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2.
3. The endocrine system is the system of
glands, each of which secretes a type of hormone directly
into the bloodstream to regulate the body. The endocrine
system is in contrast to the exocrine system, which
secretes its chemicals using ducts. It derives from the
Greek words "endo" meaning inside, within, and "crinis" for
secrete. The endocrine system is an information signal
system like the nervous system, yet its effects and
mechanism are classifiably different. The endocrine
system's effects are slow to initiate, and prolonged in their
response, lasting from a few hours up to weeks. The
nervous system sends information very quickly, and
responses are generally short lived. Hormones are
substances (chemical mediators) released from endocrine
tissue into the bloodstream where they travel to target
tissue and generate a response. Hormones regulate
various human functions, including metabolism, growth and
development, tissue function, and mood. The field of study
dealing with the endocrine system and its disorders
is endocrinology, a branch of internal medicine.
4. Features of endocrine glands are, in general,their
ductless nature, their vascularity, and usually the
presence of intracellular vacuoles or granules storing
their hormones. In contrast, exocrine glands, such
as salivary glands, sweat glands, and glands within the
gastrointestinal tract, tend to be much less vascular and
have ducts or a hollow lumen.
In addition to the specialized endocrine organs
mentioned above, many other organs that are part of
other body systems, such as the
kidney, liver, heart and gonads, have secondary
endocrine functions. For example the kidney secretes
endocrine hormones such as erythropoietin and renin.
The endocrine system is made of a series of
glands that produce chemicals called hormones. A
number of glands that signal each other in sequence are
usually referred to as an axis, for
example, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis.
6. Hypothalamus
Abbr
Secreted hormone eviati Produced by Effect
on
Thyrotropin-releasing Parvocellular Stimulate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) released from
hormone TRH neurosecretory anterior pituitary (primarily)
neurons
Dopamine DA or Dopamine
(Prolactin-inhibiting PIH neurons of the Inhibit prolactin released from anterior pituitary
hormone) arcuate nucleus
Growth hormone-releasing GHRH Neuroendocrine
neurons of the Stimulate Growth hormone (GH) release from anterior
hormone Arcuate nucleus
pituitary
Somatostatin SS, Neuroendocrine
cells of Inhibit Growth hormone (GH) release from anterior
(growth hormone- GHIH, pituitary
or the P Inhibit thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) release
inhibiting hormone) eriventricular
SRIF nucleus from anterior pituitary
7. GnRH Neuroendocrine c Stimulate follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) release from
Gonadotropin-releasing or ells of anterior pituitary
hormone Stimulate luteinizing hormone (LH) release from anterior
LHRH the Preoptic area
pituitary
Parvocellular
neurosecretory
Corticotropin-releasing CRH neurons of the Stimulate adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) release
hormone or CRF from anterior pituitary
Paraventricular
Nucleus
Magnocellular
neurosecretory
neurons of the
Oxytocin OT or Supraoptic Uterine contraction
OXT nucleus Lactation (letdown reflex)
and Paraventricula
r nucleus
Parvocellular
neurosecretory
neurons,Magnoce
ADH llular Increases water permeability in the distal convoluted
Vasopressin or AVP neurosecretory tubule and collecting duct of nephrons, thus promoting
(antidiuretic hormone) neurons of the
or VP water reabsorption and increasing blood volume
Paraventricular
nucleus and
Supraoptic
nucleus
8. Pineal body (epiphysis)
Secreted hormone From cells Effect
Antioxidant
Monitors the circadian rhythm including inducement
Melatonin Pinealocytes of drowsiness and lowering of the middle body
temperature sleep cycle
Pituitary gland (hypophysis)
Anterior pituitary lobe (adenohypophysis)
Secreted hormone Abbrevi From cells Effect
ation
Growth hormone GH Somatotrophs Stimulates growth and cell reproduction
(somatotropin) Stimulates Insulin-like growth factor 1 release from liver
Thyroid-stimulating Stimulates thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)
hormone TSH Thyrotrophs synthesis and release from thyroid gland
(thyrotropin) Stimulates iodine absorption by thyroid gland
Adrenocorticotropic Stimulates corticosteroid (glucocorticoid
hormone ACTH Corticotrophs and mineralcorticoid) and androgen synthesis and
(corticotropin) release from adrenocortical cells
Beta-endorphin - Corticotrophs Inhibits perception of pain
9. In females: Stimulates
maturation of ovarian
follicles in ovary
In males: Stimulates
maturation of seminiferous
tubules
Follicle-stimulating FSH Gonadotrophs In males:
hormone Stimulates spermatogenesi
s
In males: Stimulates
production of androgen-
binding protein
from Sertoli cells of
the testes
In females:
Stimulates ovulation
In females: Stimulates
Luteinizing hormone LH Gonadotrophs formation of corpus luteum
In males:
Stimulates testosterone sy
nthesis from Leydig cells
(interstitial cells)
Stimulates milk synthesis
and release
Prolactin PRL Lactotrophs from mammary glands
Mediates sexual
gratification
Melanocyte-stimulating Melanotropes in the Pars Stimulates melanin
hormone MSH intermedia of the Anterior synthesis and release from
Pituitary skin/hair melanocytes
10. Posterior pituitary lobe (neurohypophysis)
Abbr
Secreted hormone eviati From cells Effect
on
Magnocellul Uterine contraction
Oxytocin ar
neurosecret
ory cells Lactation (letdown reflex)
Vasopressin Increases water permeability in the
ADH Parvocellula distal convoluted tubule and collecting
r
or neurosecret duct of nephrons, thus promoting
(antidiuretic AVP ory neurons water reabsorption and increasing
hormone) blood volume
Oxytocin and anti-diuretic hormone are not secreted in the posterior lobe,
merely stored.
