Basics of networking

1. NETWORKING BASICS BY MOHAN KUMAR.P B.E created

16. OSI model: The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model is a reference tool for understanding data communications between any two networked systems. It divides the communications processes into seven layers. Each layer both performs specific functions to support the layers above it and offers services to the layers below it. The three lowest layers focus on passing traffic through the network to an end system. The top four layers come into play in the end system to complete the process.

19. LAYERED APPOACH: It address all the process required for effective communication and divides these process into logical groupings called layers.

29. Ipv4 subnetting: class Range Network ID Host ID NO. of networks (subnet) NO. of address Class A 0 -- 127 N.H.H.H 0.H.H.H 2^7=128 2^24-2= 16,777,214 Class B 128 -- 191 N.N.H.H 0.0.H.H 2^14=16,384 2^16-2= 65,534 Class C 192 -- 223 N.N.N.H 0.0.0.H 2^21=2,097,152 2^8-2= 254

34. TCP/IP network model layers:

38. LAN Hub device:

44. Hub vs bridge:

46. LAN switch:

50. Latency (continued):

58. Half- And Full-Duplex Communication (continued):

64. LAN Switching (continued):

65. LAN Switching (continued):

69. Switching Methods (continued):

70. Switching Methods (continued):

72. Spanning Tree Protocol (continued):

77. Virtual LANs (continued):

78. Virtual LANs (continued):

91. Routers and VLANs (continued):

96. pc pc Router 1 Router 2 10.1.0.0/24 10.3.0.0/30 20.1.0.0/30 10.1.2.0/24 Destination 10.1.0.0/24 10.3.0.0/30 10.1.2.0/24 20.1.0.0/30 Next hop Direct Direct R2 R2

97. Wiring routers with network devices:

100. Routing table:

108. Cisco IOS command mode:

109. Router configuration states:

110. Cisco key function:

117. IOS command for interface config:

123. Front panel indicator: Highly visible status indicator Receiver power display Graphical high-resolution LCD display 5 way cursor control and numerical entry

124. Rear panel view: Asynch ESC channel LVDS interface RJ 45 IP interface EIA530 interface(software selectable RS232,RS422,V.35,X.21

125. Modem standards: standards bps introduced remarks v.32bis 2,400 1984 v.32 9,600 1984 v.32bis 14,400 1991 v.32terbo 19,200 1993 Communicate only with another v.32terbo v.first class 28,800 1993 v.f.c v.34 28,800 1994 Improved v.f.c v.42bis 115,200 1995 With compression v.90 56,000 1998 Resolved comprtition between x2 and flex56

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