The Battle of Waterloo marked the decisive defeat of Napoleon by a coalition of British, Dutch, German and Prussian forces on June 18, 1815. After early successes, Napoleon's army was stopped at Waterloo by the Duke of Wellington's forces, aided by the timely arrival of Prussian reinforcements led by Field Marshal Blücher. The French army was finally defeated when the elite Imperial Guard retreated, ending Napoleon's rule and marking a turning point towards a century of peace in Europe.
LEAGUE OF NATIONS: THE MANCHURIAN CRISIS.
The Manchurian Crisis 1931-1933 followed the Mukden Incident in which Japanese rail tracks were destroyed in an explosion. The issue was investigated by the League of Nations which found Japan to be at fault. The Japanese ignored the League of Nations and left the organisation.
CAMBRIDGE IGCSE HISTORY: SUCCESSES OF THE LEAGUE OF NATIONSGeorge Dumitrache
CAMBRIDGE IGCSE HISTORY: SUCCESSES OF THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS. Presentation suitable for Cambridge History Students in Year 11, containing: a general overview, Yugoslavia and Albania 1921, Aaland Islands 1921, Upper Silesia 1921, Memel 1923, Turkey 1923, Mosul, Greece and Bulgaria 1925, other successes..
CAMBRIDGE AS HISTORY: ALLIANCES WORLD WAR 1. Contains: alliance definition, Napoleon, the Congress of Vienna, the Treaty of London 1839, the Three Emperors League 1873, the Dual Alliance 1879, the Triple Alliance 1882, the Franco-Russian Alliance 1894, the Entente Cordiale 1904, the Anglo-Russian Entente 1907, the Triple Entente 1907, factors in the outbreak of war.
LEAGUE OF NATIONS: THE MANCHURIAN CRISIS.
The Manchurian Crisis 1931-1933 followed the Mukden Incident in which Japanese rail tracks were destroyed in an explosion. The issue was investigated by the League of Nations which found Japan to be at fault. The Japanese ignored the League of Nations and left the organisation.
CAMBRIDGE IGCSE HISTORY: SUCCESSES OF THE LEAGUE OF NATIONSGeorge Dumitrache
CAMBRIDGE IGCSE HISTORY: SUCCESSES OF THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS. Presentation suitable for Cambridge History Students in Year 11, containing: a general overview, Yugoslavia and Albania 1921, Aaland Islands 1921, Upper Silesia 1921, Memel 1923, Turkey 1923, Mosul, Greece and Bulgaria 1925, other successes..
CAMBRIDGE AS HISTORY: ALLIANCES WORLD WAR 1. Contains: alliance definition, Napoleon, the Congress of Vienna, the Treaty of London 1839, the Three Emperors League 1873, the Dual Alliance 1879, the Triple Alliance 1882, the Franco-Russian Alliance 1894, the Entente Cordiale 1904, the Anglo-Russian Entente 1907, the Triple Entente 1907, factors in the outbreak of war.
Compromise and cowardice hurts everyone concerned. Cowardice is destructive and short-sighted. In Revelation 21:8, Cowards are at the top of the list of those who will be condemned by God for all eternity - thrown into the Lake of Fire.
Some friends committed the mistake of asking me about a presentation about the Battle of Waterloo, knowing that I'm a military history buff. I might have gotten slightly carried away (203 slides!). Enjoy!
This concludes the life of Napoleon, from the battle of Waterloo to his death on St Helena. The Postscript looks at the fate of his son, the French cult of Bonapartism and the continuing fascination which this man's life continues to evoke.
We Shall Fight on the Beaches June 4, 1940House of C.docxcelenarouzie
We Shall Fight on the Beaches
June 4, 1940
House of Commons
The position of the B. E.F had now become critical As a result of a most skillfully conducted retreat and German errors, the bulk of the British Forces reached the Dunkirk bridgehead. The peril facing the British nation was now suddenly and universally perceived. On May 26, "Operation Dynamo "--the evacuation from Dunkirk began. The seas remained absolutely calm. The Royal Air Force--bitterly maligned at the time by the Army--fought vehemently to deny the enemy the total air supremacy which would have wrecked the operation. At the outset, it was hoped that 45,000 men might be evacuated; in the event, over 338,000 Allied troops reached England, including 26,000 French soldiers. On June 4, Churchill reported to the House of Commons, seeking to check the mood of national euphoria and relief at the unexpected deliverance, and to make a clear appeal to the United States.
