Introducation to metadata

Co-funded by the European Union , through the Comenius Programme Intro to metadata, educational metadata, and metadata-based searching

Metadata

Structure
Definition of Metadata & Examples
Metadata Types
Schemas
Specifications
Standards
Application Profiles
Dublin Core & IEEE LTSC LOM
/ 61 Intro to metadata, educational metadata, and metadata-based searching

Definition
“ Metadata is structured information that describes, explains, locates, or otherwise makes it easier to retrieve, use, or manage an information resource” *
/ 61 Intro to metadata, educational metadata, and metadata-based searching * NISO (2004) Understanding Metadata. Bethesda, NISO Press

Example
E.g. Books
Title
Author
Year
Subject (Math, History, etc)
No of pages
…

Example / 61 Intro to metadata, educational metadata, and metadata-based searching Title Abstract Keywords

Metadata is everywhere
We can have metadata on:
HTML documents, digital images, books, museum objects, metadata themselves
Collections, services, physical places, people, institutions, abstract “works”, concepts, events
And more…

Metadata Types (1/2)
Descriptive : Facilitates discovery and describes intellectual content
Administrative : Facilitates management of digital and analog resources
Technical : Describes the technical aspects of the digital object
/ 61 Intro to metadata, educational metadata, and metadata-based searching http://www.lib.umd.edu/dcr/publications/best_practice.pdf

Metadata Types (2/2)
Structural : Describes the relationships within a digital object
Preservation : Supports long-term retention of the digital object and may overlap with technical, administrative, and structural metadata
/ 61 Intro to metadata, educational metadata, and metadata-based searching http://www.lib.umd.edu/dcr/publications/best_practice.pdf

Purpose
R esource discovery,
O rganize electronic resources ,
F acilitate interoperability & legacy , resource integration ,
P rovide digital identification ,
S upport archiving & preservation

Metadata Elements
Each information resource is described by using specific data items
These data items are called Elements

Metadata Schemas
“ A metadata scheme is a sets of metadata elements designed for a specific purpose, such as describing a particular type of information resource” *

Metadata Specifications
Stable and widely adopted Metadata Schemas can evolve into Metadata Specifications
The majority of implementers in a particular domain or industry adopts them

Metadata Standards
If a standardization organization recognizes a Metadata Specification , then it may become a Metadata Standard
Dublic Core for Educational resources (DC-ed) and IEEE LOM are dominant examples for educational purposes

Application Profiles
Metadata Standards or Specifications can be adapted or “profiled” to meet community context-specific needs
Then, they are called Metadata Application Profiles

Adaptation
By imposing restrictions and modifying vocabularies, definitions or elements of the original (base) standard
Aim : Increase interoperability with base standard and not to break interoperability with existing applications

Evolution / 61 Intro to metadata, educational metadata, and metadata-based searching element element element element element Metadata Scheme Used by one publishing house Used by many publishing houses Metadata Specification Metadata Standard Adopted by Standards’ Organization

Evolution / 61 Intro to metadata, educational metadata, and metadata-based searching Profiled Refined Adapted Used in specific community E.g. Publishing houses of medical books Metadata Application Profile Metadata Standard Metadata Specification

Application Domains
Libraries
Agriculture
Museums
Education
Environment
…

Dublin Core
Initiative to improve resource discovery on Web
Develop s and maintain s international standards for describing resources
Support s a worldwide community of users and developers
Promot es widespread use of Dublin Core solution s

Element Set
15 elements
All elements are optional and repeatable
Elements can be refined using qualifiers
Any syntax may be used to record the metadata
Favours text-based resources

/ 61 Intro to metadata, educational metadata, and metadata-based searching Type Format Identifier Source Language Relation Coverage Title Subject Creator Description Publisher Date Contributor Rights Dublin Core Element Set

Application Profiles (Dublin Core)
DC Government AP
Metadata for governmental resources
FAO DC AP
Developed by FAO to describe learning resources
SWAP DC AP
Describing scholarly works

IEEE LTSC LOM
Tries to define the attributes required to fully/adequately describe a Learning Object
Learning Objects are defined as any entity, digital or non-digital, which can be used, re-used or referenced during technology supported learning
/ 61 Intro to metadata, educational metadata, and metadata-based searching * http://ltsc.ieee.org/wg12/

Element Set
9 categories of elements
E lements may be repeated either individually or as a group
V alue space and D atatype is defined for each element
Can be profiled to meet context-specific needs

Value Spaces & Datatypes
Value space : Restrictions on elements
E.g. Unicode or controlled vocabularies
Datatypes :
LangString
Vocabulary
DateTime
Duration

/ 61 Intro to metadata, educational metadata, and metadata-based searching IEEE LOM Categories Life Cycle Meta-metadata Technical Educational Rights Relation Annotation General Classification

Application Profiles (IEEE LOM)
UK LOM Core
Further and Higher Education in UK
ANZ-LOM
Education in Australia and New Zealand
NORLOM
Norwegian LOM Application Profile

ISRACore
Israeli LOM Application Profile
Vetadata
Australian Vocational Training and Education Sector
Organic.Edunet Application Profile
Learning resources on Organic Agriculture and Agroecology

CG LOM Core
Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research
TW LOM
Education in Taiwan

Learning Objects

Structure
Definition of Learning Objects
Examples
Granularity of LOs
Quality of LOs
Reusable LOs
Online Sources

Learning Object
“ E ducational resources that can be employed in technology supported learning ” 1
“ Any entity, digital or non-digital, which can be used, re-used and referenced during technology-supported learning” 2
/ 61 Intro to metadata, educational metadata, and metadata-based searching 1 Learning Objects: A Practical Definition, Rory McGreal 2 http://ltsc.ieee.org/wg12/s_p.html

