The document summarizes debates between Federalists and Anti-Federalists regarding the proposed US Constitution in 1787. The Federalist Papers, written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay, made the case for ratification. Key Federalist arguments included that a large federal republic would protect liberty better than small republics, and that separating powers among branches of government would prevent tyranny. Anti-Federalists like Brutus argued the Constitution would lead to the destruction of liberty by consolidating power and allowing a standing army. They also felt the presidency would become an elective monarchy and large republics could not remain free.
This lesson teaches students about the Federalist Papers by having them first discuss current issues and how citizens stay informed. Students then read about the Federalist Papers and the debate around ratifying the Constitution. They break into groups representing Federalists and Anti-Federalists to role play a debate on issues from adopting the Constitution. The lesson aims to explain the arguments in the Federalist Papers for a stronger national government that preserves individual freedoms and rights.
The document contains excerpts from several Federalist Papers discussing key principles of the US Constitution:
- Federalist 23 by Hamilton describes the main purposes of the Union as common defense, preserving public peace, regulating commerce between states and foreign nations.
- Federalist 47 by Madison states that accumulation of all governmental powers in the same entity results in tyranny.
- Federalist 51 by Madison explains that governmental controls are needed because those who govern are still human and require obligations to control themselves.
- Federalist 72 by Hamilton argues against limiting presidential terms, saying the experience of office makes one wiser in governing nations.
- Federalist 78 by Hamilton maintains an independent judiciary is essential to protect
Federalist Papers PowerPoint with a brief overview showing the purposes and intent of the Federalist Papers as they were written by various Founding Fathers (Hamilton, Madison, Jefferson) as they tried to show the logic and reasoning behind the proposed structure of the future U.S. Constitution, as they hammered out details prior to final ratification at the Constitutional Convention.
Lesson 4 Federalists vs. Anti Federalistsms_mcmanus
The Federalists supported a strong central government while the Antifederalists opposed increased federal power and supported states' rights. The Federalist Papers, written by James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay, argued in favor of ratifying the United States Constitution. They wanted to influence the vote and shape the new government. The Antifederalists worried that a strong federal government could become tyrannical and opposed adding a bill of rights to limit federal power over individuals. Their debates centered on the balance between federal and state authority.
Federalist papers lesson plan student copyBlake Harris
The document provides background information on the Articles of Confederation, the Constitutional Convention, and the Federalist Papers. It summarizes that the Articles of Confederation created a weak national government, leading states to call the Constitutional Convention to draft a new Constitution. Hamilton, Madison, and Jay wrote the Federalist Papers to advocate for ratifying the new Constitution, addressing concerns around federalism, separation of powers, and creating a republic. It also summarizes opposing views from the Anti-Federalists and how the Bill of Rights was eventually added.
The U.S. Constitution: Framing, Principles, & RatificationTom Richey
This PowerPoint presentation provides an introduction to the U.S. Constitution, focusing on the Philadelphia Convention, the Constitution's core principles (federalism, separation of powers, checks and balances, etc.), and the ratification debates between the Federalists and the Antifederalists.
For more PowerPoint presentations and instructional materials, visit www.tomrichey.net!
Anti-Federalists opposed the new US Constitution because they believed it concentrated too much power in the national government and threatened individual liberties. They argued for stronger state governments, direct elections, and term limits to empower common people. While initially against ratifying the Constitution, Anti-Federalists eventually supported it after the Bill of Rights was added to protect individual rights.
The document summarizes debates between Federalists and Anti-Federalists regarding the proposed US Constitution in 1787. The Federalist Papers, written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay, made the case for ratification. Key Federalist arguments included that a large federal republic would protect liberty better than small republics, and that separating powers among branches of government would prevent tyranny. Anti-Federalists like Brutus argued the Constitution would lead to the destruction of liberty by consolidating power and allowing a standing army. They also felt the presidency would become an elective monarchy and large republics could not remain free.
This lesson teaches students about the Federalist Papers by having them first discuss current issues and how citizens stay informed. Students then read about the Federalist Papers and the debate around ratifying the Constitution. They break into groups representing Federalists and Anti-Federalists to role play a debate on issues from adopting the Constitution. The lesson aims to explain the arguments in the Federalist Papers for a stronger national government that preserves individual freedoms and rights.
The document contains excerpts from several Federalist Papers discussing key principles of the US Constitution:
- Federalist 23 by Hamilton describes the main purposes of the Union as common defense, preserving public peace, regulating commerce between states and foreign nations.
- Federalist 47 by Madison states that accumulation of all governmental powers in the same entity results in tyranny.
- Federalist 51 by Madison explains that governmental controls are needed because those who govern are still human and require obligations to control themselves.
- Federalist 72 by Hamilton argues against limiting presidential terms, saying the experience of office makes one wiser in governing nations.
- Federalist 78 by Hamilton maintains an independent judiciary is essential to protect
Federalist Papers PowerPoint with a brief overview showing the purposes and intent of the Federalist Papers as they were written by various Founding Fathers (Hamilton, Madison, Jefferson) as they tried to show the logic and reasoning behind the proposed structure of the future U.S. Constitution, as they hammered out details prior to final ratification at the Constitutional Convention.
Lesson 4 Federalists vs. Anti Federalistsms_mcmanus
The Federalists supported a strong central government while the Antifederalists opposed increased federal power and supported states' rights. The Federalist Papers, written by James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay, argued in favor of ratifying the United States Constitution. They wanted to influence the vote and shape the new government. The Antifederalists worried that a strong federal government could become tyrannical and opposed adding a bill of rights to limit federal power over individuals. Their debates centered on the balance between federal and state authority.
Federalist papers lesson plan student copyBlake Harris
The document provides background information on the Articles of Confederation, the Constitutional Convention, and the Federalist Papers. It summarizes that the Articles of Confederation created a weak national government, leading states to call the Constitutional Convention to draft a new Constitution. Hamilton, Madison, and Jay wrote the Federalist Papers to advocate for ratifying the new Constitution, addressing concerns around federalism, separation of powers, and creating a republic. It also summarizes opposing views from the Anti-Federalists and how the Bill of Rights was eventually added.
The U.S. Constitution: Framing, Principles, & RatificationTom Richey
This PowerPoint presentation provides an introduction to the U.S. Constitution, focusing on the Philadelphia Convention, the Constitution's core principles (federalism, separation of powers, checks and balances, etc.), and the ratification debates between the Federalists and the Antifederalists.
For more PowerPoint presentations and instructional materials, visit www.tomrichey.net!
Anti-Federalists opposed the new US Constitution because they believed it concentrated too much power in the national government and threatened individual liberties. They argued for stronger state governments, direct elections, and term limits to empower common people. While initially against ratifying the Constitution, Anti-Federalists eventually supported it after the Bill of Rights was added to protect individual rights.
The document summarizes the debate between Federalists and Anti-Federalists following the 1787 Constitutional Convention. The Federalists supported the new Constitution and a strong federal government led by Hamilton, Madison, and Jay. They authored the Federalist Papers to advocate for ratification. The Anti-Federalists opposed the Constitution and powerful central government, preferring stronger state control; they were led by figures like Patrick Henry and published their own critiques.
The Federalists, led by figures like James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay, supported a stronger central government and ratifying the Constitution as written. The Anti-Federalists, including Thomas Jefferson and George Mason, represented farmers and lower classes who wanted more state power and opposed the Constitution without added protections for individual rights like a Bill of Rights. The two sides debated the appropriate balance of federal versus state power.
Federalists &; anti federalists mini lessonBlake Harris
The document discusses the debate between Federalists and Anti-Federalists regarding the ratification of the US Constitution. The Anti-Federalists wanted a weak central government and strong state governments, fearing a strong central authority would be similar to a monarchy. They opposed the Constitution as originally drafted because it did not include protections for individual liberties. The Federalists argued a strong central government was necessary to govern the nation effectively and represent it externally. They believed the separation of powers built into the Constitution would prevent abuse of authority. In the end, the Federalists agreed to add a Bill of Rights to the Constitution to gain the Anti-Federalists' approval.
