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Trenching Safety Training by State of Georgia
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Risk Management Services
State of Georgia
Risk Management Services
Trenching Safety Training
Department of Administrative Services
Loss Control Services
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Risk Management Services
Excavation Hazards
Cave-ins are the greatest risk
Other hazards include:
• Asphyxiation due to lack of
oxygen
• Inhalation of toxic materials
• Fire
• Moving machinery near the edge
of the excavation can cause a
collapse
• Accidental severing of
underground utility lines
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Risk Management Services
Injury and Death
• Excavating is one of the most
hazardous construction
operations.
• Most accidents occur in
trenches 5-15 feet deep.
• There is usually no warning
before a cave-in.
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Risk Management Services
Definitions
• Excavation – a man-made cut, cavity, trench, or
depression formed by earth removal.
• Trench – a narrow excavation. The depth is greater
than the width, but not wider than 15 feet.
• Shield – a structure able to withstand a cave-in and
protect employees.
• Shoring – a structure that supports the sides of an
excavation and protects against cave-ins.
• Sloping – a technique that employs a specific angle
of incline on the sides of the excavation. The angle
varies based on assessment of impacting site factors.
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Focus of Training
The greatest risk at an excavation
How to protect employees from cave-ins
Factors that pose a hazard to employees
working in excavations
The role of a competent person at an
excavation site
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Protection of Employees
Employees should be protected from
cave-ins by using an adequately designed
protective system.
Protective systems must be able to resist all
expected loads to the system.
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Requirements for Protective Systems
A well-designed protective system includes:
Correct design of sloping and benching systems
and
Correct design of support systems, shield
systems, and other protective systems
Plus
Appropriate handling of materials and equipment
Plus
Attention to correct installation and removal
Equals
Protection of employees at excavations
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Design of Protective Systems
The employer shall select and construct:
▪ slopes and configurations of sloping and benching
systems
▪ support systems, shield systems, and other
protective systems
• Shield – can be permanent or portable. Also
known as a trench box or trench shield.
• Shoring – such as metal hydraulic, mechanical or
timber shoring system that supports the sides.
• Sloping – form sides of an excavation that are
inclined away from the excavation.
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Risk Management Services
Protect Employees Exposed to
Potential Cave-ins
• Slope or bench the sides of
the excavation;
• Support the sides of the
excavation; or
• Place a shield between the
side of the excavation and
the work area.
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Inadequate Protective System
This worker is in a
trench with no
protective system,
that is not sloped or
benched and has no
means of egress.
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Factors Involved in Designing a Protective System
• Soil classification
• Depth of cut
• Water content of soil
• Changes due to weather
and climate
• Other operations in the
vicinity
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Shoring
• General
▪ Provides a framework to work in
▪ Uses wales, cross braces and uprights
▪ Supports excavation walls
• OSHA tables provide shoring data
▪ Must know soil type
▪ Must know depth and width of excavation
▪ Must be familiar with the OSHA Tables
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Risk Management Services
Hydraulic Trench Support
• Using hydraulic jacks, the
operator can easily drop
the system into the hole.
• Once in place, hydraulic
pressure is increased to
keep the forms in place.
• Trench pins are installed
in case of hydraulic failure.
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Risk Management Services
Materials and Equipment
• Equipment used for protective
systems must not have damage
or defects that impair function.
• If equipment is damaged, the
competent person must examine
it to see if it is suitable for
continued use.
• If not suitable, remove it from
service until a professional
engineer approves it for use.
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Risk Management Services
Protection from Vehicles
• Install barricades
• Hand/mechanical signals
• Stop logs
• Grade soil away from excavation
• Fence or barricade trenches left
overnight
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Spoils
• Don’t place spoils within 2
feet from the edge of the
excavation.
• Measure from the nearest
part of the spoil to the
excavation edge.
• Place spoils so rainwater
runs away from the
excavation.
• Place spoil well away from
the excavation.
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Other Excavation Hazards
Water accumulation
Oxygen deficiency
Toxic fumes
Access/Egress
Falls
Mobile equipment
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Water is Hazardous
When water is
present in an
excavation, it is
extremely hazardous
to enter.
Note that these workers are not
wearing hardhats to protect
them from materials falling into
the trench.
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Water = Cave-in Hazard
These workers must be protected from cave-in. Note the water
in the bottom of the trench. This is a very hazardous condition!
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Risk Management Services
Hazardous Atmosphere
Test excavations more than
4 feet before an employee
enters the excavation, in
this order, for:
▪ Oxygen deficiency
▪ High combustible gas
concentration
▪ High levels of other
hazardous substances
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Risk Management Services
Means of Egress
A stairway,
ladder, or ramp
must be present
in excavations
that are 4 or more
feet deep, and
within 25 feet of
the employees.
