A written report on the different techniques used in implementing secondary language teaching.

1. Jon Henry Bello Ordoñez
BSEd 3D1
EM10: Teaching Speaking and Writing
MECHANICAL, MEANINGFUL, AND COMMUNICATIVE DRILLS
 In the decades of 1940s through the 1960s, language pedagogy was obsessed with the drill.
Often great proportions of the class time were spent drilling.
 A drill may be defined as a technique that focuses on a minimal number of language forms
through some type of repetition.
 Drills are commonly done:
- chorally
- individually
They can take the form of:
- simple repetition drills
- substitution drills
- moving substitution drill
 In referring to structural pattern drills, Paulston and Bruder (1976) used three categories:
- Mechanical
- Meaningful
- Communicative
 Mechanical drills have only one response from a student.
 Meaningful drills may have a predicted response or a limited of possible responses.
 Communicative drills offers the possibility of an open response and negotiation of meaning.
CONTROLLED TO FREE TECHNIQUES
 Controlled
- Teacher-centered
- Manipulative
- Structured
- Predicted student responses
- Pre-planned objectives
- Set curriculum
 Free
- Student-centered

2. - Communicative
- Open-ended
- Unpredicted responses
- Negotiated objectives
- Cooperative curriculum
TAXONOMY OF TECHNIQUES
1. Controlled Techniques
-Warm-up
-Setting
-Organizational
-Content explanation
2. Semi-controlled Techniques
-Brainstorming
-Storytelling
-Q & A, Referential
-Cued narrative/dialogue
-Information transfer
-Information exchange
-Wrap-up
-Narration/exposition
-Preparation
3. Free Techniques
-Role-play
-Games
-Report
-Problem-solving
-Drama
-Simulation