From the moment that the French defenses at Sedan and on the Meuse were broken at the end of the second week of May, only a rapid retreat to Amiens and the south could have saved the British and French Armies who had entered Belgium at the appeal of the Belgian King; but this strategic fact was not immediately realized. The French High Command hoped they would be able to close the gap, and the Armies of the north were under their orders. Moreover, a retirement of this kind would have involved almost certainly the destruction of the fine Belgian Army of over 20 divisions and the abandonment of the whole of Belgium. Therefore, when the force and scope of the German penetration were realized and when a new French Generalissimo, General Weygand, assumed command in place of General Gamelin, an effort was made by the French and British Armies in Belgium to keep on holding the right hand of the Belgians and to give their own right hand to a newly created French Army which was to have advanced across the Somme in great strength to grasp it.
However, the German eruption swept like a sharp scythe around the right and rear of the Armies of the north. Eight or nine armored divisions, each of about four hundred armored vehicles of different kinds, but carefully assorted to be complementary and divisible into small self-contained units, cut off all communications between us and the main French Armies. It severed our own communications for food and ammunition, which ran first to Amiens and afterwards through Abbeville, and it shore its way up the coast to Boulogne and Calais, and almost to Dunkirk. Behind this armored and mechanized onslaught came a number of German divisions in lorries, and behind them again there plodded comparatively slowly the dull brute mass of the ordinary German Army and German people, always so ready to be led to the trampling down in other lands of liberties and comforts which they have never known in their own.
I have said this armored scythe-stroke almost reached Dunkirk-almost but not quite. Boulogne a.
Teaching Bible and History half-time, creating during the other half, and during the "third half" studying history and the Bible. Hi! My name is Pete. I am really into my project of creating sound-less PowerPoint presentations of US History, intended for the classroom teacher, the parents of home-schoolers, or the historically obsessed. It takes time to create the lessons, but it’s fun for this old retired teache. I find that narrations are too difficult to fit my lessons. The teacher or viewer should control the speed of the video, stopping/pausing where necessary to amplify, correct, discuss, or criticize. There will be a huge set of lessons on World War II events in depth. There will be a huge set of lessons on the Bible. I trust you will enjoy the lessons as much as I did creating them. Q and A are inserted throughout for fun or annoyance, hopefully for teaching moments and discussions. Should be great for the high school classroom or the home-schoolers. But, I like reading/viewing my own stuff, I think it’s good, I learn….or recall more history with every viewing. Watch for the battles like the first, Island Hopping-the war in the Pacific (WWII).
Sea power 2 session 10-decline and fall of the French EmpireJim Powers
The last conflict of the Second Hundred Years War. Now British Sea Power has established the nineteenth century era of relative peace wherein Britain establishes her second empire.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
MATATAG CURRICULUM: ASSESSING THE READINESS OF ELEM. PUBLIC SCHOOL TEACHERS I...NelTorrente
In this research, it concludes that while the readiness of teachers in Caloocan City to implement the MATATAG Curriculum is generally positive, targeted efforts in professional development, resource distribution, support networks, and comprehensive preparation can address the existing gaps and ensure successful curriculum implementation.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
Delivering Micro-Credentials in Technical and Vocational Education and TrainingAG2 Design
Explore how micro-credentials are transforming Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) with this comprehensive slide deck. Discover what micro-credentials are, their importance in TVET, the advantages they offer, and the insights from industry experts. Additionally, learn about the top software applications available for creating and managing micro-credentials. This presentation also includes valuable resources and a discussion on the future of these specialised certifications.
For more detailed information on delivering micro-credentials in TVET, visit this https://tvettrainer.com/delivering-micro-credentials-in-tvet/
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
4. 18 June 2015 marks the 200th anniversary
of the decisive Battle of Waterloo.
Watershed
5. The British and German victory over the French at the
Battle of Waterloo decisively ended the French Revolutionary
and Napoleonic wars which had convulsed Europe
for almost 25 years.
6.
7. It ended the
political and
military career of
Napoleon
Bonaparte
and ushered in
almost a century
of general peace
Throughout
most of Europe.
9. It was a great victory for God's Covenant Nations.
It was a victory for Protestant Britain and Germany
against Catholic France.