This ladder does not meet the
requirements of the standard
The ladder should extend 3 feet
above the excavation.
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Risk Management Services
Access and Egress
These two ladders
which are lashed
together are not an
adequate means of
egress.
The ladder should
extend 3 feet above
the top of the
excavation.
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Protection from Falls, Falling Loads, and
Mobile Equipment
• Install barricades.
• Use hand/mechanical signals.
• Grade soil away from excavation.
• Fence or barricade trenches left overnight.
• Use a flagger when signs, signals and barricades
are not enough protection.
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Protection from Equipment
Employees are not
allowed under loads
handled by lifting or
digging equipment.
Workers must either
stand away or otherwise
be protected from any
vehicle being loaded or
unloaded to avoid
spilling or falling
material.
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Risk Management Services
Competent Person
Must have had specific training
in and be knowledgeable about:
Soils classification
The use of protective
systems
The requirements of the
standard
Must be capable of identifying
hazards, and authorized to
immediately eliminate hazards.
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Risk Management Services
Inspections of Excavations
A competent person must
make daily inspections of
excavations, areas around
them and protective systems:
• Before work starts and as
needed;
• After rainstorms, high winds
or other occurrences which
may increase hazards; and
• When you can reasonably
anticipate an employee will
be exposed to hazards.
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Inspections of Excavations
If the competent person finds
evidence of a possible cave-
in, indications of failure of
protective systems,
hazardous atmospheres, or
other hazardous conditions:
• Exposed employees must
be removed from the
hazardous area.
• Employees may not return
until the necessary
precautions have been
taken.
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Site Evaluation Planning
Before beginning excavation:
Evaluate soil conditions.
Construct protective systems.
Test for low oxygen, hazardous
fumes and toxic gases.
Provide safe in and out access.
Contact utilities.
Determine the safety equipment
needed.
Fissure
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Summary
The greatest risk in an excavation is a cave-in.
Employees can be protected through sloping,
shielding, and shoring the excavation.
A competent person is responsible to inspect the
excavation.
Other excavation hazards include water
accumulation, oxygen deficiency, toxic fumes,
falls, and mobile equipment.
This training does not make you a “Competent
Excavation person”. Experience and training are
required.
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Risk Management Services
QUESTIONS???
Contact Information
Hiram S. Lagroon, BS
Chief Loss Control & Safety Officer
(404) 463-6309
Hiram.Lagroon@doas.ga.gov
Charles G. Lawrence, III, CSP,
REM, ARM-P
Chief Loss Control & Safety Officer
(404) 657-4457
Charles.Lawrence@doas.ga.gov
Editor's Notes
Instructor note: OSHA Standard Exemptions:
House foundation/basement excavations (including those that become trenches by definition when formwork, foundations, or walls are constructed) are exempt from the OSHA standard. The specific information regarding the interpretation of this exemption may be found on the OSHA public web site. Reference 29 CFR 1926.652.
The exemption specifies height and width for the excavation, impact of water and environmental conditions, soil and equipment factors, and operation of heavy equipment in the vicinity.
Reference 1926.650
Shield (shield system) -- a structure able to withstand a cave-in and protect employees with the structure. Shields can be permanent structure or can be designed to be portable and moved along as work progresses. Also known as trench box or trench shield.
Shoring (shoring system) -- a structure such as a metal hydraulic, mechanical or timber shoring system that supports the sides of an excavation and which is designed to prevent cave-ins.
Sloping (sloping system) -- protects employees from cave-ins by excavating to form sides of an excavation that are inclined away from the excavation to prevent cave-ins. The angle of incline varies with differences in such factors as the soil type, environmental conditions of exposure, and application of surcharge loads.
The discussion of this topic covers four main points. At the conclusion of the training, you should be able to:
1. State the greatest risk that is present at an excavation.
2. Briefly describe the three main methods for protecting employees from cave-ins.
3. Name at least three factors that pose a hazard to employees working in excavations, and at least one way
to eliminate or reduce each of the hazards.
4. Describe the role of a competent person at an excavation site.
Reference 1926.652(a)
Protective system – a method of protecting employees from cave-ins, from material that could fall or roll from an excavation face or into an excavation, or from the collapse of adjacent structures. Protective systems include support systems, sloping and benching systems, shield systems, and other systems that provide the necessary protection.
Several factors come into play when developing a total “protective system”. The design of of the system itself, how materials and equipment are handled in and around the excavation, and installation and removal of protective system components.
