3. The Anglo-Saxons: 449–1066
300s B.C.
Celts in Britain
55 B.C–A.D.409
Roman Occupation
A.D. 449
Anglo-Saxon
Invasion
A.D. 400–699
Spread of Christianity
A.D. 1066
Norman
Invasion
A.D.878
King Alfred
against
the Vikings
or Danes
A.D.
600
A.D.
300
A.D.
1
300
B.C.
A.D.
900
A.D.
1200
4. The Celts in Britain
• Celtic religion animism
Before and during the 4th century B.C.
Stonehenge
• Druids were Celtic priests
• Scotland , Ireland and Brittany
France today
• Britain home to several Celtic
tribes
9. The Roman Occupation
Hadrian’s Wall
Romans evacuate their troops
• Central government breaks down
Roman ruins
• Britain left vulnerable to attack
A.D. 409
10.
11.
12.
13. The Anglo-Saxon Invasion
A.D. 449 The Anglo-Saxons invaded pushing the Celts into Wales,
Ireland and Scotland.
Angles
Saxons
Jutes
Celts
21. 7 small states
Rival clan chiefs
and kings fighting
constantly
Sometimes 3
kings in a year in
one area
Constantly
changing over
lordships
22. The Anglo-Saxon Invasion
Anglo-Saxon Society
• kinship groups led by strong
warrior chief
• Wittagamout (counsel of
nobles)
• top warriors elected King
(whoever could beat up
everyone else
23. King Penda of
Mercia 655
A Pagan king
Killed up to 20 other
kings in his lifetime
24. Page from Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
The Anglo-Saxon Invasion most Kings could not
even write
Old English a combination of
Anglish, Latin, and Celtic languages
26. Slaves and Serfs
Slaves made up of conquered peoples
Rural slaves became serfs, who worked
the land and provided labor to clan
warriors and kings for protection
27. The Anglo-Saxon religion
Similar to Norse
• valued earthly virtues of bravery, loyalty, generosity, and friendship
Thunor Thunder and
Lightning
Thor
Woden WAR and MagicOdin (one eye)
Day of weekAnglo-Saxon godNorse god
Wednesday
Thursday
The Anglo-Saxon Religion
29. • St Patrick
(d493) travels
from Rome to
Ireland and
converts
Celts, drives
all snakes out
of Ireland
The Spread of Christianity
Around A.D. 400 Irish Cross
Combines eye of Odin
And Christian cross
St Patrick of Ireland
30. The Spread of Christianity Angleland
By 627, King Oswald of
Northumbria had
converted to Irish
Christianity.
King Penda of Mercia
kills Oswald in battle.
31. The Spread of Christianity
Oswald’s brother King Oswy kills King Penda (655)
of Mercia, and joins the Roman Catholic Church.
32. The Spread of Christianity Wessex
Pope Gregory Great
590-640
Sends out St Augustine to
England to convert the
Anglo Saxon to the Roman
Catholic Church.
First Archbishop of Canterbury
33.
34. By 600, Augustine
converts King
Æthelbert of
Wessex to the
Roman Catholic
Church.
35. The Spread of Christianity
• British pagan religions
• replaced by Roman Christianity
By A.D. 699
Christian Wessex supplied all
the high kings of England,
after Oswy’s death.
36. The effects of Christianity
As Bishops taught that
killing, looting, and raping
Christians was wrong,
people became less violent.
Kings should protect and
Christianize their people.
37. 8th–9th centuries
A new set of barbarians invaded Europe, the
Vikings.
The Wessex Kings worked to unite England, but things got
worst.
44. Viking longboats
•Initially, Vikings raided.
•They would strike before local
armies could respond, then quickly
return home.
•By the 9th Century, raids turned
into invasions and settlements.
Figureheads would be
raised at stem and
stern .
45. In the 750’s, the Swedish Rus settled north of
the Black Sea
46. In the 900’s, their leader Oleg captured Kiev,
founding Kievan Russia.
47. The Normand Vikings
In 911, the French Carolingian King Charles the
Simple settled a group of Vikings (led by Rollo)
in Normandy as a buffer state against other
Vikings.
48. A buffer state is a country lying between
two rival or potentially hostile greater
powers, which by its existence is thought
to prevent conflict between them.
49. The Normand Vikings
Their settlement proved successful, they
adopted knights, converted to Christianity, and
protected France from other Vikings.
52. King Alfred against the Danes
871-899 King Alfred of Wessex
creates a treaty with the Vikings.
Dane law 886-954
½ England ruled by the
Danish King
½ by Wessex Kings
53. Cnut the Great 985- 1035
A Danish Christian Viking conquers England,
Norway, and some of Sweden.
54. Cunut’s son Harthacunute ruled
England till 1042.
On his death, the throne
went to the English King
Edward the Confessor of
Wessex.
55. King Edward had promised the throne to Harold Godwinson,
and William Duke of Normandy
73. • William of Normandy introduces Feudalism and French
becomes the language of the ruling class.