The Federalist Papers (In Modern Language)guestbc92ab
Hamilton argues that the Articles of Confederation have failed to establish an effective national government. He calls on citizens to establish a new system through ratifying the proposed Constitution. Failure to do so could endanger national unity, security, and standing in the world. Hamilton plans to publish a series of papers discussing the importance of the Union, the Confederation's inability to preserve it, the need for an energetic national government, the proposal's conformity with republican principles, its similarities to state constitutions, and how ratification will protect liberty and property.
Controversies during the administration of President John Adams, including the Alien and Sedition Acts and the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions
For more PowerPoint presentations and instructional materials, visit www.tomrichey.net!
This document discusses the relationship between state sovereignty and human rights. It argues that contemporary human rights obligations are compatible with state sovereignty and do not undermine it. The document defines sovereignty as supreme authority over a territory and population. While sovereignty gives states rights, it does not guarantee their ability to achieve outcomes. The document also discusses how sovereignty arises from mutual recognition between states, not just internal power. It claims that human rights have been incorporated into the existing international system of state sovereignty.
The document discusses several important principles established in the US Constitution, including separation of powers among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches; checks and balances between the branches; federalism which shares power between the federal and state governments; and the Bill of Rights which protects individual liberties and rights.
The document discusses the antagonistic relationship between state sovereignty and human rights. It argues that while state sovereignty was originally conceived to promote peace by preventing external intervention in domestic affairs, it now hinders the implementation and enforcement of universal human rights. Sovereignty takes precedence over human rights in international relations, as states are reluctant to intervene in other states' internal issues due to concerns about sovereignty. This is seen in cases like the EU's reluctance to condemn Russia's actions in Chechnya and the weak international response to the Rwandan genocide. The document suggests redefining sovereignty as being for the benefit of peoples, not states, to balance it with human rights protections.
The document outlines the early models of American government including Athenian democracy, the Roman Republic, and the impact of the Enlightenment. It then discusses the Articles of Confederation and issues that arose under that framework, leading to calls for a new Constitutional Convention. Key debates at the Convention involved balancing state sovereignty with a strong national government through compromises like the bicameral legislature.
The document discusses the ratification of the US Constitution, which required compromises between Federalists who supported a strong central government and Anti-Federalists who feared it would limit individual freedoms. It describes the Federalist Papers advocating for ratification and addressing Anti-Federalist concerns about unchecked government power. It also provides a brief overview of the debates around ratification in different states between those who saw benefits of national unity and economic protection from a stronger federal power versus those worried about too much power concentrating in the central government.
The document discusses the key aspects of American constitutionalism, including that it is based on written texts that enable government while also limiting it. It outlines several important founding documents and thinkers that influenced the American system. The document also examines the Declaration of Independence and how it expressed the colonists' grievances against King George III, as well as the rise of republicanism and weak central government under the Articles of Confederation.
Bill of rights of The United StatesBill of rights of the united statesPaulo Arieu
The document discusses the history and development of the Bill of Rights in the US Constitution. It describes how the Bill of Rights was drafted by James Madison in response to calls from anti-federalists who were concerned the new Constitution did not adequately protect individual liberties. The first Congress took up the issue and debated which rights should be enumerated. The Bill of Rights ultimately guaranteed freedoms like speech, press, religion, assembly, petition, and bearing arms. It was formally ratified in 1791.
The Constitution reflects the times in which it was written in several ways:
- It established a stronger central government than under the Articles of Confederation, which had proved too weak during the 1780s. However, it balanced this strength with checks and balances to avoid concentrating too much power.
- There was debate over how much power to give the federal government versus retaining power for the states. The Federalists favored a stronger national government while the Anti-Federalists wanted to preserve more state power and autonomy.
- Issues like slavery and the rights of states were controversial but compromises had to be made to get the Constitution ratified, so some issues were left ambiguous or unaddressed to allow for future interpretation and development.
The document summarizes the views of Federalists and Anti-Federalists during the ratification of the US Constitution. Anti-Federalists opposed a strong central government and feared it would ignore individual rights and the interests of the majority. Notable Anti-Federalists included Patrick Henry and George Mason. Federalists supported the Constitution and a stronger national government as outlined in the Federalist Papers by Madison, Hamilton, and Jay. They felt the Articles of Confederation gave states too much power at the expense of effective national governance.
The document summarizes key events and discussions around the creation of the US Constitution at the Philadelphia Convention in 1787. Delegates debated plans for the structure of the new national government, including the Virginia Plan which proposed a strong central government with three branches, and the New Jersey Plan with one legislative house and equal state representation. They reached compromises, such as the Connecticut Compromise which created a bicameral legislature. Slavery was also a divisive issue, resolved by the Three-Fifths Compromise counting slaves in population partially for representation. The delegates ultimately agreed to the US Constitution establishing a federal republic with separation of powers and checks and balances.
The document discusses the debate around ratifying the new U.S. Constitution between the Federalists and Anti-Federalists. The Federalists supported ratification and a strong central government, believing it would protect individual liberties, while the Anti-Federalists opposed ratification and favored state power over a strong central government. Both sides engaged in a public debate through publications like the Federalist Papers, written by Hamilton, Madison, and Jay to support ratification, and the Letter from the Federal Farmer, which outlined rights the Anti-Federalists felt needed protecting.
Reading like a historian federalists vs antifederalistsBlake Harris
1) Melancton Smith argues that the number of representatives should be large so that both rich and poor citizens will choose to run for office, ensuring the government represents ordinary people.
2) Alexander Hamilton counters that experience shows pure democracies fail and become tyrannical. He also argues one can understand the needs of fifty constituents as well as twenty.
3) Both advocate for their positions, with Smith wanting more representatives to give voice to all citizens and Hamilton defending the new Constitution's provisions.
The Necessary and Proper Clause gave Congress implied powers not specifically enumerated in the Constitution. Federalists supported this "elastic clause" because they favored a loose interpretation allowing the government to adapt, while Antifederalists opposed it fearing expanded abusive government power. Federalists believed a strong central government was necessary, but Antifederalists feared it would undermine state autonomy. Federalists thought checks and balances would protect citizens' rights, but Antifederalists argued only a bill of rights could guarantee these protections.
The document summarizes key aspects of the US Constitution and federalism discussed at the Constitutional Convention. It describes the major compromises reached between the delegates on issues like state representation in Congress, the 3/5 compromise on slavery, and allowing states to decide voter qualifications. It also explains the division of powers between the federal and state governments established under the Constitution, such as Congress's enumerated powers and the states' reserved powers. Finally, it outlines the ratification process of the Constitution and some important Supreme Court cases like McCulloch v. Maryland that helped define the powers of the federal government.
U.S. Government -- Chater 2,Section 4 "Creating the Constitution"CarmichaelWCHS
The document discusses the Constitutional Convention of 1787, where framers met in Philadelphia to draft a new Constitution to replace the Articles of Confederation. It describes the major compromises reached, including the Virginia Plan which proposed a strong national government with three branches, the New Jersey Plan which retained state equality, and the Connecticut Compromise which created a bicameral Congress with proportional representation in the House and equal representation in the Senate. Other compromises addressed how to count slaves in population for representation and regulated commerce and the slave trade.
The document provides an overview of political philosophy concepts from ancient Greece to modern times, as well as notes from a lesson on the topic. It discusses ideas from philosophers like Plato, Aristotle, Locke, Marx and others that influenced different forms of government such as democracy, republicanism, fascism, Marxism, fundamentalism, pluralism and elitism. The notes also cover political thought that shaped the founding of the US government, including the importance of individual rights.
This document outlines the aims and key concepts of political philosophy. It discusses why philosophy is relevant to politics, describing how political strategies must be justified. It then examines descriptive and normative approaches, different ideologies like liberalism and socialism, and concepts like freedom, rights, law, punishment, and the role of the state. The document provides definitions and examples to explain these complex topics in political philosophy.
The document summarizes the debate between Federalists and Anti-Federalists following the 1787 Constitutional Convention. The Federalists supported the new Constitution and a strong federal government led by Hamilton, Madison, and Jay. They authored the Federalist Papers to advocate for ratification. The Anti-Federalists opposed the Constitution and powerful central government, preferring stronger state control; they were led by figures like Patrick Henry and published their own critiques.
