iPod
Nano's 4 GB NAND flash
memory.
38. SED Display
The Suface-conductor Electron-emitter
Display (SED) based on a new type of flat-
panel display technology, was created
through the merging of Canon's proprietary
electron-emission and microfabrication
technologies with Toshiba's CRT technology
and mass-production technologies for liquid
crystal displays (LCDs) and semiconductors.
Like conventional CRTs, SEDs utilize the
collision of electrons with a phosphor-coated
screen to emit light. Electron emitters, which
correspond to an electron gun in a CRT, are
distributed in an amount equal to the number
of pixels on the display.
39. Notebook Computers
The Q40 also incorporates Samsung's
Silver Nano technology and is compliant
with RoHS standards that restrict the use of
hazardous substances. For extra peace of
mind, it also carries the Samsung ECO Mark,
certifying that the Q40 uses eco-friendly
components and packing materials, and
promotes power saving.
Silver Nano technology takes advantage
of the anti-bacteria properties of silver to
protect computer users from potentially
harmful germs, molds and bacteria. It is
applied as a high-tech coating on the Q40's
keyboard and palm rest.
40. Keyboard & Mouse
IOGEAR's Wireless Keyboard
and Optical Mouse combo is
coated with a Titanium Dioxide
(TiO2) and Silver (Ag) nano-
particle compound. The coating
uses two mechanisms to deactivate
enzymes and proteins of bacteria
from surviving on the surface of
the product. The compound has
been tested and proven effective
against various bacteria.
41. XBOX
The chip features a customized
version of IBM's industry leading
64-bit PowerPC core. The chip
includes three of these cores, each
with two simultaneous threads and
clock speeds greater than 3 GHz.
It features 165 million transistors
fabricated using IBM's 90
nanometer Silicon on Insulator
(SOI) technology to reduce heat and
improve performance.
42. Organic Electroluminescent Display
Made of nanostructured polymer films,
OLED screens emit their own light and are
lighter, smaller and more energy efficient than
conventional liquid crystal displays.
OEL were introduced to the world by Pioneer
in 1999, and head units have never looked the
same since. OEL displays, featured in select
Premier and Pioneer models, have some
intensely great advantages over normal
displays, namely: you can read the display from
wide angles and even in bright sunlight (what a
concept!).
Since it’s easier to read, it’s also easier to
control, and you can keep your eyes on the road
longer. It's a self-emitting device, so there’s no
need for backlighting and it’s really efficient to
operate.
43. Lithium-Ion Battery
The new battery fuses Toshiba's latest
advances in nano-material technology for
the electric devices sector with cumulative
know-how in manufacturing lithium-ion
battery cells.
A breakthrough technology applied to
the negative electrode uses new nano-
particles to prevent organic liquid
electrolytes from reducing during
battery recharging. The nano-particles
quickly absorb and store a vast amount
of lithium ions, without causing any
deterioration in the electrode.
44. Sensors
We apply nanotechnology during
sensor development, enabling us to
minimize sensor size and increase
unit pixels integrated into a limited
area. This produces higher density as
well as lower power consumption, so
as to improve the vulnerability of
previous image sensors in mobile
phones.
45. Nanolasers
Nanolasers
The complex interaction between light and nanometer structures, like
wires, has possibilities as new technology for devices and sensors.
Researchers are studying light emission from a semiconductor nanowire-
typically 10-100 nanometers wide and a few micrometers long-which
functions as a laser. Lasers made from arrays of these wires have many
potential applications in communications and sensing for NASA.
46. AN ENGINEERED DNA STRAND
An engineered DNA strand
between metal atom contacts
could function as a molecular
electronics device. Such
molecules and nanostructures
are expected to revolutionize
electronics. Understanding the
complex quantum physics
involved via simulation guides
design.
47. • Onboard computing systems for future autonomous
intelligent vehicles
- powerful, compact, low power consumption,
radiation hard
• High performance computing (Tera- and Peta-flops)
- processing satellite data
- integrated space vehicle engineering
- climate modeling
• Revolutionary computing technologies
• Smart, compact sensors, ultrasmall probes
• Advanced miniaturization of all systems
• Microspacecraft
• 'Thinking' spacecraft
• Micro-, nano-rovers for planetary exploration
• Novel materials for future spacecraft
48. NASA Nanotechnology Roadmap
C A P A B I L I T Y
Multi-Functional Materials
Adaptive
Autonomous Self-Repairing
Revolutionary Spacecraft Space Missions
Aircraft Concepts (40% less mass)
Reusable (30% less mass,
High Strength Launch Vehicle 20% less emission,
(20% less mass, Bio-Inspired Materials
Materials 25% increased and Processes
(>10 GPa) 20% less noise) range)
Increasing levels of system design and integration
• Single-walled • Nanotube • Integral • Smart “skin” • Biomimetic
Materials nanotube fibers composites thermal/shape materials material
control systems
• Low-Power CNT • Molecular • Fault/radiation • Nano electronic • Biological
Electronics/
electronic computing/data tolerant “brain” for space computing
computing
components storage electronics Exploration
• In-space • Nano flight • Quantum • Integrated • NEMS flight
Sensors, s/c
nanoprobes system navigation nanosensor systems @ 1 µW
components
components sensors systems
2002 2004 2006 2011 2016
>
49. Nanoelectronics and Computing Roadmap
Impact on Space Transportation, Space Science and Earth
