The document discusses strategies for mobile operators to handle increasing mobile data traffic density, including the use of small cells. It notes that traditional macrocell towers will be unable to cope with data demand, and that small cells can increase capacity by 10 times over macrocells. The document also examines the total cost of ownership for small cells compared to macros, finding that small cell sites can be 10 times cheaper to deploy. It advocates for a heterogeneous network of macrocells supplemented with additional small cells to efficiently manage high density traffic.
13. Don’t miss Avren’sforthcoming
Small Cells Americas SummitCo-located with
Small Cells Backhaul Americas andCarrier Wi-Fi Americas
1-3 December 2014, The Fairmont, Dallas, Tx
Find out more at www.smallcellsamericas.com
16. Changes and Challenges
Source: Ericsson 2013
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
1000
1800
Voice
Data
Total (UL+DL) traffic (PetaBytes)
Source: Cisco VNI 2012
12
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
6
Mobile File Sharing
Mobile M2M
Mobile Web/Data
Mobile Video
Exabytes per month
In 2016, Social Newtorking will be second
highest penetrated consumer mobile service
with 2, 4 billion users – 53% of consumer
mobile users - Cisco 2012
0,0
0,5
1,0
1,5
2,0
2,5
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014*
MBB Developing
MBB Developed
FBB Developing
FBB Developed
World Broadband Subscriptions (Billions)
Source: ITU/ICT/MIS 2014
132 89 113 147
117 161 146 103
181 170 149 151
110 59 66 43
540 min
479 min 474 min 444 min
Indonesia China Brazil USA
TV Laptop+PC Smartphone Tablet
Source: KPCB & Milward Brown 2014
Daily Distr. Of Screen Minutes
13 kbps 50 kbps
125
kbps
200
kbps
684
kbps
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Source: Cisco VNI (2010/2011/2012/2013)
242%
2009 ‘10 ‘11 ‘12 ‘13 ‘14 ‘15 ‘16 ‘17 ‘18
10
6
LTE
UMTS/HSPA
GSM;EDGE
TD-SCDMA
CDMA
Other
World Mobile Sub. (Billions)
Source: Ericsson 2012
Latin America Average Throughput
TELECOM BECOMES MOBILE MOBILE BECOMES DATA DATA BECOMES VIDEO VIDEO BECOMES SOCIAL
The Convention Industry Council Manual
guidelines recommend 10 square feet per person.
It represents 1 Million persons per km2. If all
persons upload video with 64 kbps, it represents
64 Gbps/km2!
On the market demand in dense urban areas during business
hours, it has been calculated that 800 Mbps/km2 are required
(BuNGee and Artists4G Projects).
This is an order of magnitude higher than the forward looking
current state of the art, such as LTE.
and mobile, data, video, social, cloud & games become crowd density traffic …
Whatsapp: Over 50bn messages every day.
Facebook: 1 billion of active users and a half
of them use mobile access (488 million users)
regularly.
Twitter: 50% users are using the social
network via mobile.
YouTube: more than ¼ of users use in Mobile
Device
Instagram: The average Instagram mobile
user spent two times comparing tp Twitter.
17. Changes and Challenges
ITU-R M.2078 projection for the global spectrum
requirements in order to accomplish the IMT-2000
future development, IMT-Advanced, in 2020.
531
MHz
749
MHz
971
MHz
749
MHz
557
MHz
723
MHz
997
MHz
723
MHz
587
MHz
693
MHz
1027
MHz
693
MHz
Region 1 Region 2 Region 3
MORE SPECTRUM NEW TECHNOLOGY SPLIT CELL
푪 풃풑풔 ≤ 푩(푯풛) ∙ 풍풐품ퟐ ퟏ + 푺푰푵푹
hnm
h21
h12
h11
Carrier Aggregation
High Order MIMO
Smallcells
Heterogeneous Network
Cell Site Densification
19. Handling High Density Traffic
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
0,0 Mbps/km2
500,0 Mbps/km2
1000,0 Mbps/km2
1500,0 Mbps/km2
2000,0 Mbps/km2
0,550 km 0,450 km 0,350 km 0,250 km
DOWNTOWN: HIGH DENSITY TRAFFIC
Coverage
Radius
Capacity
2015
Capacity
2016
Capacity
2017
A +63%
C
D
+61%
+54%
B
Bands below 1 GHz, such as 700 MHz is applicable for low
density traffic, like: product in initial lifecycle; suburban and
rural areas;
When traffic is becoming more density, there is no difference
between high and low spectrum band
For crowd density traffic, SmallCells has higher capacity than
macro cells with very cost effective
Qualcomm estimates the gain for 32 SmallCells increase the
network capacity in 37 x macro cells.
