1. England and the Glorious Revolution

2.  Causes
 Hostilities between different provinces of the
Kingdom
 Unresolved religious animosities between
Catholics and Protestants
 Struggles for power between competing branches
of the aristocracy
 A fiscal system that could not keep pace with
with the increasing costs of government

3.  1590’s increasing government debt during final years of
Elizabeth’s reign
 Antiquated taxation system in which nobility paid few taxes
 Expenses of war with Spain
 Widespread crop failures
 Rebellion in Ireland
 James Stuart (James VI of Scotland) and Elizabeth’s cousin
named King 1603
 Elizabeth did not finally settle the question of her successor
until just before she died
 James I had little support at Court
 Rather than tax nobility or bargain over taxation in Parliament,
James I taxed commerce
 Conflicts between Anglicans and Calvinist (Puritans)
 Plantation of Ulster 1603 and 1609: Transplantation of more
than 8,000 Scottish Calvinists in Ulster (Northern Ireland) and
took property and rights away from Roman Catholics

4. James I of England, Daniel
Matyns, 1621, National
Portrait Gallery, London

5.  Reigned from 1625 to 1649
 Married Henrietta Maria daughter of Louis XIII
of France (Roman Catholic)
 Renewed war with Spain in 1626
 Favored Anglicans over Calvinists within
Church of England
 Scots rebelled in 1640
 Scottish army invades England demanding end of
Charles’s Catholic Reforms
 Charles required to call Parliament
 Petition of Right (1628)

6. Charles I of England, Anthony van Dyck
1636, Royal Collection

7.  Defined “Rights and Liberties of Englishmen”
 No Englishman could be forced to provide the
King a loan or pay a tax without an act of
Parliament
 No person should be imprisoned or detained
unless a cause is shown
 Soldiers cannot be housed in private homes
without permission
 Summary military proceedings cannot be brought
against citizens
 Collaboration between Houses of Commons and
Lords against the King

9.  Charles attempted to govern England without
Parliament but was forced to recall
Parliament when the Scots invaded in 1640
 Calvinists in Parliament sided with Scots and
stalemate lasted till 1642
 Charles marched his own guards into
Parliament intending to arrest Parliament’s
leaders
 Charles was defeated

10.  Charles recruited supporters from among the
Aristocracy (Cavaliers)
 Merchants and Tradesmen who were mostly
Calvinist supported Parliament. They were
called Roundheads because they cut their hair
 English Civil War 1642-1646.
 Roundheads won
 Reformed church of England
 Oliver Cromwell led radical Protestants
 Restorationists favored restoring Charles to power and
imposing a uniform Calvinist religion on England and
Scotland

11.  1648 Charles led another campaign to defeat
the Roundheads but was forced to surrender
 Cromwell resolved to execute “Man of
Blood”
 Ejected all moderates who opposed executing
the English King from Parliament
 Rump Parliament tried Charles I for “treason
against his subjects.”
 Charles beheaded on January 30, 1649

13.  1649 House of Lords abolished
 England declared commonwealth
 Power of Parliament vs. Power of Military
 Oliver Cromwell dissolved Parliament in 1653
 Ruled as “Lord Protector” according to Instrument of
Government (in reality a written constitution)
 Office of Lord Protector was hereditary
 Offices of “Triers” and “Ejectors” decided who was
“suitable” to be a parish minister or a schoolteacher.
 Divided England into 15 military districts governed by 15
Major Generals (called “Godly Governors”) answered only
to Cromwell.
 Died in 1658 (malaria and kidney infection)
 30 January 1661, body exhumed and he was
posthumously executed
 His head was displayed on a pike until 1665

14. Oliver Cromwell
By Samuel Cooper
National Portrait
Gallery, London

15.  Prohibition of public recreation on Sunday
 Closing of London’s theatres
 Public punishment for “sins”
 Women were primary targets of public
punishment

16. Scold’s Bridle

17. Shrew’s Fiddle

18.  Following Cromwell’s death in 1658, George
Monck (Scottish Military Governor) restored
Parliament.
 Parliament recognized Charles II (Son of Charles
I) as king.
 Charles II was living in the court of his cousin
Louis XIV of France.
 Power was exercised by “The King in Parliament”
indicating England had become a Constitutional
Monarchy.
 Power of king is derived through a written document
that is agreed to by those who are governed.
 Who may have a say in how they are governed is
continually debated.

19.  ReligiousLiberty
 Letters Concerning Toleration (1689-1692)
 Earthly judges—particularly the government—
cannot dependably evaluate the truth-claims of
competing religious standpoints.
 Even if they could, enforcing a single “true
religion” would not be possible because belief
cannot be compelled by violence.
 Coercing religious uniformity leads to more
social disorder than permitting diversity.

20.  1789 Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom,
Fredericksburg, Virginia
 That the impious presumption of legislators and rulers, civil as well as
ecclesiastical, who, being themselves but fallible and uninspired men
have assumed dominion over the faith of others, setting up their own
opinions and modes of thinking as the only true and infallible, and as
such endeavouring to impose them on others, hath established and
maintained false religions over the greatest part of the world and
through all time;
 That to compel a man to furnish contributions of money for the
propagation of opinions which he disbelieves is sinful and tyrannical;
 That our civil rights have no dependence on our religious opinions any
more than our opinions in physics or geometry,
 That therefore the proscribing any citizen as unworthy the public
confidence, by laying upon him an incapacity of being called to offices
of trust and emolument, unless he profess or renounce this or that
religious opinion, is depriving him injuriously of those privileges and
advantages, to which, in common with his fellow citizens, he has a
natural right,

21.  That it tends only to corrupt the principles of that very Religion it is meant to
encourage, by bribing with a monopoly of worldly honours and emoluments those
who will externally profess and conform to it;
 That it is time enough for the rightful purposes of civil government, for its officers
to interfere when principles break out into overt acts against peace and good order;
 And finally, that Truth is great, and will prevail if left to herself, that she is the
proper and sufficient antagonist to error, and has nothing to fear from the conflict,
unless by human interposition disarmed of her natural weapons free argument and
debate, errors ceasing to be dangerous when it is permitted freely to contradict
them:
 Be it enacted by General Assembly that no man shall be compelled to frequent or
support any religious worship, place, or ministry whatsoever, nor shall be
enforced, restrained, molested, or burdened in his body or goods, nor shall
otherwise suffer on account of his religious opinions or belief, but that all men
shall be free to profess, and by argument to maintain, their opinions in matters
of Religion, and that the same shall in no wise diminish, enlarge or affect their
civil capacities. And though we well know that this Assembly elected by the
people for the ordinary purposes of Legislation only, have no power to restrain
the acts of succeeding Assemblies constituted with powers equal to our own, and
that therefore to declare this act irrevocable would be of no effect in law; yet
we are free to declare, and do declare that the rights hereby asserted, are of
the natural rights of mankind, and that if any act shall be hereafter passed to
repeal the present or to narrow its operation, such act will be an infringement of
natural right.

22.  Congress shall make no law respecting an
establishment of religion, or prohibiting the
free exercise thereof; or abridging the
freedom of speech, or of the press; or the
right of the people peaceably to assemble,
and to petition the Government for a redress
of grievances.