10. It marked the beginning of the Greatest Century of Missions.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15. Waterloo was the
crowning triumph of
the career of
Arthur Wellesley, the
First Duke of
Wellington.
Decisive
16. The Duke of Wellington remarked that the battle had been "a damned
serious business" and "the nearest run thing you ever saw in your life."
17. On 18 July 1815, the Duke of Wellington,
leading an Anglo-Dutch-German force
fought to a standstill a confident and enthusiastic army
led by Napoleon
whose military performance had dazzled Europe.
19. Yet, he was decisively stopped and outmanoeuvred by the Iron Duke
and his ally Field Marshall Gebhard Blücher, whose timely arrival at the
close of the day sealed the victory and sent Napoleon and his forces
fleeing for Paris.
20. The Battle of Waterloo was an epoch closing event,
and one of the great watersheds of history.
Revolutionary Threat
21. The disastrous Russian campaign of 1812, had signalled the decline of
Napoleon and his Revolutionary French forces.
23. led to
Napoleon Bonaparte's abdication and exile
to the Island of Elba.
However, he escaped back to France, February 1815,
and with whirlwind energy reassembled his army.
24. Paris workshops produced 1,200 uniforms
and 12,000 cartridges a day.
By June, 124,000 French soldiers were concentrated
near the border of Netherlands,
which at that time included Belgium.
25. Few Allied armies could be mobilised in time to resist Napoleon's
inevitable offensive. The Duke of Wellington arrived in Brussels, 4 April,
to discover that his Anglo-Dutch forces consisted of a scant 33,000 men.
Outnumbered
27. Most of Wellington's experienced officers and men had been shipped
across the Atlantic to fight the Americans in the War of 1812.
28. German volunteers from Hanover and Brunswick and 6,000 men of the
King's German Legion swelled Wellington's heterogeneous force to
68,000.
29. Insufficient to be able to defeat the French forces, Wellington
was dependent on the support of the Prussian (German)
forces of Marshall Blücher.
30. On 14 June, Napoleon's Order of the Day came to invade the
Netherlands. "The moment has come to conquer or to perish," he
declared.
Invasion
31. In brilliant sunshine, the Emperor's forces seized the frontier town of
Charleroi, where he was supported by many French speaking Belgians,
who were revolutionary sympathisers and quick to switch sides.
32. Napoleon's plan was to march on to Brussels, severing the
communication lines between Wellington's Anglo-Dutch-German forces
and Blücher's Prussian army, defeating them separately.
33. Napoleon's surprise offensive enjoyed early success, as he forced
Wellington's forces at Quatre Bras, 32km South of Brussels, to withdraw
before the overwhelming French attack.
Retreat
34. Eight kilometres away the Prussian army at Ligny was also forced to
retreat under furious artillery fire and an overwhelming concentration
of French forces.
35. On the afternoon of 17 June, the Duke of Wellington halted on a ridge
that crossed the road to Brussels.
Making a Stand
36. Flanked by forests on both sides, it was a choke point through
which Napoleon's forces would be funnelled.
37. Wellington had carefully selected the ground as an ideal defensive
position in August the previous year.
(At the time he had recommended the construction of a number of
fortresses, which had not yet been built.)
38. Wellington had chosen his battlefield well.
His men occupied and fortified the Chateau of Hougoumont
and the farm house of La Haie Sainte.
39. The East-West ridge which became the central point of Wellington's
defensive position, provided cover for his cavalry and troops
on its Northern reverse slope.
40. Providentially, intensive rain had saturated the soil, which forced
Napoleon to delay his offensive on Sunday, 18 June, until noon, to
enable the soil to dry out sufficiently.
Downpour
41. As it was, the mud
dissipated much of the
effect of his artillery and
slowed down the French
forces as their boots and
hooves churned up the
clay soil into a morass.
42. While Wellington had made the best use of his chosen ground,
he knew that his forces were insufficient to resist an all-out attack
by all the French forces available to Napoleon.
Teamwork
43. It was on the basis of an assurance from Marshall
Blücher that he would march to their relief, that
Wellington made his courageous stand just South of
Mont Saint Jean, close to the village of Waterloo.
44. At the Battle of Waterloo, the French had 69,000 including
48,000 infantry, 14,000 cavalry, 7,000 artillery with 260 guns.
Volunteer Veterans
45. Most of Napoleon's men were veterans of at least one campaign
and were almost all volunteers.
