2. ANTIBIOTIC
• Antibiotics , which are chemical substance
originally produced by microorgnism,either
retard the growth of microorganism
or result in their death
• Now some antibiotics are chemically
synthesized or semi synthesized
2
3. An Ideal Antibiotcs Should be
1. Selective and effective against micro organism
2. Bactericidal more than bacteriostatics
3 Not ineffective as a result of bacterical
resistance
4. Not be inactivated by enzyme, plasma, protein
or by body fluid
5. Maintained for sufficient period in blood plasma
6. Have minimal adverse effect
3
4. Classification of Antibiotic
• Based on chemical structure
1 sulfonamides- sulfadiazine, PAS
2 Quinolones - ciprofloxacin , Nalidixic acid
3 Tetracyclines – Doxycycline, Tetracycline
4 Aminoglycosides – Gentamycin,
streptomycin
5 Macrolides – Erythromycin, Roxithromycin,
Azithromycin
6 B lactam antibiotic- Penicillins
Cephalosporacin
4
6. Common Antibiotic used in
PERIODONTCS
Tetracycline
Metronidazole
Amoxicillin
Clindamycin
Cephalosporin
Ciprofloxin
6
7. Antibiotic Resistance
• Microorganism are some time resistance or
unaffected by an antibiotic
• Resistance can be
Natural, that present before contact with drug
Acquired, that developed during exposure
with drug
• The development of acquired resistance
is genetic, with change in DNA , and is
inherited by subsequent generation
7
8. * Micro organism are resistance to particular drug
frequently are resistance to other chemically
related antimicrobial agent
This is referred as Cross Resistance
* In antibiotic resistance implies
In activation of antibiotic by bacterial
enzyme
Development of alternate pathway of
drug metabolism by bacteria
Biochemical alternation in the bacteria that
prevent the uptake or binding of the antibiotic
8
9. TETRACYCLINE
• Widely used in treatment of periodontics
• Broad spectrum antibiotics
• Effective aganist remove > gram- ve
• MOA - inhibiting protein synthesis in
bacteria
• Bacteriostatics, effective against rapidly
multiplying bacteria
9
10. Tetracycline Effective in treating
periodontal disease because
1. Their concentration in GCF is 2 to 10 times
more than blood serum
2. Ability to concentrate in POCKET
3. Inhibit the growth of
Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans
4. Have anti collagenase effect inhibiting tissue
destruction
5. Increase bone regeneration
10
11. Classification of Tetracycline
based on generation
Group 1 Chlortetracycline
oxy tetracycline
Tetracycline
Group 2 Demeclocycline
Methacycline
Lymecycline
Group 3 Doxycycline
Minocycline
11
13. Tetracyclines..........
• Other condition
Mixed bacterial infection
- in respiratory infection
- in genital urinary infection
- G I T infection
Contra indication
Pregnancy
Feeding mother
Liver disorder
Kidney disorder
13
14. Tetracyclines.........
Adverse Effect
• Permanent discoloration of teeth in offspring due
to administration of drug during last half of
pregnancy
Administration of drug in 1-st 6 years of life
• Teratogenicty
• Photosensitivity
• GIT disorder
Nausea, Vomiting,
Diarrhea
Epigastric distress
14
Drecress absortion of vitamin k
15. Tetracyclines.......
• Lethal hepatic toxicity
if tetracycline use in renal disorder
• Fancony type syndrome if outdated
tetracycline Use in in renal disorder
Now tetracycline less use in dental &
medical, replace by more effective
other combination antibiotic
15
17. METRONIDAZOLE
1. It is effective against anaerobic
bacteria & anaerobic parasite
2. Anaerobic bacteria both gram +ve &
gram –ve
3. MOA – inhibiting the growth of bacteria
I
by inhibit the bacterial DNA synthesis
4. On set of action – 8 hours
5. Duration of action - 24-48 hours
17
18. METRONIDAZOLE .......
• More effective against obligate anaerobic
gram – ve bacteria
• DOSE
Orally - 200- 400 mg tid
For
7-10 day
Available as
Metrogyl 400 mg
Flagyl
400 mg
18
19. METRONIDAZOLE ........
INDICATION
1. Gingivitis
2. ANUG
3. Chronic Periodontitis
4.