The Federalists, led by figures like James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay, supported a stronger central government and ratifying the Constitution as written. The Anti-Federalists, including Thomas Jefferson and George Mason, represented farmers and lower classes who wanted more state power and opposed the Constitution without added protections for individual rights like a Bill of Rights. The two sides debated the appropriate balance of federal versus state power.
Federalists &; anti federalists mini lessonBlake Harris
The document discusses the debate between Federalists and Anti-Federalists regarding the ratification of the US Constitution. The Anti-Federalists wanted a weak central government and strong state governments, fearing a strong central authority would be similar to a monarchy. They opposed the Constitution as originally drafted because it did not include protections for individual liberties. The Federalists argued a strong central government was necessary to govern the nation effectively and represent it externally. They believed the separation of powers built into the Constitution would prevent abuse of authority. In the end, the Federalists agreed to add a Bill of Rights to the Constitution to gain the Anti-Federalists' approval.
The Federalist Papers (In Modern Language)guestbc92ab
Hamilton argues that the Articles of Confederation have failed to establish an effective national government. He calls on citizens to establish a new system through ratifying the proposed Constitution. Failure to do so could endanger national unity, security, and standing in the world. Hamilton plans to publish a series of papers discussing the importance of the Union, the Confederation's inability to preserve it, the need for an energetic national government, the proposal's conformity with republican principles, its similarities to state constitutions, and how ratification will protect liberty and property.
Controversies during the administration of President John Adams, including the Alien and Sedition Acts and the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions
For more PowerPoint presentations and instructional materials, visit www.tomrichey.net!
This document discusses the relationship between state sovereignty and human rights. It argues that contemporary human rights obligations are compatible with state sovereignty and do not undermine it. The document defines sovereignty as supreme authority over a territory and population. While sovereignty gives states rights, it does not guarantee their ability to achieve outcomes. The document also discusses how sovereignty arises from mutual recognition between states, not just internal power. It claims that human rights have been incorporated into the existing international system of state sovereignty.
The document discusses several important principles established in the US Constitution, including separation of powers among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches; checks and balances between the branches; federalism which shares power between the federal and state governments; and the Bill of Rights which protects individual liberties and rights.
The document discusses the antagonistic relationship between state sovereignty and human rights. It argues that while state sovereignty was originally conceived to promote peace by preventing external intervention in domestic affairs, it now hinders the implementation and enforcement of universal human rights. Sovereignty takes precedence over human rights in international relations, as states are reluctant to intervene in other states' internal issues due to concerns about sovereignty. This is seen in cases like the EU's reluctance to condemn Russia's actions in Chechnya and the weak international response to the Rwandan genocide. The document suggests redefining sovereignty as being for the benefit of peoples, not states, to balance it with human rights protections.
The document outlines the early models of American government including Athenian democracy, the Roman Republic, and the impact of the Enlightenment. It then discusses the Articles of Confederation and issues that arose under that framework, leading to calls for a new Constitutional Convention. Key debates at the Convention involved balancing state sovereignty with a strong national government through compromises like the bicameral legislature.
The document discusses the ratification of the US Constitution, which required compromises between Federalists who supported a strong central government and Anti-Federalists who feared it would limit individual freedoms. It describes the Federalist Papers advocating for ratification and addressing Anti-Federalist concerns about unchecked government power. It also provides a brief overview of the debates around ratification in different states between those who saw benefits of national unity and economic protection from a stronger federal power versus those worried about too much power concentrating in the central government.
The document discusses the key aspects of American constitutionalism, including that it is based on written texts that enable government while also limiting it. It outlines several important founding documents and thinkers that influenced the American system. The document also examines the Declaration of Independence and how it expressed the colonists' grievances against King George III, as well as the rise of republicanism and weak central government under the Articles of Confederation.
Bill of rights of The United StatesBill of rights of the united statesPaulo Arieu
The document discusses the history and development of the Bill of Rights in the US Constitution. It describes how the Bill of Rights was drafted by James Madison in response to calls from anti-federalists who were concerned the new Constitution did not adequately protect individual liberties. The first Congress took up the issue and debated which rights should be enumerated. The Bill of Rights ultimately guaranteed freedoms like speech, press, religion, assembly, petition, and bearing arms. It was formally ratified in 1791.
The Constitution reflects the times in which it was written in several ways:
- It established a stronger central government than under the Articles of Confederation, which had proved too weak during the 1780s. However, it balanced this strength with checks and balances to avoid concentrating too much power.
- There was debate over how much power to give the federal government versus retaining power for the states. The Federalists favored a stronger national government while the Anti-Federalists wanted to preserve more state power and autonomy.
- Issues like slavery and the rights of states were controversial but compromises had to be made to get the Constitution ratified, so some issues were left ambiguous or unaddressed to allow for future interpretation and development.
The document summarizes the views of Federalists and Anti-Federalists during the ratification of the US Constitution. Anti-Federalists opposed a strong central government and feared it would ignore individual rights and the interests of the majority. Notable Anti-Federalists included Patrick Henry and George Mason. Federalists supported the Constitution and a stronger national government as outlined in the Federalist Papers by Madison, Hamilton, and Jay. They felt the Articles of Confederation gave states too much power at the expense of effective national governance.
The document summarizes key events and discussions around the creation of the US Constitution at the Philadelphia Convention in 1787. Delegates debated plans for the structure of the new national government, including the Virginia Plan which proposed a strong central government with three branches, and the New Jersey Plan with one legislative house and equal state representation. They reached compromises, such as the Connecticut Compromise which created a bicameral legislature. Slavery was also a divisive issue, resolved by the Three-Fifths Compromise counting slaves in population partially for representation. The delegates ultimately agreed to the US Constitution establishing a federal republic with separation of powers and checks and balances.
The document discusses the debate around ratifying the new U.S. Constitution between the Federalists and Anti-Federalists. The Federalists supported ratification and a strong central government, believing it would protect individual liberties, while the Anti-Federalists opposed ratification and favored state power over a strong central government. Both sides engaged in a public debate through publications like the Federalist Papers, written by Hamilton, Madison, and Jay to support ratification, and the Letter from the Federal Farmer, which outlined rights the Anti-Federalists felt needed protecting.
Reading like a historian federalists vs antifederalistsBlake Harris
1) Melancton Smith argues that the number of representatives should be large so that both rich and poor citizens will choose to run for office, ensuring the government represents ordinary people.
2) Alexander Hamilton counters that experience shows pure democracies fail and become tyrannical. He also argues one can understand the needs of fifty constituents as well as twenty.
3) Both advocate for their positions, with Smith wanting more representatives to give voice to all citizens and Hamilton defending the new Constitution's provisions.
The Necessary and Proper Clause gave Congress implied powers not specifically enumerated in the Constitution. Federalists supported this "elastic clause" because they favored a loose interpretation allowing the government to adapt, while Antifederalists opposed it fearing expanded abusive government power. Federalists believed a strong central government was necessary, but Antifederalists feared it would undermine state autonomy. Federalists thought checks and balances would protect citizens' rights, but Antifederalists argued only a bill of rights could guarantee these protections.
The document summarizes key aspects of the US Constitution and federalism discussed at the Constitutional Convention. It describes the major compromises reached between the delegates on issues like state representation in Congress, the 3/5 compromise on slavery, and allowing states to decide voter qualifications. It also explains the division of powers between the federal and state governments established under the Constitution, such as Congress's enumerated powers and the states' reserved powers. Finally, it outlines the ratification process of the Constitution and some important Supreme Court cases like McCulloch v. Maryland that helped define the powers of the federal government.
U.S. Government -- Chater 2,Section 4 "Creating the Constitution"CarmichaelWCHS
The document discusses the Constitutional Convention of 1787, where framers met in Philadelphia to draft a new Constitution to replace the Articles of Confederation. It describes the major compromises reached, including the Virginia Plan which proposed a strong national government with three branches, the New Jersey Plan which retained state equality, and the Connecticut Compromise which created a bicameral Congress with proportional representation in the House and equal representation in the Senate. Other compromises addressed how to count slaves in population for representation and regulated commerce and the slave trade.
