1. 3D printing
The Manufacturing Revolution
Team Crocs
Fernando Comenge
Irina Gruzdeva
Dirk Nuber
Max Sauvageau
Francisca Zanoguera

2. Technology
WHAT IS “3D PRINTING” OR “ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING”?
3D printing is an additive method to manufacture objects, in contrast with traditional methods which are
subtractive. This, together with the fine resolution of 3D printers, allow to build objects that could not exist
otherwise.
HOW DOES IT WORK?
Download
Product Data Customize to Send Object
information to a manufactured
• From CAD files your own (desktop or shop
preference in the machine
floor)machine
In 3D printing materials (metal and ceramic powders, thermoplastics, alloy metals, paper, plaster, etc.) are
thinly layered to build the object as determined by cross-sections of a 3D computer model.
WHAT CAN BE MANUFACTURED WITH 3D PRINTING?
Product is build layer by layer (from 4 microns to 10 millimeters thick), allowing to:
Build all sizes of objects
Build highly complex objects

3. Current technology options
Additive technologies Base materials
Selective laser sintering (SLS) Thermoplastics, metals powders, ceramic powders
Direct metal laser sintering (DMLS) Almost any alloy metal
Fused deposition modeling (FDM) Thermoplastics, eutectic metals
Stereolithography (SLA) Photopolymer
Laminated object manufacturing Paper, foil, plastic film
(LOM)
Electron beam melting (EBM) Titanium alloys
Powder bed and inkjet head 3d Plaster, Colored Plaster
printing
Plaster-based 3D printing (PP)

4. The Players CUSTOMER
(Professional or Domestic)
C
U 3D MODELLING SOFTWARE 3D PRINTING SERVICES
S COMPANIES COMPANIES
T • Creation of CAD files • Focus: hobbyists, designers, engineers,
O inventors, artists
M • Customized and on-demand products
I O
Z U
E T
D S
O
U
I R
N C
- 3D PRINTERS COMPANIES E
H D
• Focus: hobbyist, educational, industry
O • sell of raw materials
U FINAL
S PRODUCT
E

5. Current B2B & B2C applications
Architects and In-house Design Art and
End Use Parts
Development (ornamental Fashion, Jewelry
Manufacturing
Modeling subjects). Design .
Industrial and Academics and Medicine and
Automobile
Mechanical Design Education Stomatology
Industry
& Prototyping
B2B B2C
Design
Industries

6. Business impact
IMPACT ON MANUFACTURING PRACTICES
Additive vs. traditional subtractive manufacturing implies: vs
o Just-in-time
o Less/no inventory
o Order in bulk
o Economies of scale disappear, everything becomes customizable
o Reduces waste, moulding residual
o No need for assembly (complex pieces are built already assembled)
o Manufacturing becomes local
IMPACT ON CURRENT BUSINESS MODELS
o Opportunities as much for mature companies (HEwlett-Packard, Canon, Kodak) to rejuvenate operations
o Disruptive for actual players like AMZN: no need to get spare parts delivered at home
o Disruptive for home improvement stores: big push for DIY
o Each part of object can be just catalogued instead of mass produced: when part breaks user goes on maker
website, enters makes & models of machines, types in serial number of broken part, obtains the blue print,
uploads in the printer, "prints" the new part, then install the new part. Or even just print a new machine!

7. The manufacturing revolution
3D printing can bypass most of the manufacturing
value chain
2012
Design Material sourcing Prototyping Manufacturing Distribution
•Impossible •“Printable” •Faster product •Economies of •Distribution is
designs become materials cycles scale become bypassed once
possible become more •Labor and less relevant everyone can
valuable materials cost •Labor costs print at home
•New businesses reductions reduction
sell ready-for- (manufacturing
print materials and assembly)
Online design store
3D printing will make manufacturing costs go down dramatically:
• Reduces need for assembly as complex, fully-assembled designs can be printed directly
• Eliminates prototyping costs and initial set up costs
• Eliminates material spoilage (as compared to subtractive methods)
• Reduces inventories
• Eliminates distribution costs

8. Supply Chain Revolution
OLD
NEW

9. A world full of 3D printers
From To Consequences
• Manufacturing • Manufacturing becoming • Emerging countries will
delocalization to emerging fully local and automated. need to find other income
Macroeconomics countries. sources.
• High transaction costs. • International tensions?
• Value in manufacturing and • Value in raw materials, • Manufacturing and
distribution. design, high-tech products distribution companies will
Value chain • Customization is expensive. and services. have to quickly adapt or
• Customization is cheap. will disappear.
• Innovation restricted to • Open source innovation. • Major technological leap
professionals with access to • Online communities co- forward.
Technology prototyping technology. developing new product and • Major applications and
technologies. innovations that we cannot
imagine today.
• Go shopping to choose • Online search for designs • Information search
objects. (find a needle in a haystack). services needed more than
• Lot of time spent physically • Time spent browsing designs ever (e.g. Google).
moving from shop to shop. online. • Those companies now also
Information know what we own/make.

