Le concept des low-tech est un courant de pensée qui s’oppose au développement effréné de l'high-tech qui continue à transformer profondément le monde. Le 21ème siècle est définitivement l'âge du numérique et des communications. Les objets communicants dits intelligents se déploient massivement pour créer un environnement interactif (Internet of Things). Tout semble être rapide, propre, reconfigurable, etc., mais derrière nos écrans, il y a une industrie qui requiert plus que jamais de l'espace, de l'énergie et de la matière. En parallèle, les crises se succèdent, qu’elles soient économiques, climatiques, environnementales, ou sociales. Face à ces crises systémiques, la société se polarise. Pour certains l'high-tech est à l’origine de tous les maux de la société moderne et pour d’autres ce sont au contraire ces mêmes technologies qui vont pouvoir répondre aux défis sociétaux actuels et futurs. Une évidence s'impose : l'urgent que les scientifiques et les entreprises adoptent une démarche holistique afin de définir, avec et pour les citoyens, une société plus durable et égalitaire. Gageons qu'une nouvelle génération d’acteurs privilégiera la collaboration et l’intelligence collective et qu'elle prendra le meilleur des high et low-tech pour développer des technologies durables, appropriées et appropriables pour le plus grand nombre. Comment projeter ce futur en entreprise en utilisant à meilleur escient les avantages de chaque technologie, afin de permettre une diminution drastique de notre empreinte énergétique, fossile et sociale ? Comment mettre en œuvre des solutions low-tech (utiles, accessibles et durables) dans nos projets ?

1. Vendredi, 26 mai 2023
Vers des solutions low-tech en entreprise ?
Jean-Pierre Raskin Professeur (École Polytechnique–Pôle en Ingénierie
Électrique de l’Institut ICTEAM, UCL)
Kim Maréchal Project Manager (Low-Tech Liège)
Jean-Marc Willems Fondateur (Attrap'sushi)

2. LIEGE CREATIVE, en partenariat avec :

3. Pour le développement de technologies appropriées
Jean-Pierre Raskin
Professor at Louvain School of Engineering
ICTEAM, Université catholique de Louvain, Belgium
jean-pierre.raskin@uclouvain.be
Liège Créative, Hub créatif de Verviers, 26 mai 2023

4. Nanoelectronics – a fantastic world
On-chip straining stage for materials
characterization and properties tuning
RF SOI in all wireless systems
F s
e
RF SOI for low-power and for
avoiding toxic and critical III-V materials
Substitution of materials:
strained Pd for H2 storage, strained Ge for laser
Team: 30 researchers

5. Interrogeons la notion du PROGRÈS
-5,000,000 years
Source: Keidanren Society 5.0 Co-Creating the Future 2018

6. • Bifurcations, plus qu’une évolution linéaire
• Innovation – destruction créatrice
• Société techno-libérale
Histoire des sciences et techniques :
François Jarrige, Jacques Ellul, Eric Sadin, …

7. Technologies appropriées
Low tech vs. High tech
1842, première voiture électrique 1883, premier panneau solaire 1887, première éolienne

8. Low-tech (technologies appropriées) - définition
Mouvements minoritaires techno-critiques mais grandissants
Appel au techno-discernement
Objets, services, modes de vie, … qui intègrent la technologie selon trois grands principes :
Utile
Une low-tech répond à des besoins essentiels à l’individu ou au collectif. Elle contribue à rendre possible des modes de vie, de production et de consommation sains et
pertinents pour tous dans des domaines aussi variés que l’énergie, l’alimentation, l’eau, la gestion des déchets, les matériaux, l’habitat, les transports, l’hygiène ou encore la
santé. En incitant à revenir à l’essentiel, elle redonne du sens à l’action.
Accessible - Appropriable
La low-tech doit être appropriable par le plus grand nombre. Elle doit donc pouvoir être fabriquée et/ou réparée localement, ses principes de fonctionnement doivent pouvoir
être appréhendés simplement et son coût adapté à une large part de la population. Elle favorise ainsi une plus grande autonomie des populations à tous les niveaux, ainsi
qu’une meilleure répartition de la valeur ou du travail.
Durable
Éco-conçue, résiliente, robuste, réparable, recyclable, agile, fonctionnelle : la low-tech invite à réfléchir et optimiser les impacts tant écologiques que sociaux ou sociétaux liés
au recours à la technique et ce, à toutes les étapes de son cycle de vie (de la conception, production, usage, fin de vie), même si cela implique parfois, de recourir à moins de
technique, et plus de partage ou de collaboration !

9. Situation actuel …
• Innovation – destruction créatrice
• Société techno-libérale
• Surconsommation
• Technologies additives
• Complexification
• Déplacement des problèmes

10. Technologies additives

11. Ressources énergétiques primaires
25,000 TWh
Electricité
2/3 énergie fossile
Energie fossile = 80%

12. voix
texto
internet
mobile
vidéo
Apps
internet
des
objects
5G, une évolution technologique planifiée

13. Complexité croissante

14. Diversification des matériaux exploités

15. Extraire toujours mieux, toujours plus
1 ton ore =
330 kg iron
1 ton ore =
3 g Platinum
Factor
of 1010
Products
in 1950
Products
in 2023
[Prof. M. Ashby, Cambridge Univ.]
Quantité d’énergie toujours plus importante par quantité de matière extraite

16. Augmentation de la complexité des matériaux (alliages)
Meilleures performances mais contraintes très fortes sur la réutilisation/recyclage de ces matériaux

17. Chip unit fab energy: + 7% / year (techno scaling)
Chip unit sale: + 9% / year (consumption, obsolescence)
Global chip fabrication
energy footprint: + 16% / year
+
Procédé de fabrication de plus en plus complexe
T. Pirson et al., IEEE Transactions on
Semiconductor Manufacturing,
February 2023, doi:
10.1109/TSM.2022.3228311