The document provides an overview of political philosophy concepts from ancient Greece to modern times, as well as notes from a lesson on the topic. It discusses ideas from philosophers like Plato, Aristotle, Locke, Marx and others that influenced different forms of government such as democracy, republicanism, fascism, Marxism, fundamentalism, pluralism and elitism. The notes also cover political thought that shaped the founding of the US government, including the importance of individual rights.
This document outlines the aims and key concepts of political philosophy. It discusses why philosophy is relevant to politics, describing how political strategies must be justified. It then examines descriptive and normative approaches, different ideologies like liberalism and socialism, and concepts like freedom, rights, law, punishment, and the role of the state. The document provides definitions and examples to explain these complex topics in political philosophy.
This document discusses the key debates and agreements that led to the ratification of the US Constitution. It describes the Virginia and New Jersey plans for representation in Congress, and how the Great Compromise blended the two approaches. It also outlines the Federalist and Anti-Federalist positions on ratifying the Constitution, with the Federalists ultimately prevailing through their more organized arguments in the Federalist Papers to build support across the necessary number of states.
Immanuel Kant was a German philosopher born in 1724 who is considered a central figure of modern philosophy. He argued that fundamental concepts structure human experience and that reason is the source of morality. Some of Kant's major works include Critique of Pure Reason, Critique of Practical Reason, Critique of Judgment, and Metaphysics of Morals. Kant developed deontological ethics and the concept of duty, the categorical imperative, and distinguishing between hypothetical and categorical imperatives. Kant's political philosophy falls under his practical philosophy and is grounded in the categorical imperative. He believed individuals have a right to freedom and a duty to enter civil society under a social contract.
This document discusses the concept and meaning of philosophy. It defines philosophy etymologically as the love of wisdom. A philosopher is described as someone with a curiosity to learn about various topics. The document outlines the specific, wider, and various scholarly definitions of philosophy. It discusses philosophy as a mental activity, way of life, and science. Key characteristics of philosophy include its search for truth and principles through conceptual inquiry. The functions of philosophy are establishing norms, speculative thinking, and critical analysis.
This document outlines the objectives and key concepts of political philosophy. It discusses political philosophy as a reflection on political phenomena that uses analytical, descriptive, and historical material through ethical considerations. Political philosophy serves to clarify concepts, redefine terminology, examine customary beliefs and practices, and help evaluate the present. It is a search for understanding, can suggest but not prove, and is grounded in empirical data while relating abstraction to concrete examples.
The document discusses the development of Critical Race Theory as an area of scholarship within political philosophy. It argues that just as Feminist scholarship has grown into its own category, Critical Race Theory should do the same by analyzing the views of philosophers through the lens of race and constructing genealogies of racism. It provides examples of how philosophers' theories were influenced by and justified racial domination and the creation of a racial polity that subordinates non-whites.
Social philosophy and Political philosophy are both very closely related fields of philosophy generally dealing with the role of the individual in society, as well as the role of government.
Social philosophy is the philosophical study of questions about social behavior (typically, of humans). Social philosophy addresses a wide range of subjects, from individual meanings to legitimacy of laws, from the social contract to criteria for revolution, from the functions of everyday actions to the effects of science on culture, from changes in human demographics to the collective order of a wasp's nest. Social philosophy attempts to understand the patterns and nuances, changes and tendencies of societies. It is a wide field with many subdisciplines.Political philosophy is the study of questions about the city, government, politics, liberty, justice, property, rights, law and the enforcement of a legal code by authority: what they are, why (or even if) they are needed, what makes a government legitimate, what rights and freedoms it should protect and why, what form it should take and why, what the law is, and what duties citizens owe to a legitimate government, if any, and when it may be legitimately overthrown—if ever. In a vernacular sense, the term "political philosophy" often refers to a general view, or specific ethic, political belief or attitude, about politics that does not necessarily belong to the technical discipline of philosophy.
Political philosophy can also be understood by analysing it through the perspectives of metaphysics, epistemology and axiology thereby unearthing the ultimate reality side, the knowledge or methodical side and the value aspects of politics.There is often a considerable overlap between the questions addressed by social philosophy and ethics or value theory. Other forms of social philosophy include political philosophy and philosophy of law, which are largely concerned with the societies of state and government and their functioning. Social philosophy, ethics, and political philosophy all share intimate connections with other disciplines in the social sciences. In turn, the social sciences themselves are of focal interest to the philosophy of social science.
The document outlines the agenda for a social and political philosophy class. It includes activities like a "What would you do?" scenario about a riot, a discussion on chaos and order, and a lecture on social and political philosophy. Key concepts that will be explored are different personal political philosophies, what governments are and how they derive authority, and Thomas Hobbes' social contract theory about how people sacrifice some freedoms in exchange for security and order from a governing body. Key terms to remember are freedom, social and political philosophy, government, and social contract.
The document discusses various forms of government and their flaws, ultimately arguing that the U.S. Constitution establishes the best system. It outlines the three branches of government - legislative, executive, and judicial - and how they check each other's power. However, it then claims that international forces seek to undermine U.S. sovereignty and impose a "New World Order" through controlling politicians, media, and by inventing wars. It calls for Americans to stand up against this threat through faith, courage, and spreading awareness.
After WWII, Britain moved towards socialism under the Labour party government, establishing a welfare state with free healthcare and nationalized industries. However, the country faced economic problems as it lost workers, scientists, and colonies during and after the war. While Winston Churchill reversed some nationalization when he later became prime minister, the welfare state remained. Britain's economy declined over time as the global shift moved away from coal, and neither major political party was able to fully resolve the country's economic issues in the postwar period.
The document discusses different models of representation and electoral systems. It describes trustee and delegate models of representation, where representatives have differing levels of autonomy from their constituents. It also outlines different voting systems like plurality/majority, proportional representation, and mixed systems. It analyzes advantages and disadvantages of these systems in terms of proportionality, strong government, and other factors. Finally, it discusses models of voting behavior like party identification, rational choice, sociological, and dominant ideology perspectives.
A brief introduction to the study of political philosophyNoel Jopson
This document provides an overview of the study of political philosophy. It discusses key topics and questions in the field such as justifications for government, limits on government power, and the relationship between economic and political freedom. It also summarizes some of the major historical figures and works in political philosophy from Plato and Aristotle to Locke, Rousseau, and others. The document aims to define important terms and distinguish political philosophy from related fields like political science.
The document discusses the weaknesses of India's electoral system and possible remedies. It notes issues like a lack of internal democracy in political parties, corruption, and the abuse of political power. Some suggested reforms are promoting democracy in political parties, giving citizens the right to recall elected representatives, enhancing the powers of the election commission, avoiding dynastic succession, and reducing the number of political parties. Overall, the document argues that reforms are needed to improve the electoral system and enable better development in the country.
This document provides information about elections and voting in the UK. It defines key terms like election, manifesto, and mandate. It describes the functions of elections like representation, choosing a government, participation, and accountability. It also outlines different electoral systems used in the UK, including first-past-the-post, alternative vote, supplementary vote, regional list, and single transferable vote. It provides details on the features, advantages, and disadvantages of each system.
The document discusses the Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP) in the Indian Constitution. It outlines that the DPSP aim to establish justice, equality and fraternity as per the preamble. The DPSP inspire the state to work for the people's welfare and establish social and economic democracy. While not judicially enforceable, the DPSP are fundamental to governance. The document also discusses views on the DPSP from people like Ambedkar and classifications of principles related to welfare, Gandhian ideals, and international relations.
The document discusses the roles and powers of the President of India according to the Constitution. It covers the President's role as head of state and government, election process, qualifications, powers related to legislation, finance, judiciary, emergencies, and foreign affairs. The Vice-President has similar qualifications to the President but plays a secondary role as the ex-officio chair of the Rajya Sabha.
Introduction to Political Parties in the U.S.MFlynn88
Political parties serve several important functions in democratic governments. The two major parties in the United States are the Republican and Democratic parties. While minor parties exist, the electoral system and election laws tend to reinforce the dominance of the two major parties. Some characteristics that have historically differentiated the two major parties are views on the role of government and which demographic groups they tend to attract more.
