1. Biotechnology
 Genetic Engineering
Types
 Human Genome Project
 DNA Fingerprinting
 Gene Therapy
 Cloning
 Stem Cells
 Genetic Engineering

3. Human Genome Project
HGP - was an international project that mapped
and sequenced the entire human genome.

4. HGP Advantages
 Diseases
 Disorders
 Food (hunger)

5. HGP Disadvantages
 Privacy
 Insurance
 Perfect baby
 Uncertainties
 Religious
 Health (GM foods)

6. How scientists mapped the human
genome
 DNA Sequencing -is a laboratory technique used to determine the exact
sequence of bases (A, C, G, and T) in a DNA molecule
 The Employment of Restriction Fragment-Length Polymorphisms (RFLP) - DNA
sequence recognized by restriction enzymes. These are bacterial enzymes
used by scientists to cut DNA molecules at known locations.
 Yeast Artificial Chromosomes (YAC) - Yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) is a
human-engineered DNA molecule used to clone DNA sequences in yeast
cells
 Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes (BAC) - (BAC) is an engineered DNA
molecule used to clone DNA sequences in bacterial cells
 The Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) - (PCR) is a laboratory technique used
to amplify DNA sequences.
 Electrophoresis - a laboratory technique used to separate DNA, RNA, or
protein molecules based on their size and electrical charge.
 http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/genome/sequ_flash.html

7. Genetic Engineering
 Gene Splicing
 process in which fragments of
DNA from one or more different
organisms are combined to form
recombinant DNA.
 Restriction Enzymes
 DNA-cutting enzymes found
in bacteria
Tobacco Plant/Firefly

12. Genetic Engineering
 Food
 Resistant to insects, more
nutritious, larger, climate,
juicier
 Pros?
 Cons?
 Humans
 Fight Disease?
 Insulin
 Change Traits?
 Pros?
 Cons?

13. Genetic Engineering
 Industry
 Bioenergy
 Cheaper
 Cleaner
 Products
 Environment
 Fight pollution

22. Restriction Enzymes
 Enzymes that “cut” DNA
 Enzymes made by bacteria as a
defense mechanism to kill viruses
 Over 6000
 Ex
EcoRI
HindIII
Bam HI

25. Bacteria
 Single large chromosome
 Plasmids
 Circular
DNA found
in bacteria
 Important in genetic
engineering
 Ex. Insulin production

26. Cloning
 Cloning - the
process of making a
genetically
identical organism
through nonsexual
means.

29. Cloning Advantages
 Multiplicity
 Food
 Extinction (Jurassic Park)
 Cloning a loved one (Sixth Day)

33. Disadvantages
Organs (Island)
Reducing Biodiversity
Playing God
Tempting to clone humans?

34. Stem Cells
 cells with the potential to develop into many different
types of cells in the body
 serve as a repair system for the body
 may one day be used to make cells and tissues for
therapy of many diseases, including Parkinson's disease,
Alzheimer's disease, spinal cord injury, heart disease,
diabetes and arthritis

35. Stem Cells
Health problems that might be treated
 Paralysis
 Disease
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a9WB_PXjTBo
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OFYSUPlZmcg
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VUaCMIYYTNE

36. Stem Cell - is a "generic" cell that can
make exact copies of itself indefinitely.

42.
Agarose Gel Electrophoresis
 DNA of different sizes
can be separated in the
gel
 the negatively charged
DNAs move through the
gel toward the positive
electrode (anode)
 the smallest DNA move
fastest and furthest down
the gel
 the largest DNAs move
the least

43. DNA Fingerprinting/Gel Electrophoresis

44. DNA - Public Knowledge &
Crime
 DNA Fingerprinting/Gel Electrophoresis
 Privacy ex. employment opportunities
 Insurance
 Crime
 Paternity Tests
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/sheppard/labwave.html