Science
2002 2005 2010 2015
hν
e-
Sensor Web
Mission Complexity
Robot Colony
Nano-electronic
components
Europa Sub
Ultra high density
storage
RLV
Biomimetic,
radiation resistant
Biological Molecules molecular computing
CNT Devices Compute Capacity
50. Nanosensor Roadmap
Impact on Space Transportation, HEDS, Space Science and Astrobiology
2002 2005 2010 2015
Optical Sensors
for Synthetic
Vision
2020
Sensor Web
Mission Complexity
Nanotube Vibration
Sensor for Propulsion
Diagnostics
Mars Robot Colony Multi-sensor
Bi
Arrays (Chemical,
os
Europa Sub
e
optical and bio)
ns
or
s
Sharp CJV
Spacestation
Nanopore for in situ
2003 biomark-sensor
ISPP
Missions too early Sensor Capacity
1999 for nanotechnology
DSI RAX impact
51. Nano-Materials Roadmap
Impact on Space Transportation, Space Science and
HEDS
2002 2005 2010 2015
Generation 3 RLV
HEDS Habitats
Mission Complexity
CNT Tethers
SELF-HEALING
MATERIALS
RLV Cryo Tanks SO - H SO - H SO - H +
+ +
3 3 3
C a++
-
SO3
Ca++
-
SO3
-
SO3
Ca++
-
SO3
Production of
-
SO3
Ca++
SO3
- Non-tacky
temperature
Tacky
single CNT SELF-ASSEMBLING
MATERIALS
NANOTUBE MULTIFUNCTIONAL
COMPOSITES MATERIALS
Strong Smart Structures
Nanotextiles
CNT = Carbon Nanotubes
52. NANOCOMPUTERS
A Nanocomputer is a computer whose fundamental components
measure only a few nanometers(<100nm)
-Minimum feature size on todays state-of-the-art commercial
integrated circuits measure about 350nm
-Over 10,000 nanocomputer components could fit in the area of a
single modern microcomputer component
-Could dramatically increase computing speed & density
53. NANOCOMPUTERS
Main difference is one of physical scale
More and more transistors are squeezed into silicon chips
with each passing year.
To further decrease the size the concept “Nanolithography”
will be needed.
Nanolithography is used to create microscopic circuit as is
it the art & science of etching,writing or printing at
microscopic level where the dim of char are in order of
nanometer.
54. Nanoelectronics: Applications under Development
Researchers are looking into the following nanoelectronics projects:
Building transistors from carbon nanotubes to enable minimum transistor
dimensions of a few nanometers and developing techniques to
manufacture integrated circuits built with nanotube transistors.
Using electrodes made from nanowires that would enable flat panel displays to be
flexible as well as thinner than current flat panel displays.
Transistors built in single atom thick graphene film to enable very high speed
transistors.
Combining gold nanoparticles with organic molecules to create a transistor known
as a NOMFET(Nanoparticle Organic memory Field-Effect Transistor).
Using carbon nanotubes to direct electrons to illuminate pixels, resulting in a
lightweight, millimeter thick “nanoemissive display panel”.
Using quantum dots to replace the fluorescent dots used in current displays.
Displays using quantum dots should be simpler to make than current displays as
well as use less power.
Making integrated circuits with features that can be measured in nanometers (nm),
such as the process that allows the production of integrated circuits with 22nm wide
transistor gates.
55. Nanoelectronics: Applications under Development
Using nanosized magnetic rings to make Magnetoresistive Random Access
Memory(MRAM) which research has indicated may allow memory density of 400GB per
square inch.
Developing Molecular-sized Transistors which may allow us to shrink the width of
transistor gates to approximately one nm which will significantly increase transistor
density in integrated circuits.
Using Self-aligning nanostructures to manufacture nanoscale integrated circuits.
Using nanowires to build transistors without p-n junctions.
Using buckyballs to build dense, low power memory devices.
Using Magnetic Quantum dots in spintronic semiconductor devices. Spintronic devices
are expected to be significantly higher density and lower power consumption because they
measure the spin of electronics to determine a 1 or 0, rather than measuring groups of
electronics as done in current semiconductor devices.
Using nanowires made of an alloy of iron and nickel to create dense memory devices. By
applying a current magnetized sections along the length of the wire. As the magnetized
sections move along the wire, the data is read by a stationary sensor. This method is called
Race track memory.
Using silver nanowires embedded in a polymer to make conductive layers that can flex,
without damaging the conductor.
56. Research Challenges
Nano technology brings on new challenges
• Existing tools for investigations at the atomic level
are expensive to acquire and maintain
• New research tools need to be developed to explore
the nano realm
• Specialized facilities are required to maintain the
cleanliness need for nano technology
• A new infrastructure might be required for the
equipment yet-to-be-developed
57. Summary
• There are many opportunities to incorporate nano
technologies into innovative products
• Fundamental research is required to understand the
potential applications of the properties of nano
materials
• Future high tech products will incorporate the
advantages of nano-materials
• From the national interests, it is important for
researchers to continue to push the understanding of
nano technology
58. Conclusions
• Building from Semiconductor provides ability to
coordinate industry, university, and infrastructure roles
in developing “nano” in more than electronics
• Tools and facilities for nano are expensive
• Nano-technology requires being on the leading edge of
developments including equipment
• Infrastructure development must be sustained
• Continual evaluation of “weak” links is required