11. Thyroid
Secreted hormone Abbreviatio From cells
n Effect
(More potent form of thyroid hormone)
Thyroid Stimulates body oxygen and energy
Triiodothyronine T3 epithelial consumption, thereby increasing the basal
cell metabolic rate
Stimulates RNA polymerase I and II,
thereby promoting protein synthesis
(Less active form of thyroid hormone)
(Acts as
Thyroxine Thyroid a prohormone to triiodothyronine)
(tetraiodothyronin T4 epithelial Stimulates body oxygen and energy
e) cells consumption, thereby increasing the basal
metabolic rate
Stimulates RNA polymerase I and II,
thereby promoting protein synthesis
Stimulates osteoblasts and thus bone
Calcitonin Parafollicula construction
2+ release from bone, thereby
r cells Inhibits Ca
reducing blood Ca2+
12. Liver
Abbre
Secreted hormone viatio From cells Effect
n
Insulin-like growth insulin-like effects
factor (or IGF Hepatocytes
somatomedin)
(Primarily) regulate cell growth and development
vasoconstriction
Angiotensinogen Hepatocytes release of aldosterone from adrenal cortex
and angiotensin
dipsogen.
Thrombopoietin Hepatocytes stimulates megakaryocytes to
produce platelets.
13. Pancreas
Secreted hormone From cells Effect
Intake
of glucose, glycogenesis and glycolysis in liv
er and muscle from blood
Insulin (Primarily) β Islet cells Intake of lipids and synthesis
of triglycerides in adipocytes .
Other anabolic effects.
Glucagon (Also Glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in liver
Primarily) α Islet cells
increases blood glucose level
Inhibit release of insulin
Somatostatin δ Islet cells Inhibit release of glucagon. Suppress the
exocrine secretory action of pancreas.
Pancreatic Self regulate the pancreas secretion
polypeptide PP cells activities and effect the hepatic glycogen
levels.
14. Kidney
Secreted hormone From cells Effect
Renin
Juxtaglomerular cells producing the renin-angiotensin system by
Activates
angiotensin I of angiotensinogen
(Primarily)
Erythropoietin
Extraglomerular Stimulate erythrocyte production
mesangial cells
(EPO)
Calcitriol Active form of vitamin D3
(1,25- Increase absorption
dihydroxyvitamin of calcium and phosphate from gastrointest
D 3) inal tract and kidneys inhibit release of PTH
Thrombopoietin stimulates megakaryocytes to
produce platelets
15. Adrenal glands
Adrenal cortex
Secreted hormone From cells Effect
Stimulates gluconeogenesis
Stimulates fat breakdown in adipose tissue
Inhibits protein synthesis
Glucocorticoids (chiefly zona Inhibits glucose uptake in muscle
cortisol) fasciculata and zona and adipose tissue
reticularis cells Inhibits immunological responses
(immunosuppressive)
Inhibits inflammatory responses (anti-
inflammatory)
Stimulates active sodium reabsorption in kidneys
Stimulates passive water reabsorption in
Mineralocorticoids
(chiefly aldosterone) Zona glomerulosa cells kidneys, thus increasing blood volume and blood
pressure
Stimulates potassium and H+ secretion
into nephron of kidney and subsequent excretion
Androgens (including D Zona In males: Relatively small effect compared to
HEA and testosterone) fasciculata and Zona androgens from testes
reticularis cells In females: masculinizing effects
16. Adrenal medulla
Secreted hormone From cells Effect
Fight-or-flight response:
Boost the supply of oxygen and glucose to
the brain and muscles (by increasing heart
rate and stroke volume, vasodilation,
Adrenaline (epinephrin Chromaffin cells increasing catalysis of glycogen in liver,
e) (Primarily) breakdown of lipids in fat cells)
Dilate the pupils
Suppress non-emergency bodily processes
(e.g., digestion)
Suppress immune system
Fight-or-flight response:
Boost the supply of oxygen and glucose to
the brain and muscles (by increasing heart
Noradrenaline Chromaffin cells rate and stroke volume, vasoconstriction and
(norepinephrine)
increased blood pressure, breakdown of
lipids in fat cells)
Increase skeletal muscle readiness.
