2. The regulating systems of the body are:
Nervous System electrochemical
impulses rapid control
Endocrine System hormones
slow control
Endocrine System => maintains the
body in balance
9. Paraventricular Nucleus
Contains 2 types of cells:
– Parvocells
Medial - neurons secrete
hypothalamic releasing
hormones
Dorsal and ventral - some
neurons secrete oxytocin and
vasopressin
– Magnocells
Neurons control endocrine
function by secreting oxytocin
and vasopressindirectly into
the posterior pituitary gland.
12. Released hormones from the anterior pituitary :
• Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH): stimulates the thyroid gland;
• Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH): stimulates the adrenal glands;
• Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH): promotes development of eggs within the ovaries
stimulates the secretion of estrogen
stimulates the sperm production in the testes;
• Luteinizing hormone (LH): causes ovulation in women and prepares the uterus
for pregnancy;
• Prolactin (PRL): causes the development of breast tissue and the production of milk;
• Growth hormone (GH): causes growth in almost all tissues in the body
promotes increase in cell size and cell number.
The posterior pituitary hormones :
• Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH): causes the kidneys to keep more water in the body;
• Oxytocin: causes contractions in the uterus of a pregnant woman
causes the release of milk from the breast.
The paraintermedia hormone:
• Melanocyte – stimulating hormone: stimulates melanogenesis
13. Thyroid gland
two major hormones:
Thyroxine (T4)
Triiodothyronine (T3)
+
Calcitonin - keeps
normal calcium levels
www.vcahospitals.com
14. Thyroid hormones -
metabolic actions
• regulate Basal Metabolic Rate
• ↑ oxygen consumption in most target tissues
• ↑ sensitivity of target tissues to catecholamines
→ by elevating lipolysis
glycogenolysis
gluconeogenesis
15. Thyroid hormones -
development actions
• critical for normal development of the skeletal system
and musculature
• essential for normal brain development
• regulates synaptogenesis
neuronal integration
myelination
cell migration
=> neonatal hypothyroidism → Cretinism
17. Adrenal Gland
- located above the upper pole of the
kidney
- consists of the adrenal cortex and
adrenal medulla
regulation of fluid volume
stress response
http://physicianjobster.com/physician-guidelines/pathophysiology/the-
anatomy-and-physiology-of-adrenal-gland/
19. cholesterol–steroid ring
Adrenal Cortex
Steroid Hormone Production
• Mineralocorticoids
• Glucocorticoids
• Sexosteroids
20. Steroidogenesis in the human adult adrenal cortex
Keegan CE, Hammer GD - Recent insights into organogenesis of the adrenal cortex,
Trends in endocrinology, Vol 13, issue 5, 2002, pag: 200-208
24. Neuroendocrine regulation of adrenal
glucocorticoid (GC) and its physiological roles
Hoon SG et al. - The adrenal peripheral clock: Glucocorticoid and the circadian
timing system, Front in Neuroendo, 2011, Vol 32, issue 4, pag: 451-465
25. Multiple mechanisms underlying the circadian regulation
of glucocorticoid (GC) biosynthesis and secretion
Hoon SG et al. - The adrenal peripheral clock: Glucocorticoid and the circadian
timing system, Front in Neuroendo, 2011, Vol 32, issue 4, pag: 451-465
26. Adrenal cortex - hormones
Sexosteroids (small amounts)
↓ ↓
testosterone DHEA
(dehydroepiandrosterone)
development of
secondary sexual characteristics
Kennedy, MJ - Hormonal Regulation of Hepatic Drug-
Metabolizing Enzyme Activity During Adolescence; Clinical
Pharmacology & Therapeutics 84, 662-673 (December 2008) |
doi:10.1038/clpt.2008.202
27. Developmental ontogeny of the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal
(HPG) axis and adrenal androgen secretion. GnRH, gonadotropin
hormone–releasing hormone; LH, luteinizing hormone.
Kennedy, MJ - Hormonal Regulation of Hepatic Drug-Metabolizing Enzyme Activity During Adolescence; Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics
84, 662-673 (December 2008) | doi:10.1038/clpt.2008.202
29. Adrenal medulla - hormones
Catecholamines
↓
adrenaline
(epinephrine)
noradrenaline
(norepinephrine)
http://www.angelfire.com/sc3/toxchick/e
ndocrinology/endocrinology03.html
E – major determinant of response to
metabolic or global challenges
NE - response to reflexive changes in
cardiovascular tone
36. STH – Somatotropin - Growth hormone
↓
growth of almost all tissues in the
body that are capable of growing
promotes increase in cell size
cell number
www.hghbodybuilding.com
37. ADH
antidiuretic hormone
vasopressin
↓
regulates the body’s
retention of water
bio1152.nicerweb.com