Reference 1926.652, 1926.652(b), 1926.652(c)
Benching -- excavating the sides of an excavation to form one or a series of horizontal levels or steps, usually with vertical or near-vertical surfaces between levels.
Shoring or shielding is used when the location or depth of the cut makes sloping back to the maximum allowable slope impractical. There are two basic types of shoring, timber and aluminum hydraulic.
Trench boxes (shielding) are different from shoring because instead of supporting the trench face, they are mostly serve to protect workers from cave-ins. The excavated area between the outside of the trench box and the face of the trench should be as small as possible. The space between the trench box and the excavation side may be backfilled (or other means may be used) to prevent lateral movement of the box. Shields may not be subjected to loads exceeding those which the system was designed to withstand. Trench boxes may be used in combination with sloping and benching.
Reference 1926.652(a)
Each employee in an excavation shall be protected from cave-ins by an adequate protective system except when:
Excavations are made entirely in stable rock; or
Excavations are less than 5 feet in depth and examination of the ground by a competent person provides no indication of a potential cave-in.
Protective systems shall have the capacity to resist without failure all loads that are intended or could reasonably be expected to be applied or transmitted to the system.
Reference 1926.652(b) Design of sloping and benching systems.
Reference 1926.652(a) and 1926.652(c)(1)
Designs for aluminum hydraulic shoring shall be in accordance with paragraph (c)(2), but if manufacturer's tabulated data cannot be utilized, designs shall be in accordance with appendix D.
Employees exposed to potential cave-ins must be protected by sloping or benching the sides of the excavation, by supporting the sides of the excavation, or by placing a shield between the side of the excavation and the work area.
1926 Subpart P Appendix D Aluminum Hydraulic Shoring for Trenches
Contains information that can be used when aluminum hydraulic shoring is provided as a method of protection against cave-ins in trenches that are not more than 20 feet deep.
Reference 1926.652(a) and (b) and (c)
1926.652(c)
The employer or his designee must select and construct designs of support systems, shield systems, and other protective systems
Trenches more than 5 feet require shoring or must have a stabilized slope
Trenches less than 5 feet - a competent person must inspect to determine that a protection system is not necessary in soils where there is no indication of a potential cave-in
In hazardous soil conditions trenches under 5 feet need protection
Reference 1926.652 (d)
Materials and equipment used for protective systems shall be free from damage or defects that might impair their proper function.
Manufactured materials and equipment used for protective systems shall be used and maintained in a manner that is consistent with the recommendations of the manufacturer, and in a manner that will prevent employee exposure to hazards.
When material or equipment that is used for protective systems is damaged, a competent person shall examine the material or equipment and evaluate its suitability for continued use. If the competent person cannot assure the material or equipment is able to support the intended loads or is otherwise suitable for safe use, then such material or equipment shall be removed from service, and shall be evaluated and approved by a registered professional engineer before being returned to service.
Reference 1926.651(f) Warning system for mobile equipment
When mobile equipment is operated adjacent to an excavation, or when such equipment is required to approach the edge of an excavation, and the operator does not have a clear and direct view of the edge of the excavation, a warning system shall be utilized such as barricades, hand or mechanical signals, or stop logs. If possible, the grade should be away from the excavation.
Reference 1926.651(j)(2)
Protect employees from materials or equipment that could fall or roll into excavations.
You may also use retaining devices that are sufficient to prevent materials or equipment from falling or rolling into excavations
1926.651(h)
Employees shall not work in excavations in which there is accumulated water, or in excavations in which water is accumulating, unless adequate precautions have been taken to protect employees against the hazards posed by water accumulation. The precautions necessary to protect employees adequately vary with each situation, but could include special support or shield systems to protect from cave-ins, water removal to control the level of accumulating water, or use of a safety harness and lifeline.
If water is controlled or prevented from accumulating by the use of water removal equipment, the water removal equipment and operations shall be monitored by a competent person to ensure proper operation.
If excavation work interrupts the natural drainage of surface water (such as streams), diversion ditches, dikes, or other suitable means shall be used to prevent surface water from entering the excavation and to provide adequate drainage of the area adjacent to the excavation.
Must also test where oxygen deficiency or a hazardous atmosphere could reasonably be expected to exist, before an employee enters the excavation.
If hazardous conditions exist, controls such as proper respiratory protection or ventilation must be provided. Also, controls used to reduce atmospheric contaminants to acceptable levels must be tested regularly.
Where adverse atmospheric conditions may exist or develop in an excavation, the employer also must provide and ensure that emergency rescue equipment, (e.g., breathing apparatus, a safety harness and line, basket stretcher, etc.) is readily available. This equipment must be attended when used.