Dopamine Chromaffin cells Increase heart rate and blood pressure
Enkephalin Chromaffin cells Regulate pain
17. Reproductive
Testes
Secreted hormone From cells Effect
Anabolic: growth of muscle mass and strength,
increased bone density, growth and strength,
Androgens (chiefly Leydig cells
testosterone) Virilizing: maturation of sex organs, formation
of scrotum, deepening of voice, growth
of beard and axillary hair.
Estradiol Sertoli cells Prevent apoptosis of germ cells.
Inhibin Sertoli cells Inhibit production of FSH.
18. Ovarian follicle and corpus luteum
Secreted hormone From cells Effect
Support pregnancy:
Convert endometrium to secretory stage
Make cervical mucus thick and impenetrable to sperm.
Inhibit immune response, e.g., towards the human embryo
Decrease uterine smooth muscle contractility
Inhibit lactation
Inhibit onset of labor.
Other:
Raise epidermal growth factor-1 levels
Increase core temperature during ovulation
Progesterone Granulosa cells, theca cells Reduce spasm and relax smooth muscle (widen bronchi and
regulate mucus)
Anti-inflammatory:
Reduce gall-bladder activity
Normalize blood clotting and vascular tone, zinc and copper
levels, cell oxygen levels, and use of fat stores for energy
Assist in thyroid function and bone growth by osteoblasts
Increase resilience in bone, teeth, gums, joint, tendon, ligament, and skin
Promote healing by regulating collagen
Provide nerve function and healing by regulating myelin
Prevent endometrial cancer by regulating effects of estrogen
19. Androstenedione Theca cells Substrate for estrogen
Structural:
Promote formation of
female secondary sex
characteristics
Accelerate height gro
wth
Accelerate metabolis
Estrogens m (burn fat)
Reduce muscle mass
(mainly estradiol) Stimulate endometrial
growth
Increase uterine growt
h
Maintain blood
vessels and skin
Reduce bone
resorption, increase
bone formation
20. Protein synthesis:
Increase hepatic
production of binding
proteins
Coagulation:
Estrogens Increase circulating level
Granulosa cells of factors 2, 7, 9, 10, anti
(mainly estradiol) thrombin III,
plasminogen
Increase platelet adhesiv
eness
Increase HDL, triglycerid
e, height growth
Decrease LDL, fat deposi
tion
21. Fluid balance:
Regulate salt (sodium) and water retention
Increase growth hormone
Increase cortisol, SHBG
Gastrointestinal tract:
Reduce bowel motility
Increase cholesterol in bile
Melanin:
Increase pheomelanin, reduce eumelanin
Cancer:
Support hormone-sensitive breast cancers (Suppression of
production in the body of estrogen is a treatment for these
cancers.)
Lung function:
Promote lung function by supporting alveoli.
Inhibit production
Inhibin Granulosa cells of FSH from anterior
pituitary.
22. Placenta (when pregnant)
Secreted hormone Abbrevi From cells Effect
ation
Support pregnancy:
Inhibit immune response, towards the fetus.
Decrease uterine smooth muscle contractility
Inhibit lactation
Progesterone (Primarily) Inhibit onset of labor.
Support fetal production of adrenal mineralo- and
glucosteroids.
Other effects on mother similar to ovarian follicle-
progesterone
Estrogens (mainly Estriol) Effects on mother similar to ovarian follicle estrogen.