18. I II III IV V VI VII O
lithium
3
Li
6.941(2)
beryllium
4
Be
9.012182(3)
sodium
11
Na
22.989770(2)
magnesium
12
Mg
24.305(?)
rubidium
37
Rb
85.4678(3)
strontium
38
Sr
87.62(1)
caesium
55
Cs
132.90545(2)
barium
56
Ba
137.327(7)
francium
87
Fr
[223.0197]
radium
88
Ra
[226.0254]
potassium
19
K
39.0983(1)
calcium
20
Ca
40.078(4)
lutetium
71
Lu
174.967(1)
lawrencium
103
Lr
[262.110]
scandium
21
Sc
44.955910(8)
yttrium
39
Y
88.90585(2)
hafnium
72
Hf
178.49(2)
titanium
22
Ti
47.867(1)
zirconium
40
Zr
91.224(2)
tantalum
73
Ta
180.9479(1)
vanadium
23
V
50.9415(1)
niobium
41
Nb
92.90638(2)
chromium
24
Cr
51.9961(6)
molybdenum
42
Mo
95.94(1)
rhenium
75
Re
186.207(1)
manganese
25
Mn
54.938049(9)
technetium
43
Tc
[98.9063]
osmium
76
Os
190.23(3)
iron
26
Fe
55.845(2)
ruthenium
44
Ru
101.07(2)
iridium
77
Ir
192.217(3)
cobalt
27
Co
58.933200(9)
rhodium
45
Rh
102.90550(2)
platinum
78
Pt
195.078(2)
nickel
28
Ni
58.6934(2)
palladium
46
Pd
106.42(1)
gold
79
Au
196.96655(2)
copper
29
Cu
63.546(3)
silver
47
Ag
107.8682(2)
mercury
80
Hg
200.59(2)
zinc
30
Zn
65.39(2)
cadmium
48
Cd
112.411(8)
thallium
81
Tl
204.3833(2)
gallium
31
Ga
69.723(1)
indium
49
In
114.818(3)
boron
5
B
10.811(7)
aluminium
13
Al
26.981538(2)
lead
82
Pb
207.2(1)
germanium
32
Ge
72.61(2)
tin
50
Sn
118.710(7)
carbon
6
C
12.0107(8)
silicon
14
Si
28.0855(3)
bismuth
83
Bi
208.98038(2)
arsenic
33
As
74.92160(2)
antimony
51
Sb
121.760(1)
nitrogen
7
N
14.00674(7)
phosphorus
15
P
30.973761(2)
polonium
84
Po
[208.9824]
selenium
34
Se
78.96(3)
tellurium
52
Te
127.60(3)
oxygen
8
O
15.9994(3)
sulfur
16
S
32.066(6)
astatine
85
At
[209.9871]
bromine
35
Br
79.904(1)
iodine
53
I
126.90447(3)
fluorine
9
F
18.9984032(5)
chlorine
17
Cl
35.4527(9)
radon
86
Rn
[222.0176]
krypton
36
Kr
83.80(1)
xenon
54
Xe
131.29(2)
neon
10
Ne
20.1797(6)
argon
18
Ar
39.948(1)
helium
2
He
4.002602(2)
lanthanum
57
La
138.9055(2)
cerium
58
Ce
140.116(1)
thorium
90
Th
232.038(1)
praseodymium
59
Pr
140.90765(2)
protactinium
91
Pa
231.03588(2)
nedodymium
60
Nd
144.24(3)
uranium
92
U
238.0289(1)
promethium
61
Pm
[144.9127]
neptunium
93
Np
[237.0482]
samarium
62
Sm
150.36(3)
plutonium
94
Pu
[244.0642]
europium
63
Eu
151.964(1)
americium
95
Am
[243.0614]
gadolinium
64
Gd
157.25(3)
curium
96
Cm
[247.0703]
terbium
65
Tb
158.92534(2)
berkelium
97
Bk
[247.0703]
dysprosium
66
Dy
162.50(3)
californium
98
Cf
[251.0796]
holmium
67
Ho
164.93032(2)
einsteinium
99
Es
[252.0830]
erbium
68
Er
167.26(3)
fermium
100
Fm
[257.0951]
thulium
69
Tm
168.93421(2)
mendelevium
101
Md
[258.0984]
ytterbium
70
Yb
173.04(3)
nobelium
102
No
[259.1011]
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
tungsten
74
W
183.84(1)
1980's
hydrogen
1
H
1.00794(7)
Miniaturisation – Pression sur les matériaux

