This document discusses burns and frostbite, including: 1) It defines burns as damaged tissue caused by heat, chemicals, electricity, sunlight, or radiation and describes first, second, and third degree burns. 2) It provides first aid instructions for heat burns, chemical burns, and electrical burns, such as running cool water over the affected area, stopping contact with the chemical, and not interfering if electrical current cannot be stopped. 3) It also discusses frostbite, describing prevention, signs of first, second and third degree frostbite, and first aid steps like sheltering the victim and avoiding refreezing or rubbing affected areas.

1. BURNS
&
FROSTBITE
Assist. Prof. Hülya Akan, M.D.
Yeditepe University Medical Faculty
Department of Family Medicine

3. BURNS
A burn is damaged
tissue caused by
heat, chemicals,
electricity, sunlight, or
nuclear radiation.
Burns can be caused by dry heat (like fire),
wet heat (such as steam or hot liquids),
radiation, friction, heated objects, the sun,
electricity, or chemicals.

4. TYPES OF BURNS
PHYSICAL
- Heat
- Electricity
- Radiation
- Friction
- Freezing
CHEMICAL
- Acid and alkali chemicals

5. FACTORS AFFECTING THE
SEVERITY OF BURNS
Depth
Extension
Region
The risk of infection
Age
Harm to airways
Previous diseases

6. Definition
There are three levels of burns:
First-degree burns affect only the outer layer of
the skin. They cause pain, redness, and
swelling.
Second-degree burns affect both the outer and
underlying layer of skin. They cause pain,
redness, swelling, and blistering.
Third-degree burns extend into deeper tissues.
They cause white or blackened, charred skin
that may be numb.

7. The First degree burns
The First degree burns damage the outer layer of skin (epidermis)
and cause pain, redness and swelling (erythema).

8. Mild, or first degree burns cause
only reddening of the epidermis
(outer layer of the skin), as seen
in this photograph.

9. Second degree burns damage the epidermis and the inner layer,
the dermis, causing erythema and blistering.

10. Burn, Blister - Close-Up
Second degree burns
produce blistering, as
seen here.

11. Damage from third degree burns extend into the hypodermis,
causing destruction of the full thickness of skin with its nerve
supply (numbness). Third degree burns leave scars and may cause loss of
function and/or sensation.

14. NEGATIVE AFFECTS OF BURNS
According to depth, extensiveness and
region it causes organ dysfunction and
failure. Due to pain and loss of water it
causes shock. Due to the microorganisms
which found on the patient/victims own
body, infections occur.

15. Children under age 4 and adults over
age 60 have a higher chance of
complications and death from severe
burns.
Burns to the head, neck, chest,
and groin are the most dangerous.

16. FIRST AID IN HEAT BURNS
If person is still
burning, prevent
panic and STOP him/
her
Cover the
patient/victim with a
blanket and ROLL
over and over and
over,

17. Check the vital signs ABC
Check if the air ways are affected.
Run cool water over the burn area for at least
20 MINUTES ( if the burn is very extensive
don’t do, because of loss of heat)
Think about edema, so take off rings,
bracelets, watches etc
Take the clothes of without peeling the skin.

18. Take care of hygiene and cleanness
Don’t burst the blisters
Don’t put anything on the burned area
Cover with dry, nonstick, sterile dressing,
keep area clean

19. Cover the patient/victim with a blanket
Don’t bandage the burned areas together
If the burned area is large and the medical
aid will be late and if the person is
conciouss, give some water to prevent
dehydration: 1 litre water,1 teaspoon
carbonate,1 teaspoon salt
Call 112

20. Minor Burn First Aid -
Series: Procedure, part 1
To treat a minor
burn, run cool
water over the
area of the burn
or soak it in a
cool water bath
(not ice water).
Keep the area
submerged for at
least 5 minutes

21. Minor Burn First Aid - Series:
Procedure, part 2
After flushing or soaking
for several minutes, cover
the burn with a sterile
bandage or a clean cloth.
Over the counter pain
medications, such as
ibuprofen or
acetaminophen, may be
used to help relieve the
pain. Minor burns will
usually heal without
further treatment

23. First Aid In Chemical Burns
Stop the contact of the chemical with the
skin as soon is possible
Rinse the area with water 15-20 minutes
gently
Take the clothes off
Cover the patient/victim
Call 112