46. Wellington had 50,000 infantry, 11,000 cavalry, and 150 guns.
Inexperienced Conscripts
47. Of these 25,000 were British, 6,000 from the King's German Legion,
17,000 Dutch and Belgian troops, 11,000 from Hanover,
6,000 from Brunswick and 3,000 from Nassau.
48. Many of the troops of the Coalition Forces were inexperienced.
(Most of the experienced troops who had served with Wellington before
had been sent to North America).
50. Hours later than Napoleon had intended, the battle began
at 11:30am on Sunday, 18 June.
Hougoumont
51. Most of Wellington's forces were sheltered from the artillery fire by
being stationed on the reverse slope of the ridge.
52. The initial attack by Napoleon was against the farm house of
Hougoumont, guarding Wellington's right flank.
53. Resolutely defended
by the British Foot
Guards and
Hanoverian and
Nassau soldiers,
Hougoumont resisted
all assaults by
Napoleon's three
main infantry corps
who assailed it
mercilessly
throughout the day.
54. Having failed to divert any of Wellington's reserves
into this diversionary flank attack,
Napoleon sent in D'Erlon's infantry corps,
Mass Assault Repulsed
55. supported by cavalry and the concentrated fire of over 260 cannon of
the French artillery against Wellington's left centre.
56. Two brigades of British heavy cavalry scattered the massed columns and
sent them fleeing back down the slope.
57. One of the most heroic actions of a day filled with heroism was the
charge of the Scots Greys as part of the Heavy Brigade.
Scotland Forever
58. As they thundered down the slope on their
magnificent grey chargers, yelling "Scotland Forever!"
and slashing at their enemy left and right,
59. they seized the Eagle banner of the French 45th
Regiment, the so-called Invincibles, and scattered the
massed French centre column attack.
61. and many were lost to the French counter attack with the Lancers.
62. As Wellington ordered his infantry in the centre right to move to the
reverse slope of the Northern ridge at 16h00, Marshall Ney ordered a
cavalry assault in hope of chasing this apparent retreat into a rout.
Squares Defeat Cavalry
63. From the French perspective this was a disastrous move. Wellington had
ordered a controlled and limited withdrawal and his infantry were able
to form squares in good time to fight off every cavalry charge.
64. Marshall Ney finally succeeded in capturing the farm house of
La Haie Sainte only because the
King's German Legion garrison had run out of ammunition.
La Haie Sainte
65. It was at this critical moment that the Prussian cavalry charged at
Plancenoit and forced the redeployment of most of the Imperial Guard
to confront the Prussian threat to their right flank.
66. The 33,000 men Napoleon had detached under Marshall Grouchy to
pursue the Prussians to ensure that they did not link up with
Wellington's forces, failed in their mission.
Grouchy Fails to Defeat the Prussians
67. Despite Marshall Blücher having been injured by his horse falling on him
during a cavalry charge at Ligny,
68. the 73-year old veteran had succeeded in reorganising his defeated and
scattered men into a cohesive fighting force that out-marched Grouchy's
pursuing French forces.
69. In an extraordinary feat, Blücher led his army on a torturous forced
march, along muddy roads,
Triumph
70. arriving at the Battle of Waterloo in time to save the
day and crown Wellington's forces steadfast
resistance with a most decisive victory.
71. Together they crushed the French and relentlessly pursued them all the
way to Paris. The Prussians nearly captured Napoleon himself.
72. At 19:30 Napoleon launched the final attack against
Wellington's line on the ridge in what was to be the climactic
point of the battle. Wellington had bolstered his centre by
bringing in the Dutch and Belgian divisions.
The Ridge
73. Nine battalions of the Imperial Guard attacked Wellington's centre,
who were dangerously short of ammunition.
74. The British Foot Guards of Maitland's Brigade faced the Imperial Guard
and Wellington's voice rang out: "Now, Maitland! Now is your time!"
75. The order rang out: "Up Guards! Make ready! Fire!" The Foot Guards
gave a withering fire to the French formations who were unable to
deploy into line.
76. Wellington galloped to Sir John Colborne of the 52nd: "Go on, Colborne!
Go on! They won't stand. Don't give them a chance to rally!" Wellington
had gauged the mood of the French army precisely.