History Chapter 7 Part 1- Life after the World War IIGoh Bang Rui
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These slides introduce the first part of Lower Secondary History Chapter 7: Life after World War II to the Secondary 2 students who are studying for the Singapore syllabus.
These slides are the first of the series of slides for Chapter 7: Life after World War II.
1. Post-war Living Conditions after World War II
2. Maria Hertogh and Anti-National Service Riots
3. The Rendel Constitution and 1955 Elections
Any feedback is welcome.
Fundamental Rights and Duties of IndianAishwaryaAbe
The document provides an overview of the key aspects of the Indian constitution. It notes that the Indian constitution is the longest written constitution in the world. It establishes India as a federal democratic republic and outlines the framework of government, fundamental rights of citizens, directive principles, and duties of citizens. Some key points include:
- The constitution defines fundamental rights like equality, freedom of speech, and freedom of religion.
- It establishes six fundamental rights for citizens.
- In addition to rights, the constitution also outlines certain fundamental duties of citizens.
- Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar is widely known as the chief architect of the Indian constitution.
Hogan's History- Establishing the U.S. GovernmentWilliam Hogan
The document summarizes key events and ideas in the establishment of the US government under the Constitution. It discusses:
1) The Articles of Confederation, the first national governing document which proved ineffective. Daniel Shay's Rebellion demonstrated the need for change.
2) Enlightenment thinkers like Locke and Rousseau influenced the founding era with ideas of natural rights and consent of the governed.
3) The Constitutional Convention drafted the US Constitution to replace the Articles, giving more power to the national government while establishing separation of powers and checks and balances between the three branches.
4) The Bill of Rights protects individual liberties and limits government power through amendments like freedom of speech and religion and due process.
The US Constitution was written between May and September 1787 by delegates in Philadelphia led by George Washington, James Madison, and others. It was created to establish order and shared rules among the states after the Revolutionary War left the country weak under the Articles of Confederation. The Constitution drew upon historical documents like the Magna Carta and was written to address problems in society by defining individual rights and establishing a structured federal government with separation of powers.
The Federalists supported a strong central government and the ratification of the US Constitution, as expressed through the Federalist Papers authored by Madison, Hamilton, and Jay. The Anti-Federalists opposed increasing federal power and wanted to protect the powers of state governments. They worried the presidency could become a monarchy. The Constitution was ratified after debates between the two sides in states like New York, where Federalist 10 addressed the Anti-Federalists' concerns about factions.
Essay on Creating the Constitution
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The document summarizes key events in the drafting and ratification of the US Constitution. It describes the lessons learned from the Articles of Confederation and state constitutions that influenced the drafting of the Constitution. There were major debates at the Constitutional Convention over issues like representation and the powers of the presidency, which were ultimately resolved through compromises. Ratification required approval from nine state conventions and involved a debate between Federalists in support and Anti-Federalists opposed unless a bill of rights was added, which was accomplished through the first ten amendments.
1. What were the various problems with the Articles of Confederati.docxpaynetawnya
1. What were the various problems with the Articles of Confederation?
The Articles of Confederation was the first system of government in the new country of America. After the countless amount of issues born out of being owned by Great Britain, the expectations of the new system were as such: that power would be given through the people, that power would be expressed through a representative of the people, and that the representative was one of the needs and interests of the people. And while that sounds ideal, great almost, it doesn’t work out. The Articles as described in class, were pretty much bad/not good. Where the people were looking for the framework for an actual government, they seemed more like a firm league of friendship. The Articles, founded in 1778 lasted 10 years. Under this system there was no president or judiciary, any decision required a 9 out of 13 votes, so if it came down to 2/3rds there would be no decision made. The Articles allowed the declaration of war, conduct of foreign affairs, treaty creation, but could not tax. But hey two cool positives are that it won them the war and we also gained Ohio! And it was a tremendous disaster by the fact that it did not collect taxes, which was probably because the big debt from the war they had previously won.
No tax means no power, and inadvertently no money either. This became a bigger problem because the newfound America had borrowed money and weapons from the French, and since they were in debt they couldn’t pay the French back. The inability to tax left the founders hands tied; they couldn’t tax so they were unable to address their debt issue. And as the debt intensified, there was a rebellion in Massachusetts kicking off known as “Shays Rebellion.”
2. How did Shays Rebellion motivate “the founders” to hold a convention to resolve the problems of the Articles?
Shays Rebellion was the rebellion of the people (primarily farmers) against their government and more specifically, the affects of the Articles of Confederation. The huge debt problem affected everyone; farmers/civilians couldn’t pay mortgage, faced debt, and would land in jail. Shays Rebellion occupied the jails, courts, etc. and while the origins of this movement started in Massachusetts, movements were being started all over the new country because Massachusetts wasn’t the only state facing issues.
At this moment the economic elite realized they needed to strengthen the central government in order to fight debt/put down the rebellion. And it is from this realization that the Constitution was born, the document that laid down the foundation for “freedom, liberty and rights.” But to whom were these rights attributed? It is important to note that the Constitutions original purpose was not about giving us our rights, but how to control the people. And we must divorce ourselves from the notion that the constitution gave us any rights. Eventually in late of May 1787 George Washington calls the convention into se ...
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1) The document discusses debates around the new US Constitution proposed in 1787, including arguments made by Alexander Hamilton and James Madison.
2) Hamilton advocated for a strong federal government with significant powers over the states. Madison argued in Federalist No. 10 that the new Constitution would help control the negative effects of factions by creating a large republic with representation.
3) The debates touched on issues of democracy, federalism, and the balance of power between national and state governments under the new system.
History Week 4Classmate response #1What issues did the new go.docxsimonithomas47935
History Week 4
Classmate response #1:
What issues did the new government under the Constitution face? How do they compare to the issues faced by the government under the Articles of Confederation? Which period faced the worst obstacles and why? Pick a few examples to make your point, explaining WHY, and give specific illustrations for each, being sure to support your answer with facts (including citations---of course).
The Articles of Confederation spoke to the Americans' doubt of the very explanation the Articles of Confederation were made with a feeble national government was on the grounds that the composers of it dreaded a solid focal government. This empowered to states to have such a lot of power that the security of the nation was put in danger. In numerous regards federalism which suggests a solid focal government was something contrary to the proposed arrangement that they upheld. An increasingly exact name for the supporters of the Constitution would have been nationalists. The nationalist label, be that as it may, would have been a political obligation in the 1780's. Conventional political conviction of the Revolutionary Era held that solid brought together authority would unavoidably prompt a maltreatment of intensity. The Federalists were additionally mindful that that the issues of the nation in the 1780's originated from the shortcomings of the focal government made by the Articles of Confederation. For Federalists, the Constitution was required so as to shield the freedom and autonomy that the American Revolution had made. While the Federalists unquestionably had built up another political way of thinking, they considered their to be import job as shielding the social additions of the Revolution. As James Madison, one of the incomparable Federalist pioneers later clarified, the Constitution was intended to be a republican solution for the maladies generally episode to republican government. The Federalists had in excess of a creative political arrangement and a very much picked name to help their motivation. A large number of the most capable pioneers of the period who had the most involvement with national-level work were Federalists. For instance the main two national-level big names of the period, Benjamin Franklin and George Washington, supported the Constitution. Notwithstanding these noteworthy whizzes, the Federalists were efficient, all around supported, and utilized the printed word. Most papers upheld the Federalists' political arrangement and distributed articles and handouts to clarify why the individuals ought to endorse the Constitution. Notwithstanding this scope of significant focal points, the Federalists despite everything had a hard battle before them. Their new arrangements were a huge modification of political convictions right now. Most essentially, the Federalists accepted that the best danger to the eventual fate of the United States didn't lie in the maltreatment of focal force, yet rather could be f.
History Week 4Classmate response #1What issues did the new go.docxpooleavelina
History Week 4
Classmate response #1:
What issues did the new government under the Constitution face? How do they compare to the issues faced by the government under the Articles of Confederation? Which period faced the worst obstacles and why? Pick a few examples to make your point, explaining WHY, and give specific illustrations for each, being sure to support your answer with facts (including citations---of course).