SYSTEM TRAFFIC DENSITY COMPARISON
800,0 Mbps/km2
64000,0 Mbps/km2
1
10
100
1.000
10.000
100.000
Macro (700) Macro (1800) Marcro (2600) Dual Layer SmallCell (*)
LTE 2600 MHz (10) LTE 1800 MHz (10) LTE 700 MHz (10)
Artists Crowd
MBps/km2
(*) Cell Range = 80m
Green line represents the system capacity density.
The capacity associated to coverage grid can capture the
demand from 2013 till 2014 – Point A;
However, for 2015 it is needed to increase 63% the number of
sites, changing the exiting grid – Point B;
In 2016 and 2017, they require more 61% and 54% more sites
respectivelly;
In that time, SmallCells are more appropriated infrastructure to
save CapEx and OpEx;
20. TECHNOLOGY ALTERNATIVES AND TOTAL COST OPERATION
Cost Perspective
25%
45% 50%
52%
38% 35%
23% 17% 15%
Rooftop 30m Tower 50m Tower
Infra BTS Transport
Small Cell,
existing fiber
Small Cell,
NLOS
Owned
Tower
Leased
Tower
CapEx/Mbps
8-year OpEx/Mbps
$2K $4K $6K
Source: Mobile Experts, 2012
Source: Planning Area, Oi, 2012
New Macro Site represents a huge impact in
Wireless Operation total cost.
And infrastructure is one of the main part.
New SmallCells site can be 10 x cheaper than
macro site
NEW MACRO SITE CAPEX
MACRO VS SMALLCELL COST $$$
$$$
$$$
$$$
$$$
$$$
1 x 2 x 3 x 4 x 5 x 6 x 7 x 8 x 9 x 10 x
2600 MHz (10) +1800 MHz (5) +1800 MHz (10) SmallCell
2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 DOWNTOWN: HIGH
DENSITY TRAFFIC
Notes:
2600 MHz (10) : Basic Scenario;
+1800 MHz (5): Additional 5 MHz using 1800 MHz in Basic Scenario coverage;
+1800 (10): Same as above, but using 10 MHz;
SmallCell: SmallCell using 2600 MHz with 10 MHz for bandwidth;
TIMES BASIC
SCENARIO
COVERAGE
CAPACITY
TCO
A B C
Indifference between
Macro 1800 & 2600
MHz
Macro LTE 1800 MHz
for coverage
Dual layer Macro LTE
1800 & 2600 MHz
181 265 890
SmallCell
2600 MHz
푴풃풑풔
풌풎ퟐ
21. Indoor Environment
Frequency under 1 GHz has a good Indoor
propagation. But lack bandwidth for
capturing mobile broadband traffic.
90 MHz
150 MHz
200 MHz
13 GHz
700 MHz 1800 MHz 3500 MHz mmWave
INDOOR TRAFFIC TRAFFIC DENSITY BUILDING PENETRATION LOSS
0,0 dB 10,0 dB 20,0 dB
700 MHz
900 MHz
1800 MHz
2100 MHz
2600 MHz
INDOOR LOST PERFORMANCE MACRO SITE DENSITY FOR INDOOR COMPENSATION
39%
32%
14%
4%
11%
In Car
At Home
At Work
Travelling
Others
0 bps/Hz
4 bps/Hz
8 bps/Hz
12 bps/Hz
-130 dBm -110 dBm -90 dBm
3GPP (LTE) Shannon
Indoor Outdoor
-50%
50% of voice traffic and 80% of data traffic are
performed in indoor environment;
Building Penetration Loss varies around 10-20 dB,
that reduces at minimum of 50% overall performance
of outdoor macro sites;
FREQUENCY DILEMMA
0
300
600
900
0,50 km 0,45 km 0,40 km 0,35 km 0,30 km 0,25 km
Indoor Outdoor
219%
High Concentration
Traffic
Low dense data traffic. It is
dispersed in coverage area
Indoor Environment Outdoor Environment
The indoor traffic density can be thousand times higher
than outdoor. For instance, in stadium & arenas, the
Convention Industry Council Manual guidelines
recommend 10 square feet per person. It represents 1
Million persons per km2. If all persons upload video
with 64 kbps, it represents 64 Gbps/km2
2600 MHz (10 MHz) Graphs
Better propagation
Outdoor
Coverage Radius
Building Penetration Loss varies in each frequency.
