for students studying information technology

1. PROGRAM
DEVELOPMENT
BY: KAYDEAN STERLING
THE QUEENS SCHOOL
6BH

2. PROGRAMING
DEVELOPMENT
CYCLE

3. What is the programing development
cycle?
This is the steps used in planning a
program. It uses a sequence of
steps, that will enable efficient use
of time and help to minimise
programing errors and produce the
desired output.

5. ANALYSE
This step entails the definition
of the problem. It tells what
the program should do and the
relation ship between the input
and the desired output.

6. DESIGN
This is the planning of the
solution by developing an
algorithm. This will involve
graphically or in sequential
statements depicting the logical
steps (related to each other )
which will be needed to solve the

7. CODING
The translation of the algorithm into
programming language.
It will use basic human language which can
be read as programing language by the
computer. such as:
Write; for output
Read; for input
NB: Other input/output statements can be used

8. TEST AND DEBUGING
Testing is the location of errors by
doing manual and computerised run of
the program. After locating the error
it is then fixed by de bugging the
program. A bug is any error in the
program that causes it to give
undesired output.

9. DOCUMENTATION
This is the organisation of the
material so that another programmer
can understand the program . This is
in case they wish to update and
maintain the program at a later date.
Internal documentation points out the
purpose of various parts of the

10. PROGRAMING
PARADIGMS

11. Definition
A programming paradigm is a fundamental
style of computer programming. It is a
specific way of building the structure and
elements of computer programs.

12. There are four major types of programing paradigms. These
are:
 Imperative paradigm
 Functional paradigm
 Logic paradigm
 Object-oriented paradigm

13. Imperative Paradigm
 Referred to as 'first do this, next do that'
paradigm.
 Computations are performed through a guided sequence of steps.
 Variables are referred to or changed.
 Ordering of steps are crucial as results depend on the order or
sequence of the steps.
 Rooted in the key technological ideas of the digital computer.

14. Example of such programs
Fortran
 Pascal
Basic
C

15. Functional Paradigm
 Simpler and more clean programming paradigm than the
imperative one in that it is less complicated.
 Originates from a purely mathematical discipline
 All computations are done by applying functions
 Functions are full-fledged data just like numbers,
lists,ect.

16. Examples of such programs
Scheme
 Haskell
 Miranda
ML

17. Logic Paradigms
 A declarative approach to problem-solving.
 Programmer specifies a set of facts and rules, and an engine infers the answers to
questions.
 The role of the computer when reading or debugging the program is
maintaining data and
logical deduction.
 A logical program is divided into three sections:
I.
A series of definitions/declarations that define the problem domain.
II.
Statements of relevant facts.
III.
Statement of goals in the form of a query.

18. Examples of such programs
Prolog
Parlog
Vulcan
 Polka
Mercury

19. Object-Oriented Paradigm
 Based on the sending of messages to objects.
 Objects respond to messages by performing
operations. They have their own set of operations.
 When you send a command you call request
subroutines.

20. Examples of such programs
Java
 C++

21. Differences
Imperative: direct assignments, common data structures.
Functional: uses strictly mathematical functions.
Object-oriented: uses objects , sends messages to sub
routines.
Logic: uses completely logical data and carry out queries.

22. Thank you for watching…
THE END