19. I II III IV V VI VII O
lithium
3
Li
6.941(2)
beryllium
4
Be
9.012182(3)
sodium
11
Na
22.989770(2)
magnesium
12
Mg
24.305(?)
rubidium
37
Rb
85.4678(3)
strontium
38
Sr
87.62(1)
caesium
55
Cs
132.90545(2)
barium
56
Ba
137.327(7)
francium
87
Fr
[223.0197]
radium
88
Ra
[226.0254]
potassium
19
K
39.0983(1)
calcium
20
Ca
40.078(4)
lutetium
71
Lu
174.967(1)
lawrencium
103
Lr
[262.110]
scandium
21
Sc
44.955910(8)
yttrium
39
Y
88.90585(2)
hafnium
72
Hf
178.49(2)
titanium
22
Ti
47.867(1)
zirconium
40
Zr
91.224(2)
tantalum
73
Ta
180.9479(1)
vanadium
23
V
50.9415(1)
niobium
41
Nb
92.90638(2)
chromium
24
Cr
51.9961(6)
molybdenum
42
Mo
95.94(1)
rhenium
75
Re
186.207(1)
manganese
25
Mn
54.938049(9)
technetium
43
Tc
[98.9063]
osmium
76
Os
190.23(3)
iron
26
Fe
55.845(2)
ruthenium
44
Ru
101.07(2)
iridium
77
Ir
192.217(3)
cobalt
27
Co
58.933200(9)
rhodium
45
Rh
102.90550(2)
platinum
78
Pt
195.078(2)
nickel
28
Ni
58.6934(2)
palladium
46
Pd
106.42(1)
gold
79
Au
196.96655(2)
copper
29
Cu
63.546(3)
silver
47
Ag
107.8682(2)
mercury
80
Hg
200.59(2)
zinc
30
Zn
65.39(2)
cadmium
48
Cd
112.411(8)
thallium
81
Tl
204.3833(2)
gallium
31
Ga
69.723(1)
indium
49
In
114.818(3)
boron
5
B
10.811(7)
aluminium
13
Al
26.981538(2)
lead
82
Pb
207.2(1)
germanium
32
Ge
72.61(2)
tin
50
Sn
118.710(7)
carbon
6
C
12.0107(8)
silicon
14
Si
28.0855(3)
bismuth
83
Bi
208.98038(2)
arsenic
33
As
74.92160(2)
antimony
51
Sb
121.760(1)
nitrogen
7
N
14.00674(7)
phosphorus
15
P
30.973761(2)
polonium
84
Po
[208.9824]
selenium
34
Se
78.96(3)
tellurium
52
Te
127.60(3)
oxygen
8
O
15.9994(3)
sulfur
16
S
32.066(6)
astatine
85
At
[209.9871]
bromine
35
Br
79.904(1)
iodine
53
I
126.90447(3)
fluorine
9
F
18.9984032(5)
chlorine
17
Cl
35.4527(9)
radon
86
Rn
[222.0176]
krypton
36
Kr
83.80(1)
xenon
54
Xe
131.29(2)
neon
10
Ne
20.1797(6)
argon
18
Ar
39.948(1)
helium
2
He
4.002602(2)
lanthanum
57
La
138.9055(2)
cerium
58
Ce
140.116(1)
thorium
90
Th
232.038(1)
praseodymium
59
Pr
140.90765(2)
protactinium
91
Pa
231.03588(2)
nedodymium
60
Nd
144.24(3)
uranium
92
U
238.0289(1)
promethium
61
Pm
[144.9127]
neptunium
93
Np
[237.0482]
samarium
62
Sm
150.36(3)
plutonium
94
Pu
[244.0642]
europium
63
Eu
151.964(1)
americium
95
Am
[243.0614]
gadolinium
64
Gd
157.25(3)
curium
96
Cm
[247.0703]
terbium
65
Tb
158.92534(2)
berkelium
97
Bk
[247.0703]
dysprosium
66
Dy
162.50(3)
californium
98
Cf
[251.0796]
holmium
67
Ho
164.93032(2)
einsteinium
99
Es
[252.0830]
erbium
68
Er
167.26(3)
fermium
100
Fm
[257.0951]
thulium
69
Tm
168.93421(2)
mendelevium
101
Md
[258.0984]
ytterbium
70
Yb
173.04(3)
nobelium
102
No
[259.1011]
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
tungsten
74
W
183.84(1)
1980's
hydrogen
1
H
1.00794(7)
I II III IV V VI VII O
lithium
3
Li
6.941(2)
beryllium
4
Be
9.012182(3)
sodium
11
Na
22.989770(2)
magnesium
12
Mg
24.305(?)
rubidium
37
Rb
85.4678(3)
strontium
38
Sr
87.62(1)
caesium
55
Cs
132.90545(2)
barium
56
Ba
137.327(7)
francium
87
Fr
[223.0197]
radium
88
Ra
[226.0254]
potassium
19
K
39.0983(1)
calcium
20
Ca
40.078(4)
lutetium
71
Lu
174.967(1)
lawrencium
103
Lr
[262.110]
scandium
21
Sc
44.955910(8)
yttrium
39
Y
88.90585(2)
hafnium
72
Hf
178.49(2)
titanium
22
Ti
47.867(1)
zirconium
40
Zr
91.224(2)
tantalum
73
Ta
180.9479(1)
vanadium
23
V
50.9415(1)
niobium
41
Nb
92.90638(2)
chromium
24
Cr
51.9961(6)
molybdenum
42
Mo
95.94(1)
rhenium
75
Re
186.207(1)
manganese
25
Mn
54.938049(9)
technetium
43
Tc
[98.9063]
osmium
76
Os
190.23(3)
iron
26
Fe
55.845(2)
ruthenium
44
Ru
101.07(2)
iridium
77
Ir
192.217(3)
cobalt
27
Co
58.933200(9)
rhodium
45
Rh
102.90550(2)
platinum
78
Pt
195.078(2)
nickel
28
Ni
58.6934(2)
palladium
46
Pd
106.42(1)
gold
79
Au
196.96655(2)
copper
29
Cu
63.546(3)
silver
47
Ag
107.8682(2)
mercury
80
Hg
200.59(2)
zinc
30
Zn
65.39(2)
cadmium
48
Cd
112.411(8)
thallium
81
Tl
204.3833(2)
gallium
31
Ga
69.723(1)
indium
49
In
114.818(3)
boron
5
B
10.811(7)
aluminium
13
Al
26.981538(2)
lead
82
Pb
207.2(1)
germanium
32
Ge
72.61(2)
tin
50
Sn
118.710(7)
carbon
6
C
12.0107(8)
silicon
14
Si
28.0855(3)
bismuth
83
Bi
208.98038(2)
arsenic
33
As
74.92160(2)
antimony
51
Sb
121.760(1)
nitrogen
7
N
14.00674(7)
phosphorus
15
P
30.973761(2)
polonium
84
Po
[208.9824]
selenium
34
Se
78.96(3)
tellurium
52
Te
127.60(3)
oxygen
8
O
15.9994(3)
sulfur
16
S
32.066(6)
astatine
85
At
[209.9871]
bromine
35
Br
79.904(1)
iodine
53
I
126.90447(3)
fluorine
9
F
18.9984032(5)
chlorine
17
Cl
35.4527(9)
radon
86
Rn
[222.0176]
krypton
36
Kr
83.80(1)
xenon
54
Xe
131.29(2)
neon
10
Ne
20.1797(6)
argon
18
Ar
39.948(1)
helium
2
He
4.002602(2)
lanthanum
57
La
138.9055(2)
cerium
58
Ce
140.116(1)
thorium
90
Th
232.038(1)
praseodymium
59
Pr
140.90765(2)
protactinium
91
Pa
231.03588(2)
nedodymium
60
Nd
144.24(3)
uranium
92
U
238.0289(1)
promethium
61
Pm
[144.9127]
neptunium
93
Np
[237.0482]
samarium
62
Sm
150.36(3)
plutonium
94
Pu
[244.0642]
europium
63
Eu
151.964(1)
americium
95
Am
[243.0614]
gadolinium
64
Gd
157.25(3)
curium
96
Cm
[247.0703]
terbium
65
Tb
158.92534(2)
berkelium
97
Bk
[247.0703]
dysprosium
66
Dy
162.50(3)
californium
98
Cf
[251.0796]
holmium
67
Ho
164.93032(2)
einsteinium
99
Es
[252.0830]
erbium
68
Er
167.26(3)
fermium
100
Fm
[257.0951]
thulium
69
Tm
168.93421(2)
mendelevium
101
Md
[258.0984]
ytterbium
70
Yb
173.04(3)
nobelium
102
No
[259.1011]
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
tungsten
74
W
183.84(1)
1980's
hydrogen
1
H
1.00794(7)
1990's
Miniaturisation – Pression sur les matériaux