The Articles of Confederation spoke to the Americans' doubt of the very explanation the Articles of Confederation were made with a feeble national government was on the grounds that the composers of it dreaded a solid focal government. This empowered to states to have such a lot of power that the security of the nation was put in danger. In numerous regards federalism which suggests a solid focal government was something contrary to the proposed arrangement that they upheld. An increasingly exact name for the supporters of the Constitution would have been nationalists. The nationalist label, be that as it may, would have been a political obligation in the 1780's. Conventional political conviction of the Revolutionary Era held that solid brought together authority would unavoidably prompt a maltreatment of intensity. The Federalists were additionally mindful that that the issues of the nation in the 1780's originated from the shortcomings of the focal government made by the Articles of Confederation. For Federalists, the Constitution was required so as to shield the freedom and autonomy that the American Revolution had made. While the Federalists unquestionably had built up another political way of thinking, they considered their to be import job as shielding the social additions of the Revolution. As James Madison, one of the incomparable Federalist pioneers later clarified, the Constitution was intended to be a republican solution for the maladies generally episode to republican government. The Federalists had in excess of a creative political arrangement and a very much picked name to help their motivation. A large number of the most capable pioneers of the period who had the most involvement with national-level work were Federalists. For instance the main two national-level big names of the period, Benjamin Franklin and George Washington, supported the Constitution. Notwithstanding these noteworthy whizzes, the Federalists were efficient, all around supported, and utilized the printed word. Most papers upheld the Federalists' political arrangement and distributed articles and handouts to clarify why the individuals ought to endorse the Constitution. Notwithstanding this scope of significant focal points, the Federalists despite everything had a hard battle before them. Their new arrangements were a huge modification of political convictions right now. Most essentially, the Federalists accepted that the best danger to the eventual fate of the United States didn't lie in the maltreatment of focal force, yet rather could be f ...
The document summarizes key events and issues during the creation of the US Constitution between 1787-1791. It describes the secret Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia where delegates sought to create a new stronger national government rather than fix the Articles of Confederation. It outlines debates around representation in Congress and the role of slavery. The Virginia and New Jersey Plans emerged as alternatives, leading to compromises to balance power between large and small states. The Constitution was then drafted and ratified by nine of the thirteen states, with Federalists supporting it and Anti-Federalists opposing due to concerns about centralized power. The Bill of Rights was later added in 1791.
The document summarizes key events of the Constitutional Convention:
1. Delegates met in 1787 to revise the ineffective Articles of Confederation but instead wrote a new Constitution, establishing three branches of government with separated and shared powers.
2. They debated plans like the Virginia Plan, New Jersey Plan, and reached compromises, like the Connecticut Compromise and Three-Fifths Compromise.
3. The Constitution went into effect in 1788 after ratification by nine states, but debates continued between Anti-Federalists who opposed it and Federalists who supported a strong national government.
The document discusses the Constitutional Convention that took place in September 1787 in Philadelphia. It describes some of the assignments students were asked to complete related to the convention, including filling out a graphic organizer on the constitutional compromises reached and answering questions about the demographics of the delegates and whether the Federalists or Anti-Federalists were better justified. It also provides background information on some of the key figures involved in the convention like Washington, Madison, Franklin and Hamilton.
Similar to Political philosophy behind Constitution, Federalist Papers, and Leaders (13)
Renaissance Advancements in Literature, Science, the Artsfreealan
During the Renaissance, advances were made in many fields. In literature, William Shakespeare wrote influential plays that helped establish plays as popular entertainment. Renaissance art and statues resembled styles of ancient Greece and Rome, showing realistic human forms and introducing linear perspective. Architecture featured Roman influences like symmetrical domes and pillars. In science, figures like Copernicus, Kepler, and Newton contributed theories like the heliocentric solar system and laws of planetary motion and gravitation. Leonardo da Vinci made detailed studies of human anatomy. The printing press allowed Renaissance ideas to spread more widely.
Social, Political, and Religious Order in Egypt and Mesopotamiafreealan
In ancient Egypt, the Pharaoh was believed to be a god and was at the top of the social pyramid. Priests had high status and wealth, owned land, and performed rituals to reinforce the Pharaoh's divine status. Peasants made up most of the population and worked on government projects during flood seasons. In Mesopotamia, creation myths involved gods forming social groups and a council to rule. Priests conducted celebrations for gods and kings were believed to descend from city gods, unlike Egypt where Pharaohs were actual gods. Ziggurats were built for worship of heavenly and earthly gods.
The Roman Republic had three branches of government: the Senate as the advisory branch, legislative branch composed of three assemblies (Curiate, Centuriate, and Tribal), and executive branch made up of annually elected magistrates like consuls and praetors. The most important legislative assembly was the Centuriate Assembly, which was based on wealth and age and elected censors and magistrates. The executive branch offices were collegial with annual tenure and imperium.
The document discusses the origins and spread of Islam. It begins by covering the life of Muhammad and the founding of Islam in Mecca and Medina in the 7th century. It then describes how Islam expanded rapidly after Muhammad's death through conversion and military conquest. Key figures like the first four caliphs helped consolidate Islamic rule across the Arabian Peninsula and into the Middle East and North Africa. The document also provides context about daily life on the Arabian Peninsula and for early Muslims.
The legacies of Roman art, architecture, technology, science, literature, language, and law include:
1) Major advances in architecture including widespread use of arches, domes, concrete, aqueducts, and public works like baths, amphitheaters, and roads. The Pantheon is an exemplar of Roman architectural achievements.
2) Developments in technology and science including extensive use of aqueducts, indoor plumbing, sewage systems, and advanced construction techniques that influenced later Western societies.
3) Establishment of Latin as the dominant language in government and literature throughout Western Europe for over a thousand years, with enduring influences on modern languages.
The document analyzes several key events and issues related to the rise of sectionalism and the slavery debate in the United States between 1820-1858. This included the Missouri Compromise of 1820, the Wilmot Proviso of 1846, the Compromise of 1850 negotiated by Henry Clay, the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854, the Dred Scott decision of 1857, and the Lincoln-Douglas debates of 1858. Each of these issues and events further inflamed regional tensions between the North and South over the issue of slavery and its expansion into the western territories.
An extensive review of the North in terms of the industry and inventions from appliances to the telegraph and more. A must for studying the Civil War. Well done
The document discusses several prominent Renaissance artists and scientists including Leonardo Da Vinci, Michelangelo, William Shakespeare, Dante Alighieri, Galileo Galilei, and Kepler. It provides brief biographies of each person, highlighting their most important works and contributions, such as Da Vinci's inventions and paintings, Michelangelo's architecture projects, Shakespeare's plays, Dante's Divine Comedy, Galileo's astronomical discoveries, and Kepler's laws of planetary motion.
Martin Luther began developing his own theology and protested the use of indulgences with his 95 Theses. He believed in freedom of Christians which led to ideas of freedom in politics, economics, and individuals. John Calvin was dedicated to reforming the church and shaped social organization on biblical principles, creating Calvinism and transforming Europe. William Tyndale translated the Bible into English and inspired others to translate it into other languages.
The document discusses the Trans-Eurasian Silk Roads that carried goods between China and the West. Silk, gold, and other items were traded along northern and southern routes that rejoined near Merv in Central Asia. The Silk Roads opened trade and spread influences like Buddhism, art, and Greek culture as items moved between China, India, Persia, and the Roman Empire. They also allowed the transmission of technologies like silk production from China.
The Niger River and the Growth of Ghana and Mali Empiresfreealan
The Niger River and its surrounding areas can be divided into four ecological zones: coastal barrier islands, mangrove swamp forest, fresh water swamps, and lowland rainforest. Savannah grasslands extend from the Niger River through central Africa. Desert areas receive less than 400 mm of rain per year. Gold deposits in West Africa brought wealth to empires like Ghana and Mali; Ghana's growth was driven by expanding trade networks and conquest, while Mali grew to control many West African kingdoms between 1240-1500 CE due to its wealth from gold and control of salt trade routes across the Sahara.