Lowest frequency has better propagation behavior.
New Radius for
increasing capacity
Bandwidth
Voice Originating Call
Amount of Bandwidth
Mbps/km2
23. Hetnet Topology
Residential and Enterprise (SME) Application - Indoor & Hotspots
Metro Cell– Outdoor/Indoor & HetNet
BBU 1
BBU 2
BBU N Video Cache
BBU
Hotel
MME
Core Network
S/PGW
Internet
Inter-Cell Interference
Coordination (ICIC )
Coordinated Multi-
Point (CoMP)|
Fronthaul with
CPRI (Common Public Radio Interface)
Internet
Video Cache
Local Breakout
(LIPA/SIPTO)
Mini POP
S1-APPL
SEG MME
Core Network
Aggregation
(ONT/DSLAM/BRAS)
Backhaul
S1
Or Cloud RAN
SmallCell in
Lamp Pole
Macro Cell
Site
Femtocell
24. Cloud RAN
Fronthaul Interface Hardware
Backplane
Backhaul Interface Hardware
Hardware Poll
Virtualization Layer (Ex.: Hypervisor/VMM)
VM BBU 1 VM BBU N
Core
Network
Cache &
Local
Breakout
...
O&M/Control/Orchestrator
Fronthaul: CPRI,
OBSAI, ETSI ORI
Internet
RRU/
RRH
Radio
Unit
Network Datacenter
Only Radio Unit
Backhaul IP
RRU/
RRH
Backhaul
Core
Network
BBU BBU BBU
Internet
RRU/
RRH
RRU/
RRH
GbE
Existing Deployed Topology
Fronthaul
Internet
V-BBUs V-Core
RRU/
RRH
RRU/
RRH
RRU/
RRH
CPRI/
OBSAI
Cloud RAN Topology
DEPLOYMENT PARADIGM CHANGE
PRINCIPLES AND ADVANTAGES
ARCHITECTURE
Network Function
Virtualization
Elastic & liquid Resources
Operational Flexibility
Reduces space and power
consumption
Reduces CapEx, OpEx and
delivery time
Software Defined Network
Creates an abstraction layer
for: controlling; faster
development ; system service
orchestration and overall
system evolution;
Open Development Interface
Creates an open environment
for new development;
Catalyzes new SON &
interference mitigation
functionalities support;
26. Site aquisition: Given the limitation on the
scope of the small cell, you have to know
exactly where the traffic is generated and get
the rights to install that exact spot.
New types of leases should be developed.
The expectation for the installation of Small
scale is Cells that are an order of magnitude
greater than the macro cells .
Visual Polution: Due a number of SmallCells,
the shape and format may impact in acceptance
to install in building and public facilities.
Small cell radius of coverage is reduced
compared to macro, it is necessary to locate
accurately the traffic sources;
The installation of small cell (site acquisition)
occurs with small error regarding the location
planned.
Heterogeneous RF planning requires how traffic
will be handled by each layer.
For maximum result from the limited range
making the reuse of the spectrum.
Reuse requires a plan of distribution of the cells
very well done.
IP Access (MPLS-TP, Metro Eth, MDU) , Giga-
Ether over 150 Mbps per BTS
Required necessarily optical fiber, but Radio
NLOS can be alternative for higher capillarity
New synchronism support (IEEE 1588, SyncE)
e-ICIC requires synchronism deviation around
1.5 s.
For CoMP, Latency must be below 1 ms
New interface other than IP: CPRI
Backhaul & Fronthaul
Pain Points
Downlink: Terminal camped on in macro is
interfered by a small cell. And terminal served
by a small cell to connect the edge of cell will
be interfered by the macro cell.
Uplink : one terminal connected in macro and
close to the cell border creates strong
interference in a small cell next. And large
number of connected terminals in small cells
generate uplink interference in the macro cell.
They both are addressed with sofisticated
mechanisms like ICIC, e-ICIC, Fe-ICIC, and CoMP
Interference Mitigation
Mobility device in idle state impacts the
relative load between layers and battery
consumption and frequency of handovers.
Increase in handovers due to the small size of
the cells increases the risk of dropped calls
(Dropped Call Rate),
Devices in connected state may need to HO to a
small cell and, if they are on different
frequencies, will need efficient scheme
discovery of small cell that minimizes the
impact on battery consumption.
Traffic/Capacity balancing with several
resources and frequencies
Mobility Management
Planning Deployment and Rollout
The range in the number of radio stations in the
layer of Small Cells should be an order of
magnitude larger than the current one.