20. I II III IV V VI VII O
lithium
3
Li
6.941(2)
beryllium
4
Be
9.012182(3)
sodium
11
Na
22.989770(2)
magnesium
12
Mg
24.305(?)
rubidium
37
Rb
85.4678(3)
strontium
38
Sr
87.62(1)
caesium
55
Cs
132.90545(2)
barium
56
Ba
137.327(7)
francium
87
Fr
[223.0197]
radium
88
Ra
[226.0254]
potassium
19
K
39.0983(1)
calcium
20
Ca
40.078(4)
lutetium
71
Lu
174.967(1)
lawrencium
103
Lr
[262.110]
scandium
21
Sc
44.955910(8)
yttrium
39
Y
88.90585(2)
hafnium
72
Hf
178.49(2)
titanium
22
Ti
47.867(1)
zirconium
40
Zr
91.224(2)
tantalum
73
Ta
180.9479(1)
vanadium
23
V
50.9415(1)
niobium
41
Nb
92.90638(2)
chromium
24
Cr
51.9961(6)
molybdenum
42
Mo
95.94(1)
rhenium
75
Re
186.207(1)
manganese
25
Mn
54.938049(9)
technetium
43
Tc
[98.9063]
osmium
76
Os
190.23(3)
iron
26
Fe
55.845(2)
ruthenium
44
Ru
101.07(2)
iridium
77
Ir
192.217(3)
cobalt
27
Co
58.933200(9)
rhodium
45
Rh
102.90550(2)
platinum
78
Pt
195.078(2)
nickel
28
Ni
58.6934(2)
palladium
46
Pd
106.42(1)
gold
79
Au
196.96655(2)
copper
29
Cu
63.546(3)
silver
47
Ag
107.8682(2)
mercury
80
Hg
200.59(2)
zinc
30
Zn
65.39(2)
cadmium
48
Cd
112.411(8)
thallium
81
Tl
204.3833(2)
gallium
31
Ga
69.723(1)
indium
49
In
114.818(3)
boron
5
B
10.811(7)
aluminium
13
Al
26.981538(2)
lead
82
Pb
207.2(1)
germanium
32
Ge
72.61(2)
tin
50
Sn
118.710(7)
carbon
6
C
12.0107(8)
silicon
14
Si
28.0855(3)
bismuth
83
Bi
208.98038(2)
arsenic
33
As
74.92160(2)
antimony
51
Sb
121.760(1)
nitrogen
7
N
14.00674(7)
phosphorus
15
P
30.973761(2)
polonium
84
Po
[208.9824]
selenium
34
Se
78.96(3)
tellurium
52
Te
127.60(3)
oxygen
8
O
15.9994(3)
sulfur
16
S
32.066(6)
astatine
85
At
[209.9871]
bromine
35
Br
79.904(1)
iodine
53
I
126.90447(3)
fluorine
9
F
18.9984032(5)
chlorine
17
Cl
35.4527(9)
radon
86
Rn
[222.0176]
krypton
36
Kr
83.80(1)
xenon
54
Xe
131.29(2)
neon
10
Ne
20.1797(6)
argon
18
Ar
39.948(1)
helium
2
He
4.002602(2)
lanthanum
57
La
138.9055(2)
cerium
58
Ce
140.116(1)
thorium
90
Th
232.038(1)
praseodymium
59
Pr
140.90765(2)
protactinium
91
Pa
231.03588(2)
nedodymium
60
Nd
144.24(3)
uranium
92
U
238.0289(1)
promethium
61
Pm
[144.9127]
neptunium
93
Np
[237.0482]
samarium
62
Sm
150.36(3)
plutonium
94
Pu
[244.0642]
europium
63
Eu
151.964(1)
americium
95
Am
[243.0614]
gadolinium
64
Gd
157.25(3)
curium
96
Cm
[247.0703]
terbium
65
Tb
158.92534(2)
berkelium
97
Bk
[247.0703]
dysprosium
66
Dy
162.50(3)
californium
98
Cf
[251.0796]
holmium
67
Ho
164.93032(2)
einsteinium
99
Es
[252.0830]
erbium
68
Er
167.26(3)
fermium
100
Fm
[257.0951]
thulium
69
Tm
168.93421(2)
mendelevium
101
Md
[258.0984]
ytterbium
70
Yb
173.04(3)
nobelium
102
No
[259.1011]
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
tungsten
74
W
183.84(1)
1980's
hydrogen
1
H
1.00794(7)
I II III IV V VI VII O
lithium
3
Li
6.941(2)
beryllium
4
Be
9.012182(3)
sodium
11
Na
22.989770(2)
magnesium
12
Mg
24.305(?)
rubidium
37
Rb
85.4678(3)
strontium
38
Sr
87.62(1)
caesium
55
Cs
132.90545(2)
barium
56
Ba
137.327(7)
francium
87
Fr
[223.0197]
radium
88
Ra
[226.0254]
potassium
19
K
39.0983(1)
calcium
20
Ca
40.078(4)
lutetium
71
Lu
174.967(1)
lawrencium
103
Lr
[262.110]
scandium
21
Sc
44.955910(8)
yttrium
39
Y
88.90585(2)
hafnium
72
Hf
178.49(2)
titanium
22
Ti
47.867(1)
zirconium
40
Zr
91.224(2)
tantalum
73
Ta
180.9479(1)
vanadium
23
V
50.9415(1)
niobium
41
Nb
92.90638(2)
chromium
24
Cr
51.9961(6)
molybdenum
42
Mo
95.94(1)
rhenium
75
Re
186.207(1)
manganese
25
Mn
54.938049(9)
technetium
43
Tc
[98.9063]
osmium
76
Os
190.23(3)
iron
26
Fe
55.845(2)
ruthenium
44
Ru
101.07(2)
iridium
77
Ir
192.217(3)
cobalt
27
Co
58.933200(9)
rhodium
45
Rh
102.90550(2)
platinum
78
Pt
195.078(2)
nickel
28
Ni
58.6934(2)
palladium
46
Pd
106.42(1)
gold
79
Au
196.96655(2)
copper
29
Cu
63.546(3)
silver
47
Ag
107.8682(2)
mercury
80
Hg
200.59(2)
zinc
30
Zn
65.39(2)
cadmium
48
Cd
112.411(8)
thallium
81
Tl
204.3833(2)
gallium
31
Ga
69.723(1)
indium
49
In
114.818(3)
boron
5
B
10.811(7)
aluminium
13
Al
26.981538(2)
lead
82
Pb
207.2(1)
germanium
32
Ge
72.61(2)
tin
50
Sn
118.710(7)
carbon
6
C
12.0107(8)
silicon
14
Si
28.0855(3)
bismuth
83
Bi
208.98038(2)
arsenic
33
As
74.92160(2)