The Crusades were a series of religious wars between Christians and Muslims starting in the 11th century. The objective of the Crusades was to recapture Jerusalem, which was under Muslim control. The First Crusade succeeded in taking Jerusalem in 1099. Subsequent Crusades aimed to defend or retake lands but faced varying degrees of success or failure. The Crusades ultimately resulted in massive loss of life but also increased trade between Europe and the Holy Land.
Kush was an ancient kingdom located along the Nile River in what is now Sudan. It started as a supplier to Egypt but grew powerful through trade and its strong army. Kush eventually invaded and gained control of Egypt between 750-656 BC under kings like Kashta and Piankhi. Though Kush adopted Egyptian customs like language and religion, it established its own kingdom and preserved Egyptian culture during its rule. Kush's economy was based on exports of gold, ebony, ivory and metalwork. It shared gods with Egypt but also worshipped its own like the lion god Apedemak.
The Aesthetic and Intellectual Traditions of Indiafreealan
The document discusses several aspects of Indian intellectual traditions, including Sanskrit literature, the Bhagavad Gita, medicine, mathematics, and metallurgy. Sanskrit literature encompasses a vast collection of poetry, drama, stories and epics. The Bhagavad Gita is considered one of the most important Hindu writings and tells the story of Krishna's teachings. Indian doctors gained knowledge of medicine including using plants to make medicines and understanding anatomy. Indians also made contributions to mathematics by developing the concept of zero and the decimal number system. Metallurgy was advanced in India as shown by the Iron Pillar of Delhi, and metals were used in medicine.
The document discusses trade routes between Europe, Africa, and Asia during the Middle Ages. Major routes included the Silk Road between Europe and Asia, the Trans-Saharan route between Europe and Africa, and the Incense Road between Asia and Africa. Goods traded along these routes varied by region but included items like spices, textiles, precious metals, and slaves. Inventions also spread between continents, with innovations in technologies like the printing press, compass, and gunpowder diffusing across Eurasia and driving further trade. Merchants played a key role in connecting these three regions and exposing local populations to new ideas and beliefs.
Gunpowder was initially used as fireworks for celebrations during the Tang Dynasty and was later applied for warfare during the Song Dynasty. Block printing reached its golden age during the Song Dynasty when the government encouraged publication of books. Landscape painting shifted to primarily feature landscapes rather than human subjects, with skilled painters creating large-scale works during the Song Dynasty.
In Greek mythology, twelve major gods and goddesses ruled from Mount Olympus, including Zeus, king of the gods; Aphrodite, goddess of love; and Apollo, god of music and prophecy. These Olympians helped shape Greek culture by influencing citizens' lifestyles. The presentation provides details on seven of the twelve principal gods, such as Zeus the ruler of the sky; Aphrodite the mother of love; and Poseidon, god of the sea with his trident.
Cyrus the Great founded the Persian Empire by conquering the Median kingdom in the 6th century BC. The Persian Empire went on to dominate Mesopotamia for over 800 years and conquered several other empires including Egypt, Syria, parts of Asia Minor, and India. The Persian government, called a Satrapy, was similar to the Roman republic and divided the empire into provinces ruled by governors. Darius I helped expand the empire further and established a new type of centralized government during his rule in the 5th century BC.
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
Political philosophy behind Constitution, Federalist Papers, and Leaders
1. Standard 8.2.4Standard 8.2.4
The political philosophy behindThe political philosophy behind
the Constitution as specified in thethe Constitution as specified in the
Federalist papers and the role ofFederalist papers and the role of
the leaders in the writing &the leaders in the writing &
ratification of the Constitutionratification of the Constitution
2. Federalist PapersFederalist Papers
A series of 85 articles arguing for the ratification of theA series of 85 articles arguing for the ratification of the
US ConstitutionUS Constitution
Federalist judges use these papers as a primaryFederalist judges use these papers as a primary
source for interpreting the Constitutionsource for interpreting the Constitution
Provided the first specific mention found in politicalProvided the first specific mention found in political
literature of the idea of checks and balances as a wayliterature of the idea of checks and balances as a way
of restricting governmental powerof restricting governmental power
Written by James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, JohnWritten by James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, John
JayJay
The Federalist Papers project began by Hamilton inThe Federalist Papers project began by Hamilton in
response to the many articles and public letters writtenresponse to the many articles and public letters written
by Anti-Federalists when the Constitution was sent toby Anti-Federalists when the Constitution was sent to
the states for ratification in September 1787the states for ratification in September 1787
The high demand for these essays led to theirThe high demand for these essays led to their
publication in a more permanent form after they firstpublication in a more permanent form after they first
appeared in three New York newspapers: theappeared in three New York newspapers: the
Independent Journal, the New-York Packet and theIndependent Journal, the New-York Packet and the
Daily Advertiser on October 27, 1787Daily Advertiser on October 27, 1787
3. Political PhilosophyPolitical Philosophy
John Locke, English political thinker, and Baron de Montesquieu,John Locke, English political thinker, and Baron de Montesquieu,
French writer, inspired the framers of the constitution on governingFrench writer, inspired the framers of the constitution on governing
the peoplethe people
Their theory, the social contract, regarded rights and responsibilitiesTheir theory, the social contract, regarded rights and responsibilities
of the state and it’s citizens. Two key aspects of which was politicalof the state and it’s citizens. Two key aspects of which was political
economy and the rules of truth and evidenceeconomy and the rules of truth and evidence
Social contract explains the justification and purpose of the state andSocial contract explains the justification and purpose of the state and
of human rights, the concept of human beings having universal rightsof human rights, the concept of human beings having universal rights
regardless of legal jurisdiction or other localizing factors such asregardless of legal jurisdiction or other localizing factors such as
ethnicity and nationalityethnicity and nationality
John Locke argued for a government with power limited to theJohn Locke argued for a government with power limited to the
protection of personal property, which may have deeply influencedprotection of personal property, which may have deeply influenced
the Constitution.the Constitution.
4. James MadisonJames Madison
Studied government, read hundreds of books onStudied government, read hundreds of books on
history, politics, and economics in the months beforehistory, politics, and economics in the months before
the Constitutional Convention, making him the bestthe Constitutional Convention, making him the best
prepared of the delegatesprepared of the delegates
Worked out a plan that included a system of balancesWorked out a plan that included a system of balances
to protect any misuse of power while still havingto protect any misuse of power while still having
leadership in the republic.leadership in the republic.
Desired to limit the power of the federal governmentDesired to limit the power of the federal government
Organized the need for a stronger central governmentOrganized the need for a stronger central government
The delegates at the Constitutional Convention adoptedThe delegates at the Constitutional Convention adopted
many of his ideas in the Virginia Planmany of his ideas in the Virginia Plan
The Virginia Plan called for a two-house legislature, aThe Virginia Plan called for a two-house legislature, a
chief executive chosen by the legislature, and a courtchief executive chosen by the legislature, and a court
systemsystem
Successfully offered a package of twelve proposedSuccessfully offered a package of twelve proposed
amendments to the Constitutionamendments to the Constitution
5. Gouverneur MorrisGouverneur Morris
Pennsylvania delegate to the ConstitutionalPennsylvania delegate to the Constitutional
Convention of 1787Convention of 1787
Author of large parts of the Constitution,Author of large parts of the Constitution,
Credited as the author of the Preamble, whichCredited as the author of the Preamble, which
reflected Hamilton’s ideals and his personalreflected Hamilton’s ideals and his personal
political philosophypolitical philosophy
Responsible for the draft of much of theResponsible for the draft of much of the
ConstitutionConstitution
The most outspoken nationalist among theThe most outspoken nationalist among the
Founding FathersFounding Fathers
Used his position as primary draftsman toUsed his position as primary draftsman to
strengthen the final version of the Constitutionstrengthen the final version of the Constitution
Employed social and verbal skills to help smoothEmployed social and verbal skills to help smooth
over issues that threatened to divide the delegatesover issues that threatened to divide the delegates
6. George WashingtonGeorge Washington
Presided over the ConstitutionalPresided over the Constitutional
Convention which drafted the U.S.Convention which drafted the U.S.