They Will Not Stand
77. At this point Colonel Colborne, commanding the 52 Light Infantry
Battalion took his men out of the line in an audacious move wheeling
them to their right,
78. so they ended up parallel to the left flank of the French formation
and delivered a final devastating blow,
forcing the French to crumble and retreat.
79. As the 52nd charged with bayonets,
Napoleon's last army disintegrated in flight.
80. As the Prussian forces emerged from the woods, to roll up the French
right flank, Wellington ordered his men off the ridge into a general
advance, which cleared the battlefield of all French units.
Counter Attack
81.
82. The battle had been hanging in the balance before the arrival of
Blücher's Prussian army.
83. The German assault
was decisive
in crushing
Napoleon's reserves
and relentlessly
pursuing the scattered
French forces all the
way to Paris, which
they entered on 7 July.
84. The French retreat turned into rout as coalition cavalry pursued them
until 23:00. Napoleon's elite Young Guard failed to stem the Prussian
advance and were annihilated.
Retreat
85. Napoleon's abandoned carriage was captured,
still containing diamonds left behind in the rush
to escape. These diamonds became part of
King Frederick Wilhelm of Prussia's crown jewels.
86. Over 2,000 French prisoners, including several generals and 78 artillery
pieces were captured by the Germans before the end of that day,
18 June 1815.
87. French casualties for the Battle of Waterloo totalled 41,000.
Allied casualties, 24,000.
88. The defeat of Waterloo ended Napoleon's rule as Emperor of the French
and marked the end of his 100 days return
from exile.
89. Around 22:00,
the Duke of Wellington
and Marshall Blücher
met at
La Belle Alliance,
the farm house
that
had formed
Napoleon's headquarters
during the battle.
Victory
90. Marshall Blücher and the Duke of Wellington saluted each other and
warmly shook hands, congratulating one another on their stunning
victory.
91. Napoleon's political support withered away after the defeat
at Waterloo and, on 24 June 1815, Napoleon announced his
second abdication.
Abdication and Capture
93. Napoleon's attempt to
escape to North America
was thwarted
by the Royal Navy blockade
and he was forced to
surrender to
Captain Frederick Maitland
of HMS Bellerophon
on 15 July.
95. The Treaty of Paris was signed 20 November 1815
and Louis XVIII was restored to the throne of France.
96. Napoleon in his letter of
surrender to the Prince
Regent of England, wrote:
"Royal Highness –
exposed to the factions
which divide my country,
Surrender
97. and to the enmity to the great powers of Europe, I have terminated my
political career; and come like Themistocles to throw myself upon the
hospitality of the British people.
98. I claim from your Royal Highness the protection of the laws and throw
myself upon the most powerful, the most constant, and the most
generous, of my enemies."
99. Today one can visit the Battlefield of Waterloo. 18km South of Brussels,
it is dominated by the large monument, the Lion's Mound.
Lions Mound
100. The Lion's mound is a large conical artificial hill built as a symbol of the
Allied victory over the French. The Mound is 43 metres high with a
circumference of 520 metres and a volume of 390,000 m³.
101.
102.
103.
104.
105. Victor Hugo mentions in his novel, Les Miserables, that on visiting that
site two years after the completion of the Mound, the Duke of
Wellington is said to have remarked:
"They have altered my field of battle!"
106. The Duke of Wellington showing the Prince Regent (later George IV)
the battlefield of Waterloo
107. As much of the soil used to construct the artificial hill was taken from
other parts of the battlefield, the topography has been seriously altered.
108. However the Mound does offer a splendid view of the battlefield to
those who ascend the 226 steps leading to the Lion statue and
observation area.
109.
110. The Lion statue weighs 28 tonnes and is 4.5 metres in length.
The Lion is the heraldic focus of the coat of arms of the Monarch of the
Netherlands. The Mound was completed in 1826.
111. Maitland's First Foot Guards, having defeated the Grenadiers, were
awarded the title of Grenadier Guards and adopted bearskins in the
style of the French Grenadiers that they had defeated.
Grenadier Guards
121. The effectiveness of the French Lancers led to the widespread adoption
of their weapon throughout Europe. The British converted their first
light cavalry regiment to lances in 1816.
Lancers
122. Victor Hugo in Les Miserables, wrote that:
"At the battlefield of Waterloo there is no French tomb.
The whole of that plain is a sepulchre for France."
A Sepulchre for France
123. Although Napoleon is highly respected as a military commander, at least
6 million Europeans died in the 17 years of war that Napoleon had
waged against the rest of Europe.