Employees shall not be permitted to work in hazardous and/or toxic atmospheres. Such atmospheres include those with:
-- less than 19.5% oxygen,
-- a combustible gas concentration greater than 20% of the lower flammable limit, and,
-- concentrations of hazardous substance that exceed those specified in the Threshold Limit Values for airborne contaminants established by the ACGIH.
Reference 1926.651(c(1)
Structural ramps
- Structural ramps that are used solely by employees as a means of access or egress from excavations shall be designed by a competent person. Structural ramps used for access or egress of equipment shall be designed by a competent person qualified in structural design, and shall be constructed in accordance with the design.
- Ramps and runways constructed of two or more structural members shall have the structural members connected together to prevent displacement.
- Structural members used for ramps and runways shall be of uniform thickness.
- Cleats or other appropriate means used to connect runway structural members shall be attached to the bottom of the runway or shall be attached in a manner to prevent tripping.
- Structural ramps used in lieu of steps shall be provided with cleats or other surface treatments o the top surface to prevent slipping.
Reference 1926.651(c) and 1926.1053 (ladder)
Falls and Equipment
To protect employees from these hazards, OSHA requires the employer to take the following precautions:
• Keep materials or equipment that might fall or roll into an excavation at least 2 feet from the edge of excavations, or have retaining devices, or both.
• Provide warning systems such as mobile equipment, barricades, hand or mechanical signals, or stop logs, to alert operators of the edge of an excavation. If possible, keep the grade away from the excavation.
• Provide scaling to remove loose rock or soil or install protective barricades and other equivalent protection to protect employees against falling rock, soil, or materials.
• Prohibit employees from working on faces of sloped or benched excavations at levels above other employees unless employees at lower levels are adequately protected from the hazard of falling, rolling, or sliding material or equipment.
• Prohibit employees under loads that are handled by lifting or digging equipment. To avoid being struck by any spillage or falling materials, require employees to stand away from vehicles being loaded or unloaded. If cabs of vehicles provide adequate protection from falling loads during loading and unloading operations, the operators may remain in them.
Reference 1926.650(b) "Competent person"
One who is capable of identifying existing and predictable hazards in the surroundings, or working conditions which are unsanitary, hazardous, or dangerous to employees, and who has authorization to take prompt corrective measures to eliminate them.
Preamble Page 45909 – “Competent Person”
The term is used throughout existing subpart P, but was not defined within the subpart, and there were no references to the existing definition in subpart C, in the proposal, OSHA added the definition to subpart P to help those using the standard.
Reference 1926.651(k)
Daily inspections of excavations, the adjacent areas, and protective systems shall be made by a competent person for evidence of a situation that could result in possible cave-ins, indications of failure of protective systems, hazardous atmospheres, or other hazardous conditions. An inspection shall be conducted by the competent person prior to the start of work and as needed throughout the shift. Inspections shall also be made after every rainstorm or other hazard increasing occurrence. These inspections are only required when employee exposure can be reasonably anticipated.
Reference 1926.651(k)
(2) Where the competent person finds evidence of a situation that could result in a possible cave-in, indications of failure of protective systems, hazardous atmospheres, or other hazardous conditions, exposed employees shall be removed from the hazardous area until the necessary precautions have been taken to ensure their safety.
The following concerns must be addressed by a competent person:
Evaluate soil conditions [1926 Subpart P Appendix A] and select appropriate protective systems [1926 Subpart P Appendix F].
Construct protective systems in accordance with the standard requirements [1926.652].
Preplan; contact utilities (gas, electric) to locate underground lines, plan for traffic control if necessary, determine proximity to structures that could affect choice of protective system.
Test for low oxygen, hazardous fumes and toxic gases, especially when gasoline engine-driven equipment is running, or the dirt has been contaminated by leaking lines or storage tanks. Insure adequate ventilation or respiratory protection if necessary.
Provide safe access into and out of the excavation.
Provide appropriate protections if water accumulation is a problem.
Inspect the site daily at the start of each shift, following a rainstorm, or after any other hazard-increasing event.
Keep excavations open the minimum amount of time needed to complete operations.
Surface crossing of trenches should not be made unless absolutely necessary. However, if necessary, they are only permitted under the following conditions:
-- Vehicle crossings must be designed by and installed under the supervision of a registered professional engineer.
-- Walkways or bridges must:
-- have a minimum clear width of 20 inches,
-- be fitted with standard rails, and
-- extend a minimum of 24 inches past the surface edge of the trench.