antimony
51
Sb
121.760(1)
nitrogen
7
N
14.00674(7)
phosphorus
15
P
30.973761(2)
polonium
84
Po
[208.9824]
selenium
34
Se
78.96(3)
tellurium
52
Te
127.60(3)
oxygen
8
O
15.9994(3)
sulfur
16
S
32.066(6)
astatine
85
At
[209.9871]
bromine
35
Br
79.904(1)
iodine
53
I
126.90447(3)
fluorine
9
F
18.9984032(5)
chlorine
17
Cl
35.4527(9)
radon
86
Rn
[222.0176]
krypton
36
Kr
83.80(1)
xenon
54
Xe
131.29(2)
neon
10
Ne
20.1797(6)
argon
18
Ar
39.948(1)
helium
2
He
4.002602(2)
lanthanum
57
La
138.9055(2)
cerium
58
Ce
140.116(1)
thorium
90
Th
232.038(1)
praseodymium
59
Pr
140.90765(2)
protactinium
91
Pa
231.03588(2)
nedodymium
60
Nd
144.24(3)
uranium
92
U
238.0289(1)
promethium
61
Pm
[144.9127]
neptunium
93
Np
[237.0482]
samarium
62
Sm
150.36(3)
plutonium
94
Pu
[244.0642]
europium
63
Eu
151.964(1)
americium
95
Am
[243.0614]
gadolinium
64
Gd
157.25(3)
curium
96
Cm
[247.0703]
terbium
65
Tb
158.92534(2)
berkelium
97
Bk
[247.0703]
dysprosium
66
Dy
162.50(3)
californium
98
Cf
[251.0796]
holmium
67
Ho
164.93032(2)
einsteinium
99
Es
[252.0830]
erbium
68
Er
167.26(3)
fermium
100
Fm
[257.0951]
thulium
69
Tm
168.93421(2)
mendelevium
101
Md
[258.0984]
ytterbium
70
Yb
173.04(3)
nobelium
102
No
[259.1011]
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
tungsten
74
W
183.84(1)
1980's
hydrogen
1
H
1.00794(7)
1990's
I II III IV V VI VII O
lithium
3
Li
6.941(2)
beryllium
4
Be
9.012182(3)
sodium
11
Na
22.989770(2)
magnesium
12
Mg
24.305(?)
rubidium
37
Rb
85.4678(3)
strontium
38
Sr
87.62(1)
caesium
55
Cs
132.90545(2)
barium
56
Ba
137.327(7)
francium
87
Fr
[223.0197]
radium
88
Ra
[226.0254]
potassium
19
K
39.0983(1)
calcium
20
Ca
40.078(4)
lutetium
71
Lu
174.967(1)
lawrencium
103
Lr
[262.110]
scandium
21
Sc
44.955910(8)
yttrium
39
Y
88.90585(2)
hafnium
72
Hf
178.49(2)
titanium
22
Ti
47.867(1)
zirconium
40
Zr
91.224(2)
tantalum
73
Ta
180.9479(1)
vanadium
23
V
50.9415(1)
niobium
41
Nb
92.90638(2)
chromium
24
Cr
51.9961(6)
molybdenum
42
Mo
95.94(1)
rhenium
75
Re
186.207(1)
manganese
25
Mn
54.938049(9)
technetium
43
Tc
[98.9063]
osmium
76
Os
190.23(3)
iron
26
Fe
55.845(2)
ruthenium
44
Ru
101.07(2)
iridium
77
Ir
192.217(3)
cobalt
27
Co
58.933200(9)
rhodium
45
Rh
102.90550(2)
platinum
78
Pt
195.078(2)
nickel
28
Ni
58.6934(2)
palladium
46
Pd
106.42(1)
gold
79
Au
196.96655(2)
copper
29
Cu
63.546(3)
silver
47
Ag
107.8682(2)
mercury
80
Hg
200.59(2)
zinc
30
Zn
65.39(2)
cadmium
48
Cd
112.411(8)
thallium
81
Tl
204.3833(2)
gallium
31
Ga
69.723(1)
indium
49
In
114.818(3)
boron
5
B
10.811(7)
aluminium
13
Al
26.981538(2)
lead
82
Pb
207.2(1)
germanium
32
Ge
72.61(2)
tin
50
Sn
118.710(7)
carbon
6
C
12.0107(8)
silicon
14
Si
28.0855(3)
bismuth
83
Bi
208.98038(2)
arsenic
33
As
74.92160(2)
antimony
51
Sb
121.760(1)
nitrogen
7
N
14.00674(7)
phosphorus
15
P
30.973761(2)
polonium
84
Po
[208.9824]
selenium
34
Se
78.96(3)
tellurium
52
Te
127.60(3)
oxygen
8
O
15.9994(3)
sulfur
16
S
32.066(6)
astatine
85
At
[209.9871]
bromine
35
Br
79.904(1)
iodine
53
I
126.90447(3)
fluorine
9
F
18.9984032(5)
chlorine
17
Cl
35.4527(9)
radon
86
Rn
[222.0176]
krypton
36
Kr
83.80(1)
xenon
54
Xe
131.29(2)
neon
10
Ne
20.1797(6)
argon
18
Ar
39.948(1)
helium
2
He
4.002602(2)
lanthanum
57
La
138.9055(2)
cerium
58
Ce
140.116(1)
thorium
90
Th
232.038(1)
praseodymium
59
Pr
140.90765(2)
protactinium
91
Pa
231.03588(2)
nedodymium
60
Nd
144.24(3)
uranium
92
U
238.0289(1)
promethium
61
Pm
[144.9127]
neptunium
93
Np
[237.0482]
samarium
62
Sm
150.36(3)
plutonium
94
Pu
[244.0642]
europium
63
Eu
151.964(1)
americium
95
Am
[243.0614]
gadolinium
64
Gd
157.25(3)
curium
96
Cm
[247.0703]
terbium
65
Tb
158.92534(2)
berkelium
97
Bk
[247.0703]
dysprosium
66
Dy
162.50(3)
californium
98
Cf
[251.0796]
holmium
67
Ho
164.93032(2)
einsteinium
99
Es
[252.0830]
erbium
68
Er
167.26(3)
fermium
100
Fm
[257.0951]
thulium
69
Tm
168.93421(2)
mendelevium
101
Md
[258.0984]
ytterbium
70
Yb
173.04(3)
nobelium
102
No
[259.1011]
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
tungsten
74
W
183.84(1)
1980's
hydrogen
1
H
1.00794(7)
1990's
2000's
Miniaturisation – Pression sur les matériaux

