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1. TrustedDB: A Trusted Hardware based Database with
Privacy and Data Confidentiality
ABSTRACT:
Traditionally, as soon as confidentiality becomes a concern, data is encrypted
before outsourcing to a service provider. Any software-based cryptographic
constructs then deployed, for server-side query processing on the encrypted data,
inherently limit query expressiveness. Here, we introduce TrustedDB, an
outsourced database prototype that allows clients to execute SQL queries with
privacy and under regulatory compliance constraints by leveraging server-hosted,
tamper-proof trusted hardware in critical query processing stages, thereby
removing any limitations on the type of supported queries. Despite the cost
overhead and performance limitations of trusted hardware, we show that the costs
per query are orders of magnitude lower than any (existing or) potential future
software-only mechanisms. TrustedDB is built and runs on actual hardware and its
performance and costs are evaluated here.
EXISTING SYSTEM:
Existing research addresses several such security aspects, including access privacy
and searches on encrypted data. In most of these efforts data is encrypted before

2. outsourcing. Once encrypted however, inherent limitations in the types of primitive
operations that can be performed on encrypted data lead to fundamental
expressiveness and practicality constraints. Recent theoretical cryptography results
provide hope by proving the existence of universal homeomorphisms, i.e.,
encryption mechanisms that allow computation of arbitrary functions without
decrypting the inputs. Unfortunately actual instances of such mechanisms seem to
be decades away from being practical
DISADVANTAGES OF EXISTING SYSTEM:
Trusted hardware is generally impractical due to its performance limitations and
higher acquisition costs. As a result, with very few exceptions, these efforts have
stopped short of proposing or building full - fledged database processing engines.
Computation inside secure processors is orders of magnitude cheaper than any
equivalent cryptographic operation performed on the provider’s unsecured server
hardware, despite the overall greater acquisition cost of secure hardware.
PROPOSED SYSTEM:
we posit that a full-fledged, privacy enabling secure database leveraging server-side
trusted hardware can be built and run at a fraction of the cost of any (existing
or future) cryptography-enabled private data processing on common server
hardware. We validate this by designing and building TrustedDB, a SQL database

3. processing engine that makes use of tamperproof cryptographic coprocessors such
as the IBM 4764 in close proximity to the outsourced data. Tamper resistant
designs however are significantly constrained in both computational ability and
memory capacity which makes implementing fully featured database solutions
using secure coprocessors (SCPUs) very challenging. TrustedDB achieves this by
utilizing common unsecured server resources to the maximum extent possible.
E.g., TrustedDB enables the SCPU to transparently access external storage while
preserving data confidentiality with on-the-fly encryption. This eliminates the
limitations on the size of databases that can be supported. Moreover, client queries
are pre-processed to identify sensitive components to be run inside the SCPU.
Non-sensitive operations are off-loaded to the untrusted host server. This greatly
improves performance and reduces the cost of transactions.
ADVANTAGES OF PROPOSED SYSTEM:
(i) The introduction of new cost models and insights that explain and
quantify the advantages of deploying trusted hardware for data
processing,
(ii) the design, development, and evaluation of TrustedDB, a trusted
hardware based relational database with full data confidentiality, and
(iii) Detailed query optimization techniques in a trusted hardware-based query
execution model.

4. SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE:
MODULES:
1. Query Parsing and Execution
2. Query optimization process
3. System Catalog
4. Analysis of Basic Query Operations

5. MODULES DESCRIPTION:
Query Parsing and Execution
In the first stage a client defines a database schema and partially populates it.
Sensitive attributes are marked using the SENSITIVE keyword which the client
layer transparently processes by encrypting the corresponding attributes:
CREATE TABLE customer (ID integer primary key, Name char (72)
SENSITIVE, Address char (120) SENSITIVE);
(1) Later, a client sends a query request to the host server through a standard SQL
interface. The query is transparently encrypted at the client site using the public
key of the SCPU. The host server thus cannot decrypt the query. (2) The host
server forwards the encrypted query to the Request Handler inside the SCPU. (3)
The Request Handler decrypts the query and forwards it to the Query Parser. The
query is parsed generating a set of plans. Each plan is constructed by rewriting the
original client query into a set of sub-queries, and, according to their target data set
classification, each sub-query in the plan is identified as being either public or
private. (4)The Query Optimizer then estimates the execution costs of each of the
plans and selects the best plan (one with least cost) for execution forwarding it to
the dispatcher.(5) The Query Dispatcher forwards the public queries to the host
server and the private queries to the SCPU database engine while handling

6. dependencies. The net result is that the maximum possible work is run on the host
server’s cheap cycles. (6) The final query result is assembled, encrypted, digitally
signed by the SCPU Query Dispatcher, and sent to the client.
Query optimization process:
At a high level query optimization in a database system works as follows.
(i) The Query Plan Generator constructs possibly multiple plans for the client
query.
(ii) For each constructed plan the Query Cost Estimator computes an estimate of
the execution cost of that plan.
(iii) The best plan i.e., one with the least cost, is then selected and passed on to the
Query Plan Interpretor for execution.
The query optimization process in TrustedDB works similarly with key differences
in the Query Cost Estimator due to the logical partitioning of data mentioned
above.
System Catalog:
Any query plan is composed of multiple individual execution steps. To estimate
the cost of the entire plan it is essential to estimate the cost of individual steps and
aggregate them. In order to estimate these costs the Query Cost Estimator needs

7. access to some key information. E.g., the availability of an index or the knowledge
of possible distinct values of an attribute. These sets of information are collected
and stored in the System Catalog. Most available DBMS today have some form of
periodically updated System Catalog.
Analysis of Basic Query Operations:
The cost of a plan is the aggregate of the cost of the steps that comprise it. In this
section we present how execution times for a certain set of basic query plan steps
are estimated.
SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS:
HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS:
 System : Pentium IV 2.4 GHz.
 Hard Disk : 40 GB.
 Monitor : 15 inch VGA Colour.
 Mouse : Logitech Mouse.
 Ram : 512 MB
 Keyboard : Standard Keyboard

8. SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS:
 Operating System : Windows XP.
 Coding Language : ASP.NET, C#.Net.
 Database : SQL Server 2005
REFERENCE:
Sumeet Bajaj, Radu Sion “TrustedDB: A Trusted Hardware based Database with
Privacy and Data Confidentiality” - IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON
KNOWLEDGE AND DATA ENGINEERING, VOL. 26, NO. 3, MARCH
2014