Learning Object
With appropriate metadata descriptions, they can be modular units that can be assembled together to form lessons and courses
/ 61 Intro to metadata, educational metadata, and metadata-based searching Learning Objects: A Practical Definition, Rory McGreal Lesson that is compiled from audio, video, text, images, etc

Learning Object
A LO can be based on :
E lectronic text ,
Web site ,
I mage,
M ovie ,
Java applets
/ 61 Intro to metadata, educational metadata, and metadata-based searching Learning Objects: A Practical Definition, Rory McGreal

Video
Video of a presentation on economics
/ 61 Intro to metadata, educational metadata, and metadata-based searching Screenshot from Youtube

Text
To be used when talking about learning objects
/ 61 Intro to metadata, educational metadata, and metadata-based searching Learning Objects: A Practical Definition, Rory McGreal

Image
To be used in teaching of food chains in nature
/ 61 Intro to metadata, educational metadata, and metadata-based searching www.srd.gov.ab.ca

Granularity Levels
C ontent, information or knowledge object
Lesson
Contains many objects
Module
Contains many lessons
Course
Contains many modules

Granularity Levels / 61 Intro to metadata, educational metadata, and metadata-based searching Course Module 1 Module 2 Lesson 1 Lesson 2 Objects

LO Sources
MERLOT - Multimedia Educational Resource for Online Learning and Teaching ( www.merlot.org )
Maricopa Center for Learning and Instruction ( http://www.mcli.dist.maricopa.edu/ )
Careo - Campus Alberta Repository of Educational Objects ( http://www.careo.org/ )

LO Sources
Education Network Australia - http:// edna.edu.au
WISC Online Resource Center - www.wisc-online.com/
EcoLearnIT - http://ecolearnit.ifas.ufl.edu/
LeMill - http://lemill.net/
Connexions - http://cnx.org/

LO Sources
MIT Opencourseware - http://ocw.mit.edu/
Open Learning Initiative - http://oli.web.cmu.edu/openlearning/
Gateway to Educational Materials (GEM) - http://www.thegateway.org/

LO Reuse
Open Archives Initiative Object Reuse and Exchange (OAI-ORE) defines standards for the description and exchange of aggregations of Web resources
In this way, the reuse of LOs is facilitated

LO Reuse
Learning objects, may combine resources with media types such as text, images and video
OAI-ORE standards expose the se combinations to applications that support authoring, deposit, exchange, visualization, reuse, and preservation of learning objects

Learning Repositories

Structure
Learning Object Repository
Examples
Types of Repositories
Functionalities
Legal Issues

Learning Object Repository (LOR)
“ A collection of digital assets and/or meta-data accessible without prior knowledge of the repository’s structure through a interoperable functions via a network” *
/ 61 Intro to metadata, educational metadata, and metadata-based searching *IMS Digital Repositories Interoperability Specification

Learning Object Repository (LOR)
“ LORs are databases used for storing and/or enabling the interoperability of LOs” *
Do LORs store LOs or simply the metadata describing them with associated links?
/ 61 Intro to metadata, educational metadata, and metadata-based searching *R. McGreal, A Typology of Learning Object Repositories , 2007

Content repositories ( Type 1 );
MIT Open Courseware , SOFIA
Linking or metadata repositories ( Type 2 );
MERLOT, CITIDEL
Hybrid repositories ( Type 3 )
ARIADNE, COLLOR
/ 61 Intro to metadata, educational metadata, and metadata-based searching Type 3 LORs Links to LOs & locally stored content Type 1 LORs Only locally stored content Type 2 LORs Only links to LOs

Examples / 61 Intro to metadata, educational metadata, and metadata-based searching

Digital Repositories
Institutional
educational or research parent body controlled
Discipline-Base d
Aka Subject or Research repositor ies
B ased around a specific discipline
/ 61 Intro to metadata, educational metadata, and metadata-based searching *Digital Repositories: Issues and Challenges, a Literature Review, A. Luarte Rmit, 2006

Digital Repositories
Consortia Repositories
Founded by a consortium of institutions
Learning Objects
Repository with learning objects used in teaching and training
/ 61 Intro to metadata, educational metadata, and metadata-based searching *Digital Repositories: Issues and Challenges, a Literature Review, A. Luarte Rmit, 2006

The Australian Way
See the object without contractual obligations;
Simple, non-intimidating design and structure;
Being able to get the object straight away;
Being able to store the object
On your own computer or
On personal online space (protected with login)
Simple versus advanced
/ 61 Intro to metadata, educational metadata, and metadata-based searching Flexible Learning Advisory Group, 2003

LOR Functionalities
search/find
the ability to locate an appropriate learning object
quality control
ensure that learning objects meet technical, educational and metadata requirements
request
a learning object that has been located in the database
/ 61 Intro to metadata, educational metadata, and metadata-based searching *Higgs, 2003

LOR Functionalities
maintain
appropriate version control
retrieve
receive an object that has been requested
submit
provide an object to a repository for storage
publish
provide metadata to other repositories

LOR Functionalities
store
place a submitted object into a data store with unique, registered identifiers that allow it to be located
gather (push/pull)
obtain metadata about objects in other repositories for wider searches and information via a clearing house function

Interoperability
Supported and promoted by the Open Archive Initiative , Protocol for Metadata Harvesting (OAI-PMH)
E nables the sharing of metadata between services

OAI – PMH
The Open Archives Initiative develops and promotes interoperability standards to facilitate the efficient dissemination of content
OAI has its roots in the open access movements
P romote s broad access to resources for eScholarship, eLearning, and eScience

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Intro to metadata, educational metadata, and metadata-based searching Informatics Laboratory Agricultural University of Athens http://infolab-dev.aua.gr/

Introducation to metadata

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