21. Déplacement des problèmes

22. Energies “renouvelables” sont très demandeuses en minerais

23. Importance de l’acier dans les systèmes énergétiques
[Vidal, Goffe & Arndt (2013: 896)]

24. Comment ré-enchanter les technologies ?
Accepter la complexité et adopter une approche holistique

25. Approche systémique 5 steps towards sustainability
1. Besoin, contexte, impact désiré,…
2. Parties prenantes, leurs intérêts, leurs
influences, les leviers, les contraintes,…
3. Recherche des faits, impacts mesurés
et mesurables de la technologie
4. Synthèse, compris, contradictions,…
Impact sur les 3 P
5. Débat de société, choix, vision,…
[M. F. Ashby, book: Materials and Sustainable Development]
Niveaux indicateurs

26. 4. La synthèse, impact sur les 3 P 5. Débat de société, choix, vision,…
[M. F. Ashby, book: Materials and Sustainable Development]

27. Vers des technologies plus utile, plus appropriable et plus durable

28. Réutilisation de mémoires flash
TFE, Antoine Percy, 2021-2022
Durable
x

29. Durable / appropriable
TFE, Justine Lebrun, 2021-2022

30. Breath4Life, OpenHub de l’UCLouvain
Open Source - Open Software / Open Hardware
Utile / Appropriable

31. Science citoyenne : InfluencAir
la qualité de l'air aux mains des citoyen.ne.s
Appropriable

32. • Essayons de développer des technologies plus appropriées
Conclusion
• Certains pensent que nous sommes des doux rêveurs, que
nous vivons dans un monde imaginaire, utopique, …
• Croire qu’il va être possible de continuer à développer et
produire des technologies comme aujourd’hui,
c’est là à mon sens que les doux rêveurs sont …

33. https://lowtechlab.org/fr
Informatique : https://isit-be.org/
https://www.alternumeris.org/

34. SICT: Doctoral Summer School
o Question sustainability aspects of electronics and ICT
o Promote multi-disciplinary approach among speakers and participants
o Stimulate PhD students to embed these considerations in their research
o Build a common vision and contribute to the community
o Opinion article: https://doi.org/10.3390/su13126541
Eco-designed website
https://www.sictdoctoralschool.com/

36. Books

37. Podcasts

38. Technosolutionism vs Sobriety
Est-ce que la technologie va nous sauver ?
“nous” de qui parle-t-on ?
Classes sociales, Nord-Sud, faune-flore,…
Regards croisés !

39. [Les couilles sur la table] Des ordis, des souris et des hommes
https://podcastaddict.com/episode/100077123
[AFROTOPIQUES] MALCOM FERDINAND // Penser une écologie décoloniale, une écologie-du-monde
https://podcastaddict.com/episode/83329476
TED talk - Chimanda Adichie : Le danger d'une histoire unique
Il y a différents centres de production du savoir, occident, Asie, Afrique, pas idéaliser, écouter les différents récits, prendre et
construire son imaginaire
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D9Ihs241zeg&t=131s
TED talk - Hans Rosling
New insight on poverty:
https://www.ted.com/talks/hans_rosling_new_insights_on_poverty?referrer=playlist-the_best_hans_rosling_talks_yo
Global population growth, box by box:
https://www.ted.com/talks/hans_rosling_global_population_growth_box_by_box?referrer=playlist-the_best_hans_rosling_talks_yo
The magic of washing machine:
https://www.ted.com/talks/hans_rosling_the_magic_washing_machine?referrer=playlist-the_best_hans_rosling_talks_yo
#SMARTer2030 – ICT Solutions for 21st Century Challenges
http://smarter2030.gesi.org/downloads/Full_report.pdf