10. Tomorrow… Everyone will be able to
play on a Stradivarius…
We will travel in 3D printed, transparent
airplanes…
…and finding
replacement organs will
not be a problem any
more
… and in 3D-printed cars…
…and will live in 3D-printed houses with
3D-printed furniture

11. Challenges and limitations
• Economies:
– economic value of things produced in 3D printers.
– economy of scale for printers?
– Additional step e.g. production of titanium powder
– Slow and complicated process – low level of automation
• Next automation step in manufacturing
– Job losses: Labor intense steps rationalize (e.g. foundries)
– Training of workers in new fields (3D modeling, rendering,
programming)
– Assembly remains as is (e.g. cars) but with changes
• Complex and perfectly accurate structures reduce e.g. weight but also
don't leave margins for errors.
• Need for completely new fields of material sciences: find printable
materials which replace conventional materials with same
characteristics
• Challenge: Shift from conventional modeling to software modeling:
Different requirements, loss of “touchy feeling”
• Loss of artistic areas of modeling: need for computer design know-how
• Resistance of conventional manufacturing industry

12. Risks
• Health impact
– fine powders
• New and unknown characteristics of materials:
– Material science unknown
– Durability, strength, hardness?
– Quality control in complex structures
• Weapons: no limits?
• Ethical issues: organ printing
• New levels of Piracy: patent right violations of designs and
products
• Security:
– Can everybody produce any key. Are locks safe at all any
more?
– Current example: skimming of ATM's with 3D printed tools
– Identity theft: finger print scanners or retina scans. Accurate
imitations possible?

13. Conclusions
o 3D-printing will change the world at least as much as the Internet has
changed it
o The current manufacturing business model will soon become obsolete
which will imply:
o important disruptions to the economy of emerging countries and therefore to
the world economy
o manufacturing will go local again
o The democratization of manufacturing will stimulate major leaps forward
in technology:
o as more people will have easy access to design and experimentation (open-
source manufacturing)
o additive manufacturing brings the possibility to create new material structures
that were previously not possible
o new applications/consequences that we cannot yet imagine today
o As the world starts to change, major business opportunities will arise

14. Appendix

15. 3D PRINTER BRANDS
Product
Company Price range Focus Max build size (in) Website
line
Hobbyist,
$10,000 - $80,000 Educational, 11 models 21.7" x 15.5" x 11.8" http://printin3d.com
Industry
Educational, http://dimensionprinting.c
$15,000 - $30,000 5 models 10" x 10" x 12"
Industry om
http://www.eos.info/en/h
$35,000 - $100,000 Industry 6 models 28.3" x 14.9" x 14.9"
ome.html
Educational,
$20,000 - $60,000 9 models 19" x 15" x 8" http://objet.com
Industry
10.75" x 10.75" x
$800 - $2,500 Hobbyist 2 models http://bitsfrombytes.com
7.25"
$1,300 - $2,500 Hobbyist 1 model 3.8" x 4.3" x 4.5" http://makerbots.com
$800 - $1,500 Hobbyist 3 models 5.5" x 5.5" x 5.25" http://pp3dp.com
Educational,
$2,500 - $6,500 4 models 36" x 24" x 36" http://fortus.com
Industry
$1,100 - $1,400 Hobbyist 2 models 8" x 8" x 5.5" http://botmill.com
Educational, http://uprint3dprinting.co
$16,000 - $21,000 2 models 8" x 6" x 6"
Small Business m
Source: https://3dprinterhub.com

16. 3D SOFTWARE
Power # File OS
Company Price Support Website
Versatility Formats Compatibility
Documentation
http://usa.autodes
$3,500 Top-of-the-line , Forum, 3rd 38 Windows, Mac
k.com/3ds-max
Party Tutorials
Windows, Mac http://www.rhino3
$300-$1000 Very strong Wiki, Blog 30
(beta) d.com
Forum/Blog, Windows, Mac, http://sketchup.go
Free - $100 Moderate 2
Free Tutorials Linux/Wine ogle.com
Windows, Mac,
Strong http://www.blende
Free Basic-Moderate 18 Linux, Free
Community r.org
BSD
$4000- Extensive Windows, Mac, http://usa.autodes
Top-of-the-line 36
$6000 Documentation Linux k.com/autocad/
Free tutorials, standard Window, Mac http://www.alibre.
$200 Moderate
paid support .STL (w/emulator) com
standard https://tinkercad.c
Free Basic FAQs Browser-based
.STL om
standard http://www.3dtin.c
Free Basic Community Browser-based
.STL om
Source: https://3dprinterhub.com

17. Information sources
http://www.forbes.com/sites/parmyolson/2012/07/11/airbus-explores-a-future-where-planes-are-built-with-giant-3d-printers/
http://www.bbc.com/news/technology-15007018
http://www.3dprinter.net/a-printable-house-in-the-forests-of-denmark
http://www.explainingthefuture.com/bioprinting.html