(Also Primarily)
Promote maintenance of corpus luteum during
Human chorionic HCG Syncytiotrophobla beginning of pregnancy.
gonadotropin st
Inhibit immune response, towards the human embryo.
increase production of insulin and IGF-1
Human placental lactogen HPL Syncytiotrophobla
st increase insulin
resistance and carbohydrate intolerance
Inhibin Fetal Trophoblasts suppress FSH
23. Uterus (when pregnant)
Secreted hormone Abbrevi From cells Effect
ation
Prolactin PRL Decidual cells milk production in mammary glands
Relaxin Decidual cells Unclear in humans and animals
Parathyroid Calcium regulation
Secreted hormone Abbrevi From cells Effect
ation
Calcium:
Stimulates Ca2+ release from bone, thereby
increasing blood Ca2+
Stimulates osteoclasts, thus breaking down bone
Stimulates Ca2+ reabsorption in kidney
Stimulates activated vitamin D production in
Parathyroid chief kidney
Parathyroid hormone PTH cell
Phosphate:
Stimulates PO3-4 release from bones, thereby
increasing blood PO3-4.
Inhibits PO3-4 reabsorption in kidney, so more PO3-
4 is excreted
Overall, small net drop in serum PO3-4.
24. Skin
Secreted hormone From cells Effect
Calcidiol (25- Inactive form of vitamin D3
hydroxyvitamin D3)
Heart Miscellaneous
Secreted hormone Abbrevi From cells Effect
ation
Reduce blood pressure by:
Atrial-natriuretic peptide ANP Cardiac myocytes
reducing systemic vascular resistance, reducing blood
water, sodium and fats
(To a lesser degree than ANP) reduce blood pressure by:
Brain natriuretic peptide BNP Cardiac myocytes reducing systemic vascular resistance, reducing blood
water, sodium and fats
Bone marrow
Secreted hormone From cells Effect
Thrombopoietin liver and kidney cells stimulates megakaryocytes to produce platelets
Estrogens (mainly estradiol)
Secreted hormone From cells Effect
Leptin (Primarily) Adipocytes Decrease of appetite and increase of metabolism.
Estrogens (mainly Estrone) Adipocytes
25. Major endocrine systems
The human endocrine system consists of several
systems that operate via feedback loops. Several
important feedback systems are mediated via the
hypothalamus and pituitary.
TRH - TSH - T3/T4
GnRH - LH/FSH - sex hormones
CRH - ACTH – cortisol
Renin - angiotensin - aldosterone
26. List of endocrine diseases
Adrenal disorders: Glucose homeostasis disorders:
Adrenal hormone excess Diabetes mellitus
Conn's syndrome Type 1 Diabetes
Cushing's syndrome Type 2 Diabetes
Glucocorticoid remediable Gestational Diabetes
aldosteronism (GRA) Mature Onset Diabetes of the Young
Pheochromocytoma Hypoglycemia
Congenital adrenal Idiopathic hypoglycemia
hyperplasia (adrenogenital syndrome) Insulinoma
Adrenocortical carcinoma Glucagonoma
Thyroiditis
Hashimoto's thyroiditis
Thyroid cancer
27. Calcium homeostasis disorders
and Metabolic bone disease
Parathyroid gland disorders
Primary hyperparathyroidism
Secondary hyperparathyroidism
Tertiary hyperparathyroidism
Hypoparathyroidism
-Pseudohypoparathyroidism
Osteoporosis
Osteitis deformans (Paget's disease of bone)
Rickets and osteomalacia
28. Members:
Cerera, Rizhabyl C.
Guiates, Nikki R.
Eladro, Rojean Q.
Delizo, Reynalyn S.
Bornillo, Julius E.
Patindol, Francis A.
Ocenar, Marcneil R.
29. 1. Guidelines
2. Endocrine System
3. Definition of Endocrine System
4. Features of Endocrine Glands
5. Diagram of Endocrine System
6. Hypothalamus
7. Hypothalamus 2
8. Pineal Body (Epiphysis)
Pituitary Gland (Hypophysis)
Anterior Pituitary Lobe (Adenohypophysis)
9. Pituitary Gland (Hypophysis) and Anterior Pituitary Lobe (Adenohypophysis) 2
10. Posterior Pituitary Lobe (Neurohypophysis)
11. Thyroid
12. Liver
13. Pancreas
14. Kidney
15. Adrenal glands and Adrenal Cortex
16. Adrenal Medulla
17. Testes
18. Ovarian Follicle and Corpus Luteum
19. Ovarian Follicle and Corpus Luteum 2
20. Ovarian Follicle and Corpus Luteum 3
21. Ovarian Follicle and Corpus Luteum 4
22. Placenta (when pregnant)
23. Uterus (when pregnant) and Parathyroid
24. Skin, Heart, Bone Marrow, Estrogens (mainly estradiol)
25. Major Endocrine System
26. List of Endocrine Diseases
27. Calcium Homeostasis Disorders and Metabolic Bone Disease
28. Group Members