The way to optimize and operate should fit
depending less manual intervention. Resources
SON (Self Organizing Networks) will be
important to maintain a good performance.
Service Availability: Internal battery must be
required for accomplishing service SLA
requirements.
The licensing cost (TFI/TFF) was a recent issue
but still exist for SmallCells with higher power
Operational
27. Cases & Concerns
Femtocell 3G Wi-Fi DAS
Indoor
SmallCell
Outdoor
SmallCell HetNet LTE
Motivation Indoor coverage
improvement and Voice
traffic offload
Indoor coverage
improvement and 3G
data traffic offload
(capacity)
Indoor coverage and
neutral host deployment
style
Coverage and Capacity Outdoor Capacity Outdoor Capacity
Demand Voice 3G 3G (mainly) and LTE
data
All demands (2G, 3G,
LTE, Wi-Fi)
LTE, 3G LTE, 3G LTE
Frequency Licensed 2100 MHz Outdoor: 2.4 MHz
Outdoor Hotspot: 5
MHz
Indoor : 5 MHz.
Licensed and Unlicensed Preference of higher
frequency above 1 GHz,
such as 2600 MHz or
3500 MHz
Shared and/or
Unlicensed Frequency
Preference of higher
frequency above 1 GHz,
such as 2600 MHz or
3500 MHz
Shared and/or
Unlicensed Frequency
Preference of higher
frequency above 1 GHz,
such as 2600 MHz or
3500 MHz
Shared and/or
Unlicensed Frequency
Latency
Requirement
Milliseconds Milliseconds N/A Milliseconds
Milliseconds
Microseconds
Ex.: time accuracy for e-
ICIC is around +/- 1.5 s
Throughput
Requirement
10 Mbps Depends on AP version:
802.11g ~ 30 Mbps
802.11n ~200 Mbps
802.11ac ~ 1 Gbps
N/A 3G: N x 20 Mbps
LTE: N x 150 Mbps
3G: N x 20 Mbps
N x 150 Mbps
> 5 Gbps
Ex.: Uncompressed CPRI
for MIMO 2x2 requires
9.8 Gbps.
Backhaul &
Fronthaul
Customer Premises,
ADSL
MetroEthernet
/GPON/PTN
Dark fiber Backhaul S1 over IP
MetroEthernet
/GPON/PTN
NLOS Radio
SON MultiPoint System
MetroEthernet
/GPON/PTN
CPRI/OBSAI over Fiber
CPRI over E-Band Radio
SON MultiPoint System
29. Oi Wi-Fi Initiatives
2011: Oi signed up
partnership with FON.
2011: Oi started tests
with pilot using public
payphone as access
point.
2012+: Oi deploys
Carrier Wi-Fi in
hotspot in main
Brazilian cities
2010: Oi bought Vex,
the biggest Wi-Fi
operator in Brasil
Backhaul
RESTAURANT
WAG
S11
PCRF
HLR/HSS
OCS/
OFCS
Internet
S5
S-GW P-GW
MME
IMS
Gx
S6a Rx
SGi
Gy/Gz
Sy
Ro/Rf
Sh
Sp
3GPP AAA
Wp/S2a
Wa/Wg
Evolved Packet Core
FON Core Network
AAA Fonera Others
Wx
IP VPN
890.054
3.503 2.056 799 175 138 22
Oi Net LINKTEL TIM Vivo Sercomtel Others
Source: Teleco Ago/2014
Oi is leader of Wi-Fi coverage in Brazil and
planned at end of 2014 to reach to 1 million of
Access Points
Vex Box
Enterprise
corporate
Residential
ADSL modem with Wi-Fi
30. FIFA 2014 World Cup
0 GB
200 GB
400 GB
Argentina
vs Bosnia
Spain vs
Chile
Belgium vs
Russia
Equator vs
France
Colombia
vs Uruguay
France vs
Germany
12 Cities
More than 70 event venues: Stadiums, Venue Hotels, FIFA
Headquarters, Referee Hotel, VIP Hotel, Airports, Transportation
Deports, Venue Ticketing Centers, etc.
Fully redundant WAN Backbone to support:
• 22 x ISP from 2 MBps to 1 Gbps;
• 70 x MPLS connections from 6 Mbps to 155 Mbps;
• 2 x LAN to LAN connections of 10 Gbps
Local Area and Wireless Network to support staging,
deployment, operations and support of approximately:
• More than 1000 network elements (including core switches,
access switches and firewalls);
• More than 700 network access points;
• 7900 cat5 network ports and accessories (path cords, optical
cords, racks, etc.)
