Clauses of contrast and purpose

1. CLAUSES OF CONTRAST AND
PURPOSE

2. ALTHOUGH, EVEN THOUGH
ALTHOUGH, EVEN THOUGH can be used
at the beginning or in the middle of a
sentence.
EVEN THOUGH is used to express a big
contrast.
Ex.: Although/even though our teacher is
very boring, we still love English.
Ex.: We still love English although/even
though/ our teacher is very boring.

3. THOUGH
• It is informal, only used in the middle
of the clause
• Ex.: We still love English although/even
though/ though/ our teacher is very
boring.
• BUT SOMETIMES, though
goes at the end as a comment
adverb:
• Ex.: The teacher is nice- a bit
boring, though.

4. DESPITE / IN SPITE OF
IN SPITE OF
DESPITE +NOUN PHRASE/ V-ing:
Ex.: In spite of/despite our terrible teacher, we
still love English.
Ex.: In spite of having a terrible teacher, we
still love English.

5. DESPITE THE FACT THAT /
IN SPITE OF THE FACT THAT
IN SPITE OF THE FACT THAT
DESPITE THE FACT THAT + subject + verb:
Ex.: Despite the fact we have a terrible
teacher, we still love English.

6. SUMMING UP

7. Other ways of expressing contrast
• BUT usually preceded by a comma:
Ex.: We like English, but our teacher is
boring.
• HOWEVER, NEVERTHELESS (more
formal), at the beginning of the sentence,
followed by a comma
Ex.: The teacher seemed nice. Nevertheless, there
was something in him she didn’t trust.

8. CLAUSES OF PURPOSE
TO / IN ORDER TO / SO AS TO + INF
Ex.: I’m doing this course to improve my
English.
in order to, so as to+ infinitive (more formal):
I am doing this course in order to/so as to
improve my English
NEGATIVES: in order not to, so as not to:
Ex.:The company is making workers
redundant in order not to go bankrupt

9. CLAUSES OF PURPOSE
FOR + NOUN
Ex. I went to the bank for a meeting
FOR + -ING (To describe the general purpose
of something)
Ex. This liquid is for cleaning metal
This knife is for cutting cheese
I used the butter knife to open the letter

10. CLAUSES OF PURPOSE
SO THAT + CAN/COULD /WILL / WOULD
(the subject is different)
Ex.: The teacher has prepared this
presentation so that the students can
learn better.
Also: when the subject is different:
IN ORDER FOR +object+infinitive with TO:
Ex. The teacher has prepared this
presentation in order for the students to
learn better.