Constitution in 1787Constitution in 1787
His presence gave an importantHis presence gave an important
unifying force, prestige, and dignityunifying force, prestige, and dignity
to the proceedingsto the proceedings
The Convention reached manyThe Convention reached many
compromises and provisions thatcompromises and provisions that
would provide for a strong centralwould provide for a strong central
governmentgovernment
7. James WilsonJames Wilson
Delegate to the Constitutional Convention ofDelegate to the Constitutional Convention of
1787 in Philadelphia1787 in Philadelphia
Most lasting impact on the country was as aMost lasting impact on the country was as a
member of the Committee of Detail, whichmember of the Committee of Detail, which
created the first draft of the U.S. Constitution increated the first draft of the U.S. Constitution in
17871787
Proposed the Three-Fifths Compromise, whichProposed the Three-Fifths Compromise, which
counted a slaved person as three-fifths of onecounted a slaved person as three-fifths of one
free person for taxation and representation,free person for taxation and representation,
ending the dispute between the North and theending the dispute between the North and the
SouthSouth
Along with Madison, was the best versed of theAlong with Madison, was the best versed of the
framers in the study of political economy, andframers in the study of political economy, and
understood the central problem of dualunderstood the central problem of dual
sovereignty, nation and state.sovereignty, nation and state.
Fought hard for the ratification of theFought hard for the ratification of the
Constitution, leading Pennsylvania at itsConstitution, leading Pennsylvania at its
ratifying convention to become the secondratifying convention to become the second
state to accept the document.state to accept the document.
8. Roger ShermanRoger Sherman
He proposed the dual system ofHe proposed the dual system of
congressional representation, which wascongressional representation, which was
adopted.adopted.
While in Congress, he had drafted aWhile in Congress, he had drafted a
series of amendments which would haveseries of amendments which would have
given that body the power to levygiven that body the power to levy
imposts, to establish a supreme courtimposts, to establish a supreme court
and make laws binding on all the peopleand make laws binding on all the people
Helped draft the New Jersey Plan, aHelped draft the New Jersey Plan, a
proposal that was favored by smallproposal that was favored by small
states as it gave equal representation tostates as it gave equal representation to
all states with the new governmentall states with the new government
Prime mover behind the ConnecticutPrime mover behind the Connecticut
Compromise, the basis for the GreatCompromise, the basis for the Great
Compromise which solved the problemCompromise which solved the problem
of representationof representation
Favored an executive dominated by theFavored an executive dominated by the
legislature and the election of congressmenlegislature and the election of congressmen
and senators in turn by the state legislaturesand senators in turn by the state legislatures
9. Ratifying the ConstitutionRatifying the Constitution
By the terms of the constitution, nine statesBy the terms of the constitution, nine states
were needed to ratify for its establishment.were needed to ratify for its establishment.
Two parties were formed once theTwo parties were formed once the
Constitution was sent out for adoption: theConstitution was sent out for adoption: the
Antifederalists, who were against theAntifederalists, who were against the
ratification, and the Federalists, whoratification, and the Federalists, who
supported it.supported it.
The Federalist Papers, a series ofThe Federalist Papers, a series of
commentaries, were published arguing for itscommentaries, were published arguing for its
ratification as public articles and letters cameratification as public articles and letters came
out disputing against it.out disputing against it.
Even after New Hampshire, the ninth state toEven after New Hampshire, the ninth state to
ratify, the advocated of the Constitutionratify, the advocated of the Constitution
realized that the new Government could notrealized that the new Government could not
succeed without the addition of New Yorksucceed without the addition of New York
and Virginia, neither of them had ratified.and Virginia, neither of them had ratified.
After the struggle for both states to acceptAfter the struggle for both states to accept
the new law, eleven states had then ratifiedthe new law, eleven states had then ratified
the Constitution, putting it into operation.the Constitution, putting it into operation.
10. John LockeJohn Locke
An English philosopher who believed that allAn English philosopher who believed that all
people have a natural right to life, liberty, andpeople have a natural right to life, liberty, and
propertyproperty
InIn Two Treatises on Civil GovernmentTwo Treatises on Civil Government he wrotehe wrote
that government is based on an agreement, orthat government is based on an agreement, or
contract, between the people and the ruler.contract, between the people and the ruler.
His arguments concerning liberty and theHis arguments concerning liberty and the
theory social contract influenced the Foundingtheory social contract influenced the Founding
Fathers of the U.S.Fathers of the U.S.
Locke believe that the original state of natureLocke believe that the original state of nature
was happy and characterized by reason andwas happy and characterized by reason and
tolerancetolerance
Believed that in that state all people were equalBelieved that in that state all people were equal
and independent and none had a right to harmand independent and none had a right to harm
another’s “life, health, liberty, or possessions.”another’s “life, health, liberty, or possessions.”
11. Baron de MontesquieuBaron de Montesquieu
French political thinker during the EnlightenmentFrench political thinker during the Enlightenment
who’s theory of separation of powers inspired thewho’s theory of separation of powers inspired the
framers of the U.S. Constitutionframers of the U.S. Constitution
InIn The Spirit of the LawsThe Spirit of the Laws he stated that powers ofhe stated that powers of
government should be separated and balancedgovernment should be separated and balanced
against each other, which would keep any oneagainst each other, which would keep any one
person or group from having too much powerperson or group from having too much power
The powers of government should also be clearlyThe powers of government should also be clearly
defined and limited to prevent misuse.defined and limited to prevent misuse.
It was his philosophy that “government should beIt was his philosophy that “government should be
set up so that no man need be afraid of another”set up so that no man need be afraid of another”
that influenced the drafters of the Constitution tothat influenced the drafters of the Constitution to
divide the federal government into three separatedivide the federal government into three separate
branchesbranches
Inspired the Checks and Balances systemInspired the Checks and Balances system
12. Annotated ResourcesAnnotated Resources
Appleby, Joyce, Alan Brinkley, and James McPherson. The AmericanAppleby, Joyce, Alan Brinkley, and James McPherson. The American
Journey Building A Nation. 1st ed. NY, NY: McGraw-Hill, 2000.Journey Building A Nation. 1st ed. NY, NY: McGraw-Hill, 2000.
I used bits of information from this book in all my slides. This source helped me learn much onI used bits of information from this book in all my slides. This source helped me learn much on
this standard. I used most of it on James Madison and some of the compromises such as Thethis standard. I used most of it on James Madison and some of the compromises such as The
Great Compromise and the Three-Fifths Compromise.Great Compromise and the Three-Fifths Compromise.
Wales, Jimmy. "Gouverneur Morris."Wales, Jimmy. "Gouverneur Morris." WikipediaWikipedia. 2001. Wikipedia. 17 May. 2001. Wikipedia. 17 May
2006 <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gouverneur_Morris>.2006 <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gouverneur_Morris>.
I looked up information on Gouverneur Morris here. It helped me more on the slide of GouverneurI looked up information on Gouverneur Morris here. It helped me more on the slide of Gouverneur
Morris. I used this and many other articles on almost all of the people that I described. It helpedMorris. I used this and many other articles on almost all of the people that I described. It helped
me learn more of each person’s contribution of to the Constitution.me learn more of each person’s contribution of to the Constitution.
Wright, Robert K.. “GEORGE WASHINGTON."Wright, Robert K.. “GEORGE WASHINGTON." Soldier-Statesmen of theSoldier-Statesmen of the
ConstitutionConstitution. 11 Aug 2000. Center of Military History. 15 May 2006. 11 Aug 2000. Center of Military History. 15 May 2006
<http://www.army.mil/cmh-<http://www.army.mil/cmh- pg/books/RevWar/ss/washington.htm>.pg/books/RevWar/ss/washington.htm>.
I could not find much information on the impact of George Washington on the Constitution, but II could not find much information on the impact of George Washington on the Constitution, but I
found most of my information on this web page. I also used this website for many of my otherfound most of my information on this web page. I also used this website for many of my other
slides. This helped me learn more about some of the delegates of the Constitutional Convention.slides. This helped me learn more about some of the delegates of the Constitutional Convention.