25. First Aid In Electrical Burns
Be quite and calm
Stop the electrical current before touching the
patient/victim
If there is no possibilty to stop the current, cut
the electrical contact with a wooden rod or fiber
Do not interfere to the person with WATER
Check the ABC of the patient/victim
Do not move the patient/victim
Cover the damaged area
Call 112

26. Burns: Do Not
DO NOT apply ointment, butter, ice, medications, fluffy cotton
dressing, adhesive bandages, cream, oil spray, or any household
remedy to a burn. This can interfere with proper healing.
DO NOT allow the burn to become contaminated. Avoid
breathing or coughing on the burn.
DO NOT disturb blistered or dead skin.
DO NOT remove clothing that is stuck to the skin.
DO NOT give the person anything by mouth, if there is a severe
burn.
DO NOT immerse a severe burn in cold water. This can cause
shock.
DO NOT place a pillow under the person's head if there is an
airway burn and he or she is lying down. This can close the
airway.

27. HEAT STROKE
High temperatures and humidity results
uncontrolled body heat. The signs of heat
stroke:
- Muscle cramps
- Tiredness
- Vertigo, dizziness
- Behavioural disorders, anxiety
- Pale and warm skin

28. HEAT STROKE
- Sweating (later on decreases)
- Stomach cramps
- Nausea, vomiting
- Loss of consiousness, day dreams
- Rapid pulse

29. FİRST AID IN HEAT STROKE
Take the patient cool and airfresh place
Take the clothes off
Lay down back and elevate arms and legs
If conciouss and no vomiting, to replace
salt and water loss give 1 liter water- 1
teaspoon baking powder- 1 teaspoon salt
mixture or soda

30. RISK GROUPS IN HEAT STROKE
Cardiac patients
Hypertensive patients
Diabetic patients
Cancer patients
Very low or very high body weight
Physcologic or physciatric patients
Nephrology patients
Over 65 yrs old
Younger than 5 yrs old
Pregnants
Contionous and unconciouss diet
People who does not drink enough water

31. PREVENTION IN HOT SUMMER
DAYS
Appropiate accessories like sun glasses,
umbrella, hat to protect from sun light
Light dresses appropiate with climate
Drink lots of water
Regular and enough meal portions
Not use unnecessary and non-prescribed drugs
Do not exposure to direct sun light
Refresh air in closed areas regularly

32. Frostbite

33. Frostbite
Frostbite is the freezing of
a part of the body, most
often the nose, ears,
cheeks, fingers or toes.
Because of extreme cold,
blood can’t circulate to
the affected area and
tissue harm occurs due to
coagulation of the blood
in the affected area.

34. Frostbite
Alternate Names :
Cold Exposure -
Extremities

35. Frostbite
FIRST DEGREE
- Mildest form, with early intervention heals quickly
- There is paleness of skin and sensation of cold
- There is numbness and weakness
- Later on redness and tingling sensation
SECOND DEGREE
- With increasing length of time the signs become more prominent
- Feeling of stretching on the affected area
- Edema, swelling, pain and blisters
- When healing blistres turn to black crusts

36. THIRD DEGREE
- Irreversible damage of tissues
- There is a black area with clear cut
margins form healthy skin

37. Frostbite: Prevention
Be aware of factors that can contribute to
frostbite, such as extreme cold, wet clothes,
high winds, and poor circulation. This can be
caused by tight clothing or boots, cramped
positions, fatigue, certain medications,
smoking, alcohol use, or diseases that affect
the blood vessels, such as diabetes.

38. Frostbite: First Aid
Shelter the victim from the cold and move
the victim to a warmer place.
Keep the patient/victim calm
Do not move the patient/victim
Remove any constricting jewellery and wet
clothing. Cover with dry dressings and give
some hot liquids. Put dressings between
frostbitten fingers or toes to keep them
separated.
Do not burst the blisters

39. Frostbite: First Aid
Do not rub the affected area
Keep the hands and feet in natural
position
After warming if there is still numbness,
wrap the affected area
Elevate arms and legs
Call 112

40. Frostbite: Do Not
DO NOT thaw out a frostbitten area if it cannot
be kept thawed. Refreezing may make tissue
damage even worse.
DO NOT use direct dry heat (such as a radiator,
campfire, heating pad, or hair dryer) to thaw the
frostbitten areas. Direct heat can burn the
tissues that are already damaged.
DO NOT rub or massage the affected area.
DO NOT disturb blisters on frostbitten skin.
DO NOT smoke or drink alcoholic beverages
during recovery as both can interfere with blood
circulation.