2. When Saints Slept...
Stephen’s reign generally seen as anarchy
Mainly due to overmighty subjects
They had done their homage and sworn oaths of fealty
to him, but not one of their oaths was kept ... For every
great man built him castles and held them against the
king ... They filled them with devils and wicked men ...
They seized those whom they believed to have any
wealth ... And in order to get their gold or silver, they ...
Tortured them with unspeakable tortures ... Anglo Saxon Chronicle
Henry II became known as “Castle-Breaker”
Within a year Henry II “spectacularly successful” start to
his reign according to David Starkey.
He broke the strength of barons such as Welsh Marcher
lord Hugh Mortimor, destroying or taking their castles
from them.
Besieged his castles, captured them simultaneously
and received his public homage
3. Henry’s Early Rule
Henry II dealt swift, decisive with overmighty subjects
Much of England in state of disorder
Royal Writ ignored in some parts of the country
Finances paid to Exchequer were irregular in some areas
Sheriffs, royal justices hindered by local disturbances and
stranglehold of rival magnates
Henry: two important steps peace and stability
Expelled Flemish mercenaries – weakened magnates armies
Demolished illegal castles from Stephen’s rule
Henry II used rivalries between barons – divide and rule
Also undisputed King of England = strength
4. Overmighty Subjects
Earl of York (William le Gros); Roger,
Earl of Hereford; Hugh Mortimor, Lord
of Wigmore
Henry II marched against William
within month of coronation – forced
surrender castles
Roger of Hereford then surrendered
his castles
Hugh held out
Henry besieged his castles at Cleobury
and Wigmore; also royal castle at
Bridgnorth
Henry II took all castles simultaneously
Hugh surrendered publicly
5. Reasserting the King’s Authority – 1
Barons’ local influence was being eroded
Activities of royal officials, many not of noble birth
Especially within King’s Household – e.g. Chancery and
Exchequer clerks
New legal procedures took focus of law away from
baronial courts
Military success against rebels made barons wary
6. Reasserting the King’s Authority – 2
Development of towns and cities
Based on trade and commerce
Leading citizens = merchants, tradesmen, craftsmen –
not nobles
King could confer rights and privileges
Henry II did not let earls have control of towns or cities
Tended to remain loyal to him in Great Rebellion
Good source of revenue – wealth = strength
7. Patronage
Is the giving of lands, privileges and bestowing of offices (official
posts or jobs) by a king or lord
Henry appointed men to office on ability, not birth
Rarest and best was grant of royal land (and title)
Under Stephen there were 24 earldoms
Henry II reduced this: 12 by 1189; he re-took the lands
Important because made him by far most important landlord in
England and thus most powerful
Other earldoms trimmed
e.g. Robert Earl of Leicester not allowed control of that city, nor its
castle and lost Herefordshire
E.g. Hugh Bigod, powerful in East Anglia, allowed to buy back
castle he had built but was denied possession of Norwich.
8. Henry’s Men – Richard de Lucy
Henry II had talent for talent
Picked able men, even if not of Anglo-
Norman aristocracy
Richard de Lucy, justiciar
Fought with Stephen against Henry II BUT
Man of great experience – trusted by Stephen
Sheriff and royal justice in Essex
Control of Tower of London; Windsor Castle
Risen to power under Henry I; served Stephen
well – showed loyalty
9. Henry’s Men – Robert Beaumont
Richard Beaumont, justiciar
Gave his support to Henry II in 1153
Educated; highly intelligent
Prudent and discreet
Trustworthy
10. Henry’s Men – Thomas Becket
Chancellor of England until 1162
English and supported by Church
Experienced
Clerk and accountant to sheriffs of
London
Gave Henry II some affinity with
Londoners
Important as they had prevented
Henry’s mother Mathilda from
becoming Queen
Developed close relationship with King
11. Financial Reform
Reconstruction government England VERY costly
Henry II took several key measures:
Revived ancient Danegeld tax
Seized lost royal estates
Senior Crown ministers personally held sheriffdoms
so revenues properly and accurately assessed
Major reform coinage from 1158
Successfully revised from 1180
Henry II used expertise from before Stephen’s reign
Bishop Nigel of Salisbury out of retirement
12. Cartae Baronum
Made in 1166
Survey of feudal dues owed to Henry II
Tenants-In-Chief to tell King
How many under-tenants they had
How many knights they had given land to
And how many knights fees they wed the king
New survey important because ...
Many barons had given land to more knights than king knew
King could then get oaths of allegiance from these men
Scutage = tax paid in lieu of military service – so important to
know how many knights each tenant-in-chief had to pay for
King was aware of full extent of feudal rights such as
wardship