40. History of science and technology:
François Jarrige
"Du refus des machines à la contestation des technosciences"
Jean-Baptiste Fressoz
"L’Apocalypse joyeuse. Une histoire du risque technologique"
Jacques Ellul
"Le bluff technologique"
William Gibson
"The future is already here — it's just not very evenly distributed"
Eric Sadin
"La Silicolonisation du monde"

41. Backup slides

42. Mike Ashby, 2017
Accelerometers:
Maximize signal per unit force
Material index = Piezo charge coeff. g33
Additional constraint: non-toxic
Mechanical energy harvesting:
Maximize efficiency of conversion of mechanical
to electrical energy
Material index = Electro-mech coupling const
Accelerometers and Energy harvesting

43. Mike Ashby, 2017
§ Thermoelectrics are clean, no moving parts, long life
§ Can be applied on small scale
Waste heat is “free”
From: J-P Fleurial et al “Waste Heat Recovery
Opportunities for Thermoelectric Generators,
Thermoelectrics Application Workshop, JPL, 2009.
§ 62% of car fuel energy lost as heat
§ Recover energy from car exhaust system
Thermo-electric energy recovery

44. Thermoelectric figure of merit (index)
T
S
zT e
2
D
l
k
= Temperature
Electrical
conductivity
Seebeck
coefficient
Thermal
conductivity Skutterudite
antimonide
§ Ytterbium, Cobalt: Critical
§ Antimony: Restricted
X
X
X
X
Need zT > 1.5 for acceptable
conversion efficiency
Thermo-electric energy recovery

45. Panneaux photovoltaïques
1. Objectifs des gouvernements de réduire les émissions de GES de 80% en 2050
[M. F. Ashby, book: Materials and Sustainable Development]

46. 2. Les parties prenantes
[M. F. Ashby, book: Materials and Sustainable Development]

47. 3. Recherche des faits - Risque au niveau de la chaîne d’approvisionnement
(70% du Si vient d’un seul pays, Chine).
- Deux matériaux critiques, l’argent et l’indium,
nécessité de, respectivement, 15% et 31% de la
production annuelle.
- Alternatives au Si : GaAs et CdTe mais toxiques.
[M. F. Ashby, book: Materials and Sustainable Development]

48. 4. La synthèse, impact sur les 3 P 5. Débat de société, choix, vision,…
[M. F. Ashby, book: Materials and Sustainable Development]

49. • Only 17 out of 60 elements
• Only 4-5 are profitable
• Gold pays for the others
• No more interesting if less
than 20 grams of gold per ton
of WEEE
• Not profitable because raw
materials are really too cheap
[UMICORE]
Is reclycling a solution for e-waste?

50. Circular economy
11 Rs
1. Reject
2. Reduce
3. Reuse
4. Redistribute
5. Repair
…
9. Recycle
10. Recover
11. Return
(>70% e-waste)

51. Modularity Design for reuse, repair, refurbish, remanufacturing, repurpose,…
Technically feasible! and leading to local jobs
Fairphone (established company)
Puzzlephone (EU project)
Sell the use of the product and not the ownership
Parternship between the producer and the consumer (client)
Mutualization, sharing, …
Economy of
functionality
Circular economy

52. Circular economy
11 Rs
1. Reject
2. Reduce
3. Reuse
4. Redistribute
5. Repair
…
9. Recycle
10. Recover
11. Return
(>70% e-waste)
N. Moreau, T. Pirson, G. Le Brun, T. Delhaye, G. Sandu, A. Paris, D. Bol, J.-P. Raskin, “Could unsustainable electronics
supports sustainability?”, Sustainability 13(12), 6541, 2021, https://doi.org/10.3390/su13126541

53. Source: Bol D. et al., 2021
Is down-scaling of ICs being sufficient to fulfil the Paris agreement for ICT?

54. Source: Bol D. et al., 2021
Engineers’ KPI
Is down-scaling of ICs being sufficient to fulfil the Paris agreement for ICT?

55. Source: Bol D. et al., 2021
Adoption of the
technology
Engineers’ KPI
Is down-scaling of ICs being sufficient to fulfil the Paris agreement for ICT?

56. Source: Bol D. et al., 2021
Adoption of the
technology
Engineers’ KPI
Is down-scaling of ICs being sufficient to fulfil the Paris agreement for ICT?

57. Conclusions and Perspectives
• Use LCA to reveal trends in early stage of a technology development and consider the whole
life-cycle of a product or service
• However, complexity in fab, supply chain and IP make data collection a challenge
• LCA is not sufficient, study rebound effects and consumer behaviour!
• Need for transversal collaborations & a holistic approach (industry, academy, regulations,
citizens, social sciences) along the entire life of the product or the service
• Our techno-liberal societies encourage us to develop creative destruction (Joseph Schumpeter)
• Question the need of the top notch technology
• Stop opposing low tech vs. high tech but start thinking about
appropriate and appropriable technologies
• The future of IoT is not written yet!

58. 12 elements
0 critical
29 elements
5 critical
60 elements
20 critical
2 x 107 per year
Life: 15 years
1956
107 per year
Life: 5 years
1986
> 109 per year
Life: 18 months
2016
> 5x1010 per year
Life: ? (short)
2020 and beyond
More critical and
toxic materials
Technologie dispersive
Miniaturisation = pression sur les matériaux

59. Article « Computing within limits »
• Confronting such limits is likely to present challenges that we—humanity— have never before faced, at
least for the Western communities
• The science fiction writer William Gibson: “The future is already here—it’s just not evenly distributed”
• Focus on long-term well-being
• Question growth – global income inequality is increasing
• Be aware about the rebound effects or Jevons paradox
• Need for legislations, regulations, policies, etc. discussed with also engineers
• Appropriate technology – research vs. massive deployment of a technology (case of precision agriculture
in Ecuador)
• Tainter’s argument (historian), he points out the relationship between increasing societal complexity and
eventual societal decline.