PROVIDED INFRASTRUCTURE TO FIFA ORGANIZATION MARACANÃ’S GAMES
In total, 217 Access Points
have been installed and
each with 450 Mbps.
The Wi-Fi traffic for all
operators in Maracanã
during 6 matches
surpassed 1900 GB.
74738
74101
73819 73749 73804
74240
Argentina
vs Bosnia
Spain vs
Chile
Belgium vs
Russia
Equator vs
France
Colombia
vs Uruguay
France vs
Germany
In average, the 6 soccer matches have had over 74k
attendees, almost full capacity occupancy.
Oi Wi-Fi offloaded 37% of all its mobile data traffic.
Corresponding 10 Mbps per open session, with
average duration superior to 3 minutes.
31. Rural Suburban Urban Dense Urban Ultra Dense Urban & Indoor
Individual Satellite or
Backhauling Satellite.
Residential & Enterprise Wi-Fi
3G HSPA
Macro LTE 2600 MHz (Anatel
Obligation)
Residential, Enterprise &
corporate Wi-Fi
Indoor DAS
3G HSPA densification
Macro LTE 2600 MHz densification
Residential, Enterprise &
corporate Wi-Fi
Metro Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi Public Payphone
Indoor DAS
3G HSPA densification
Macro LTE 2600 MHz densification
Residential, Enterprise & corporate
Wi-Fi
Metro Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi Public Payphone
Indoor DAS
3G HSPA densification
Macro LTE 2600 MHz densification
LTE 450 MHz (under analysis)
or 1800 MHz
Residential & Enterprise Wi-Fi
3G HSPA
Femtocell for 3G indoor coverage &
voice offload
SmallCell to indoor
Macro LTE 1800 MHz for traffic
below 181 Mbps/km2
Res., Enter. & corp.Wi-Fi
Femtocell for 3G
SmallCell to indoor & outdoor
Hetnet
Metro Wi-Fi (802.11ac)
Wi-Fi Public Payphone
Indoor DAS
3G HSPA densification
Macro LTE 2600 MHz densification
Dual Frequency Layer LTE for load
balancing or CA
Res., Enter. & corp.Wi-Fi
Femtocell for 3G
SmallCell to indoor & outdoor
Hetnet
Metro Wi-Fi (802.11ac)
Wi-Fi Public Payphone
Indoor DAS
3G HSPA densification
Multi-sector Macro & LTE 2600
MHz densification
Dual Frequency Layer LTE for load
balancing or CA
Res., Enter. & corp.Wi-Fi
Femtocell for 3G
SmallCell to indoor & outdoor
Cloud RAN & Hetnet
Metro Wi-Fi (802.11ac)
Wi-Fi Public Payphone
Indoor DAS
3G HSPA densification
High Order MIMO/FD-MIMO
Multi sector Macro & LTE 2600 MHz
densification
Multiple Frequency Layer LTE for load
balancing or CA
LTE 450 MHz (under analysis)
or 1800 MHz
Wi-Fi 802.11af (TVWS) – M2M
Residential & Enterprise Wi-Fi
3G HSPA
Femtocell for 3G indoor coverage &
voice offload
SmallCell to indoor
Macro LTE 1800 MHz for traffic
below 181 Mbps/km2
Res., Enter. & corp.Wi-Fi
Femtocell for 3G
SmallCell to indoor & outdoor
Hetnet
Metro Wi-Fi (802.11ac)
Wi-Fi Public Payphone
Multiple Frequency Layer LTE for
load balancing or CA
Resi, Enter. & Corp. Wi-Fi
Metro Wi-Fi (802.11ax -HEW)
Wi-Fi Public Payphone
Cloud RAN & HetNet
High Order MIMO/FD-MIMO
Multi sector Macro & Multiple
Frequency Layer LTE for load
balancing or CA
Resi, Enter. & Corp. Wi-Fi
Metro Wi-Fi (802.11ax -HEW)
Wi-Fi Public Payphone
Cloud RAN & HetNet
High Order MIMO/FD-MIMO
Multi sector Macro & Multiple
Frequency Layer LTE for load
balancing or CA
Coverage & Capacity Strategy Example
Short
Term
Mid
Term
Long
Term
푴풃풑풔
풌풎ퟐ
Macro <1 GHz
Macro Mddle Freq.
Macro High Freq.
SmallCell/Wi-FI