A Legacy of Destruction
124. When he went into exile, France was bankrupt and her overseas
colonies were lost. The Napoleonic Wars set back Europe's economic life
for at least a generation.
125. Field Marshall
Arthur Wellesley,
the First Duke of Wellington
(1769-1852),
was a Protestant from Ireland
who served as an
Aide-De-Camp
to two successive Lord
Lieutenants
of Ireland.
Duke of
Wellington
126. He was also elected as a Member of Parliament in the Irish House of
Commons. A Colonel by 1796, Wellesley saw action in the Netherlands
and in India, served as Governor of Seringapatam and Mysore in 1799.
127. As a Major General, he won a decisive victory at the Battle of Assaye in
1803.
128. Wellesley rose to
prominence as a General
during the Peninsula
campaign in Spain
and Portugal during
the Napoleonic Wars
and was promoted to
Field Marshall
after his victory
over the French
at the Battle of Vitoria
in 1813.
130. Following Napoleon's exile in 1814, Wellesley served as British
Ambassador to France and was granted a Dukedom.
131. During the 100 Days War in 1815, he crowned his military career with
the decisive defeat of Napoleon and the French forces at the Battle of
Waterloo.
132. The Duke of Wellington participated in 60 battles during his military
career.
133. The Duke of Wellington's constant appearance at points of crisis did
much for the morale of the troops. He hazarded himself as much as the
most frontline soldier.
Courageous and Decisive
134. The heavy casualties amongst his staff bear solemn testimony to the
risks he ran on that day, and at other battles he fought.
135. Wellington showed the rare ability to always be at the right place
at the right time.
136. It was his personal intervention which shored up the damaged and
threatened centre after the fall of La Haie Sainte.
137. It was his precise timing and order which initiated the destruction of the
Imperial Guard at the climactic point of the battle.
138. Wellington adapted defensive styles of warfare where he minimised his
own losses while succeeding in defeating numerically superior forces.
Honoured Leader
139. Wellesley is famous for his adaptive defensive style of warfare, resulting in several
victories against a numerically superior force while minimising his own losses
140. Many of his tactics and battle plans are still studied in military
academies around the world.
141. He was twice elected Prime Minister of Great Britain.
142.
143. As the leader of
the House of Lords
the Duke of Wellington
writes a letter to
Lord Douglas
and calls him to the
opening of Parliament
144. He continued as one of
the leading figures
in the House of the Lords
and remained
Commander in Chief
of the British Army
until his death.
145. Wellington was known to always rise early. He scorned creature
comforts, and even after returning to civilian life, slept in a camp bed.
He was described as a practical man who spoke concisely.
Compassionate Leader
146. It was rare that he expressed emotion. His physician reported that he
broke down in tears the night after the Battle of Waterloo,
unwilling to be congratulated for his victory, because of the high cost of
the battle in terms of the loss of lives of his own forces.
147. Wellington wept when he read the casualty returns:
"I do not know what it is to lose a battle…
167. The bronze memorial sculptured for Wellington's memorial features
Truth tearing the tongue out of falsehood and
Valour trampling cowardice underfoot.
168. The Duke shown wearing his
Field Marshal's uniform and
holding the Sword of State
on the portico of
St. Paul's Cathedral,
169.
170.
171.
172. This majestic stone arch stands across from Apsley House, the mansion
of the Duke of Wellington, at Hyde Park Corner. Constructed in 1828
185. The Battle of Waterloo is one of the most famous battles in
history. Waterloo has entered the dictionary as
"a decisive or crushing defeat."
Dramatic Reversal of Fortunes
186. The name itself conjures the most dramatic and
decisive reversal of fortune possible. It would not be
too much of an exaggeration to say that
had this crucial battle been lost,
today we could be speaking French instead of English.
187. "Now these things became
our examples, to the intent that
we should not lust after evil things
as they also lusted.
188. And do not become idolaters as were some of them…
Now all these things happened to them as examples, and they were
written for our admonition…" 1 Corinthians 10:6-7,11.
189.
190.
191.
192.
193.
194.
195. Dr Peter Hammond
Reformation Society
P.O. Box 74
Newlands, 7725
Cape Town, South Africa
Tel: (021) 689 4480
Fax: (021) 685 5884
Email: info@ReformationSA.org
Website: www.ReformationSA.org