60. Phase de fabrication des IoT – More than Moore
Capteur de pression
Manufacturing process and study perimeter:
G. Le Brun, T. Delhaye, D. Flandre, J.-P. Raskin, “Bottom-Up Life-Cycle Assessment of MEMS piezoresistive pressure sensors”, Design, Test,
Integration and Packaging of MEMS & MOEMS – DTIP 2021, August 25-27, 2021.
LCA - manufacturing

61. 5000 x
Source: avnir.org
TIC
Cycle de vie des TIC

62. Why is an induction effect not considered a rebound effect? The difference is one of
perspective: An induction effect is the increase in the consumption of a specific
resource as a consequence of applying ICT, viewed at the micro level. The rebound
effect is the aggregated result of many processes interacting in a way that leads to
increased consumption, viewed at the macro level. The same question could be asked
with regard to substitution (or optimization) and sustainable production and
consumption patterns.
Fig. 6. A matrix of ICT effects, based on [67]
The fact that these distinctions are not immediately clear reveals a weakness in the
framework, namely that it mixes up levels of abstraction and categories of effects. If
we understand Level 2 to be the economic micro-level – i.e., referring to substitutions
and other ICT-related actions taking place in firms and private households – it is not
Induction effects
Rebound effects
New critical infrastructure
ICT as part of the
solution
Technology
Application
Behavioral and
structural
change
Substitution effects
Optimization effects
Transition towards
sustainable patterns of
production & consumption
3
Systemic
effects
2
Enabling
effects
Production
Use
Disposal
Life cycle
of ICT
ICT as part of the
problem
Induction effects
Rebound effects
Emerging risks
enables
enables
Obsolescence effects
n/a by definition
1
Direct
effects
Source: Hilty, 2015
Cycle de vie des TIC

63. Why is an induction effect not considered a rebound effect? The difference is one of
perspective: An induction effect is the increase in the consumption of a specific
resource as a consequence of applying ICT, viewed at the micro level. The rebound
effect is the aggregated result of many processes interacting in a way that leads to
increased consumption, viewed at the macro level. The same question could be asked
with regard to substitution (or optimization) and sustainable production and
consumption patterns.
Fig. 6. A matrix of ICT effects, based on [67]
The fact that these distinctions are not immediately clear reveals a weakness in the
framework, namely that it mixes up levels of abstraction and categories of effects. If
we understand Level 2 to be the economic micro-level – i.e., referring to substitutions
and other ICT-related actions taking place in firms and private households – it is not
Induction effects
Rebound effects
New critical infrastructure
ICT as part of the
solution
Technology
Application
Behavioral and
structural
change
Substitution effects
Optimization effects
Transition towards
sustainable patterns of
production & consumption
3
Systemic
effects
2
Enabling
effects
Production
Use
Disposal
Life cycle
of ICT
ICT as part of the
problem
Induction effects
Rebound effects
Emerging risks
enables
enables
Obsolescence effects
n/a by definition
1
Direct
effects
Analyse du Cycle de Vie
ne calcule que les
effets directs
Source: Hilty, 2015
Cycle de vie des TIC

64. Cycle de vie des TIC
Source: Hilty, 2015
Why is an induction effect not considered a rebound effect? The difference is one of
perspective: An induction effect is the increase in the consumption of a specific
resource as a consequence of applying ICT, viewed at the micro level. The rebound
effect is the aggregated result of many processes interacting in a way that leads to
increased consumption, viewed at the macro level. The same question could be asked
with regard to substitution (or optimization) and sustainable production and
consumption patterns.
Fig. 6. A matrix of ICT effects, based on [67]
The fact that these distinctions are not immediately clear reveals a weakness in the
framework, namely that it mixes up levels of abstraction and categories of effects. If
we understand Level 2 to be the economic micro-level – i.e., referring to substitutions
and other ICT-related actions taking place in firms and private households – it is not
Induction effects
Rebound effects
New critical infrastructure
ICT as part of the
solution
Technology
Application
Behavioral and
structural
change
Substitution effects
Optimization effects
Transition towards
sustainable patterns of
production & consumption
3
Systemic
effects
2
Enabling
effects
Production
Use
Disposal
Life cycle
of ICT
ICT as part of the
problem
Induction effects
Rebound effects
Emerging risks
enables
enables
Obsolescence effects
n/a by definition
1
Direct
effects

65. Economic Business model canvas
[A. Joyce, R. L. Paquin, Journal of Cleaner Production 135 (2016) 1474-1486]

66. Environmental Life Cycle Business model canvas
[A. Joyce, R. L. Paquin, Journal of Cleaner Production 135 (2016) 1474-1486]

67. Social Stakeholder Business model canvas
[A. Joyce, R. L. Paquin, Journal of Cleaner Production 135 (2016) 1474-1486]

68. Environment
Social
Economic
Economy
Society
Environment
Environment
Society
Economy
?
?
Quels chemins ?
Quelles visions ?
Quelles valeurs ?

69. 2 3 4 5
Research /
Innovation Design Foundries Packaging /
testing
Usage
6
End of life
1
EU
USA EU
USA
Asia Asia World Southern countries
Life cycle of an IC

70. 2 3 4 5
Recherche /
Innovation Conception Fonderie Packaging /
testing
Usage
6
Fin de vie
1
Chaîne de valeur morcelée géographiquement
EU
USA EU
USA
Asie Asie Monde Pays des Suds

71. Centres de recherche
Universités
imec
CEA-Leti
Fraunhofer institutes
Equipementiers
ASML, Bosch
Elmos
Murata Europe
Besi, EVG, …
Fournisseurs matériaux
SOITEC, Siltronic, …
Fonderies
STMicroelectronics
Infineon, NXP, AMS,
GlobalFoundries, X-Fab, …
2 3 4 5 6
1
Marché de l’automobile
et industrie 4.0
Les pépites en UE