The Norman Invasion
The Norman Invasion,
Bayeux Tapestry
1066
80. Feudalism
Feudalism a system of government based on land and military service
Kings gave land to tenants in chief, or aristocracy.
They gave land to lords and knights for serving in the army.
Knights protected and ruled serfs working their land.
A man’s word (Oath) was the cornerstone of social life.
81. Feudalism
Key terms
Fief = land given by a lord in return for a vassal’s military service and oath of loyalty
83. The Holy Roman Empire
In the tenth century, the powerful dukes of the
Saxons became kings of the eastern Frankish
kingdom, which came to be known as Germany.
84. The Holy Roman Empire
Otto I finished converting pagans and protected
the pope. The Pope crowned Otto I emperor
of the Romans in 962.
85. The Holy Roman Empire
Frederick I wanted to create a true empire.
He planned to get his chief revenues from Italy.
He considered Italy the center of a “holy empire”.
86. The Holy Roman Empire
Frederick’s attempt to conquer northern Italy led
to problems with the Pope and independent city
states of Northern Italy .
87. The Holy Roman Empire
An alliance of these northern Italian cities and the
pope defeated the forces of Frederick I in 1176.
88. The Development of Russia
By the 8th Century, the Rus (Swedish Vikings )
dominated the Slavic tribes of the Ukraine.
89. The Development of Russia
Oleg, settled in Kiev at the beginning of the
tenth century and created the Rus state known
as the principality of Kiev.
90. The Development of Russia
Vladimir, married the Byzantine emperor’s sister
and officially accepted Eastern
Orthodox Christianity
for himself and
91. The Development of Russia
However,
civil wars and new
invasions brought an
end to the
first Russian state in
1169.
92. The Development of Russia
In the thirteenth
century, the Mongols
conquered Russia
93. The Development of Russia
Alexander Nevsky,
prince of
Novgorod,
defeated a German
invading army in
northwestern
Russia in 1242. The
khan, leader of the
western Mongol
Empire, rewarded
Nevsky with the title
98. From Rome to Constantinople
Constantinople
(former city of Byzantium) became new capital and
control centre for Roman Empire
Was largest city by population in the world west of China
Strategic location on trade routes
One of largest natural harbours in the world linked the
east and west
Byzantine gold coin (bezant) was the main currency of
international trade
Ruled provinces by Roman model (governors,
bureaucracy and imperial army, heavy taxation and
favouring of royal family and priests in trade and taxes
99.
100. Expanding Influence of the Church
Christian Church has become an important
political, economic, spiritual and cultural force in
Europe
Leading officials of Church were the Pope and
Patriarch
Banning of heresy (holding beliefs that
contradict the official religion)
conversion by force
Eventually in 11th Century, Church split into two
independent branches Eastern Orthodox
(Greek) based in Constantinople and Roman
Catholic in Rome
101. You scratch my
back…
I’ll scratch yours….
Church was granted favours by
Roman Emperors / Kings (land, exemption
from taxes, immunity in courts, positions in
courts) and in return the Church would
endorse kings to help secure their rule
Kings looked to Church to supply educated
administrators to help run kingdoms and in
return kings would enforce laws that
prohibited other religions
102. Monasticism and
Saints
Monks were people who gave up worldly
possessions and devote themselves to
a religious life
Established between 400 -700 communities called
monasteries which became centres of education,
literacy and learning
Strict codes of monastic conduct called Rule of St.
Benedict
Saints- one who performs miracles that are
interpreted as evidence of a special relationship
with God
St. Augustine- wrote “Confessions” which
discussed ideas of ethics, self knowledge, and the
role of free will which shaped monastic tradition
and the influence of Church
103. Justinian the Great
(ruled 527-565 CE)
Byzantine Emperor
goal to reunite the Roman world as a
Christian Empire and suppressed all
paganism
Ordered the codification of Roman
laws in the Justinian Code or “Body of
Civil Law” that defined civil law in the
Middle Ages and the modern world
Crushed the Nika Riot with the help
of his wife Theodora
During his reign Latin was the official
language of the Byzantine Empire,
but was later changed to Greek
(another difference between two
regions)
105. Merovingians
Merovingian is derived from the leader of the
tribe of Franks
First dynasty after the Romans and ruled for 300 years
Leader in 481 CE was Clovis I- he united Frankish tribes and
expanded territory
His conversion to Christianity won him support from the Church
Clovis I wrote Salic Law - assigned a specific financial value to
everyone and everything; concept of trial options (trial by oath
and trial by ordeal)
Merovingian's founded and built many monasteries, churches
and palaces and spread Christianity throughout Western Europe
IMPACT = Eventually dynasty declined as kings relaxed power
and became more like figure heads whereas the real power lay
with the powerful officials and leading aristocracy
106.
107. Carolingians
Rise of aristocratic Charles Martel who dominated
Frankish kingdom in 8th century
He confiscated land given to Church and began
Church reforms that would restore spirituality to
clerical life
His son Pepin the Short continued
Church reforms and eventually
with the support of reformed
Church, removed last
Merovingian king from throne
Established the Carolingian
dynasty, named to protect the
papacy and establish the pope
and bishops are the makers of kings
Greatest legacy was Charles
the Great, or Charlemagne
108.
