1. Principles & steps of Statistical
Analysis
‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫تو ا‬ ‫ا‬
Dr. Eyas . G . A .Rahim
‫ا‬ ‫د. ا س‬
2/7 /2007
School of Economics
Sharq Elnile University
Sudan
Dr.eyas.gaffar@gmail.com
eyazza2006@yahoo.com

2. Data
‫ا‬
Variables
Estimation
Statistics

3. Time series' data Cross-section data

4. variables
Quantitative variables

5. Estimation stage

6. d=z or t*SE
d=z or t* σ/√n
margin of error d
Level of confidence Z or t
Standard error SE
Standard deviation σ
Sample size n
So t w o factors determining t he margin of error are:
1- Variability
2- sample design

7. variability
Sample size Type of sample

9. ‫ا‬statistics statistics
Mean Proportion
Standard Deviation Mode
Frequency table -
Variance cross tabulation
Range C hi-square -
correlation coefficient ®
determination coefficient (R2
Graphs
Graphs
Histogram Bar chart
Normal curve Pie chart
Scatter plot
SPSS

10. Null
P.v>α Hypothesis
-Z test
-T test
-F (ANOV
A) test
-X² test
P.v≤α
Alternative
Hypothesis

11. Varia
b les
Estimation
Statistics
Testing
s
lysi ation
Ana sent
Re pre
&

12. firstly secondly
Statistical concepts Statistic use &meaningful
thirdly
Analysis & Representation

13. Cross-section Data analysis is used to
give a parsimonious summary
of patterns of relations between variables in the survey dataset