109. The Holy Roman Empire
& Charlemagne
Charlemagne (Charles the Great) who was a
military general and restored Pope Leo III who had
been exiled
In return, Leo placed a crown on Charlemagne and
named him the “Emperor of the Romans” which
secured the relationship between Frankish kings
and the papacy
Charlemagne became the first ruler of the Holy
Roman Empire, a dynasty that would last for more
than 700 years
Charlemagne- imposed order on empire through
the Church and state
Ordered the standardization of Latin, textbooks,
manuals for preaching, schools for clergy and
people, new form of handwriting
All these promoted education and scholars and
produced a precise written language (Latin)
110.
111.
112. Birth of Modern Languages
Development of Middle Ages
New languages born through migration,
resettlement, conflict and changes
Old English (Anglo Saxon) began to
incorporate words borrowed from Latin
and Old French, Old German and Old
Norse
Roots of contemporary Spanish, Italian
and other Romance languages
113. High Middle Ages
New royal dynasty called Capetians in France
System of primogeniture= system where eldest son inherited everything
(instead of dividing land / property / wealth)
Lords and knights however had little loyalty and began competing more
fiercely for land, power, influence and control
Peace of God= a set of decrees issued in 989 CE that prohibited stealing
church property, assaulting clerics, peasants and women with the threat of
excommunication from Church
were set to protect the unarmed populace by limiting warfare in countryside
Truce of God= set in 1027 CE and outlawed all fighting from Thursday to
Monday morning, on important feast days and during religious days
Truce encouraged idea that the only combat pleasing to God was in the
defence of Christendom (idea of the righteousness of holy war)
1095 CE Pope Urban II referred to Truce of God when calling knights to the
first Crusade in support of Christians
114. Feudalism
Increasing violence and lawless
countryside
Weak turn to the strong for protection,
strong want something from the weak
Feudalism= relationship between those
ranked in a chain of association (kings,
vassals, lords, knights, serfs)
Feudalism worked because of the notion
of mutual obligation, or voluntary co-
operation from serf to noble
A man’s word was the cornerstone of
social life
Key terms
Fief = land given by a lord in return for a
vassal’s military service and oath of
loyalty
Serfs= aka villeins or common peasants
who worked the lords land
Tithe = tax that serfs paid (tax or rent)
Corvee= condition of unpaid labour by
serfs (maintaining roads or ditches on a
manor)
115.
116.
117. Feudalism
Increasing violence and lawless
countryside
Weak turn to the strong for protection,
strong want something from the weak
Feudalism= relationship between those
ranked in a chain of association (kings,
vassals, lords, knights, serfs)
Feudalism worked because of the notion
of mutual obligation, or voluntary co-
operation from serf to noble
A man’s word was the cornerstone of
social life
Key terms
Fief = land given by a lord in return for a
vassal’s military service and oath of
loyalty
Serfs= aka villeins or common peasants
who worked the lords land
Tithe = tax that serfs paid (tax or rent)
Corvee= condition of unpaid labour by
serfs (maintaining roads or ditches on a
manor)
118.
119.
120.
121. Wars and Conflicts
War of Investitures (Pope Gregory VII and Holy Roman
Emperor Henry IV)
Norman Conquests & William the Conqueror (who was
crowned King of England and ordered the Doomsday Book)
Magna Carta (king is subject to the law)
Crusades
Effects of Crusades (military failure but many positive
effects (spreading of culture, goods, scientific knowledge,
Arabic language and thought, economic growth in rural
communities, and trade)
122. New Ideas and Culture
Effects of Crusades
Guild and communes
Towns, cities and manors
New thinkers (Thomas Aquinas) and writers
Creation of universities
New art and architecture (gothic, castles)
Knighthood and chivalry
Courtly entertainment (fables, playwrights)
123. Late Middle Ages
Black Death
a devastating
worldwide
pandemic that
first struck
Europe in the
mid 14th century
killed about a
third of Europe’s
population, an
estimated 34
million people.
124. The Bubonic Plague
Called “black death” because of striking symptom
of the disease, in which sufferers' skin would
blacken due to hemorrhages under the skin
Spread by fleas and rats
painful lymph node swellings called buboes
buboes in the groin and armpits, which ooze pus
and blood.
damage to the skin and underlying tissue until
they were covered in dark blotches
Most victims died within four to seven days after
infection
EFFECTS
Caused massive depopulation and change
in social structure
Weakened influence of Church
Originated in Asia but was blamed on
Jews and lepers
128. Ideas, Inventions and Key Figures
Roger Bacon (gunpowder)
Luca Pacioli (Father of Accounting)
Johannes Gutenberg (printing press)
Christine de Pisan (writer); Geoffrey Chaucer
(writer)
Joan of Arc (Hundred Year’s War)
Pope Urban II (indulgences)
Pope Innocent IV and Bernard Gui (inquisitions)
Parliamentary Government in England