Aggressive Periodontitis
5. In Refractory Periodontitis
In combination with amoxicillin
6. After extraction
7. All mixed infection with anaerobic bacteria
8. In severe odontogenic infection
with other antibiotic
19
20. METRONIDAZOLE ..........
Contra indication
1. Patient having alcohol habit
2. Patient taking anticoagulant therapy
B/C it prolonge the pro thrombin
time
3. CNS disorder
4. Blood disorder
5. Cirrhosis of liver
6. Renal disorder
20
21. METRONIDAZOLE ..........
Adverse Effect
1. Abdominal problem
Severe cramp, Nausea, Vomiting,
Diarrhea
2. Metallic taste in mouth
3. Headache disorder
4. Dry mouth
Not use as mono therapy for treatment of
periodontal disease
21
22. Penicillins
• These are B lactam antibiotic
Types
Penicillin –G (Benzyl Penicillin )
acid labile destroyed by gastric acid
Penicillin- V acid stable ( given orally )
Penicillinase resistance penicillin
Methicillin , cloxicillin, Oxacillin
Extended spectrum Penicillin
amphicilin, amoxicillin, bacampicillin
22
23. AMOXICILLIN
Amoxicillin is a semi synthetic antibiotic
Known as Broad spectrum penicillin
Effective against gram- ve bacteria
MOA of action – Inhibit synthesis of
bacterial cell wall
• Onset of action - 1-2 hours
• Duration of action - 8 hours
•
•
•
•
23
24. Amoxicillin .......
• It show excellent absorption after orally
administration
• It susceptible to penicillanase
• (Beta lactamase) produced by bacteria
• For Periodontal therapy
Given combined with clavulanate
Amoxicillin + Clavulanate =
AUGMENTIN
It is against the penicillanase
24
25. Amoxicillin .......
INDICATION
1 As prophylaxis therapy before any
periodontal surgery
2 Amoxicillin + Metronidazole
In localized juvenile periodontitis
3 Amoxicillin +clavulanate
In refractory periodontitis
4 In all other aerobic infection
Contra Indication
Hypersensitivity to penicillin
25
27. Amoxicillin .......
ADVERSE EFFECT
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Amoxicillin is a safe drug un till it is
hypersensitive to patient
Toxicity to amoxicillin is rare
Diarrhea
Super infection
Nausea , Epigastric distress
Bleeding disdorder
Urticaria
Allergic reaction
Bacterial resistance
27
28. CLINDAMYCIN
• It is macrolide
• MOA – Inhibit protein synthesis in bacterial
cell wall
• As a nature - Bacterio static but in high
dose Bactericidal
• It has ability to penetration in deeper tissue
like bone and deep tissue ,
so has importance in treating periodontal
disease
28
29. Clindamycin ........
• After oral administration
Level in bone similar to level in blood
Level in GCF is more than MIC required
• Effective against anaerobic bacteria
29
32. Clindamycin .......
ADVERSE EFFECT
1. Main side effcet is
Diarrhea ,gastric upset if taken in
empty stomach
2. Ulcerative colitis
3. Anorexia, metallic taste
4. Allergic reaction
5. Aplastic anemia
6. Insomnia
32
33. CIPROFLOXACIN
• It is first generation fluoroquinolone
• Effective against gram – ve bacteria
including all facultative bacteria &some
anaerobic putative periodontal bacteria
• Dose- 500 mg bid
Dose should be change according to
severity of disease
• MOA Inhibit bacterial DNA synthesis
• Onset of action -1 hours
• Duration of action – 8 to 12 hours
33
34. Ciprofloxacin ......
INDICATION
1. In Refractory Periodontitis
2. In combination with Metronidazole effective
against A. actinomycetemcomitans
Non Dental Condition
Typhoid
Gonorrhea
Skin & Soft tissue infection
Urinary tract infection
34
37. Locally Delivered of Antibiotic
• Limitation of systemic therapy, mouth
rinse & irrigation have, promoted for
research for development of alternative
delivery system
• Requirement of treating periodontal disease
include
1. Controlled release of drug
2. Maintained localized concentration of
drug at infection site for optimum time
3. Minimal side effect
37
40. Tetracycline – Containing Fiber
(ACTISITE ))
First local delivery product for antibiotic
Feature
1. Ethylene or vinyl acetate copolymer fiber
2. Diameter 0.5 mm
3. Containing Tetracycline
12.7 mg/ 9 inch
4. When packed into periodontal pocket, it is
well tolerated by oral tissue
5. For 10 day it sustains tetracycline
concentration exceeding 1300 ug/ ml
40
42. Actisite.......
Effect
Reduction in probing depth
Reduction in Bleeding on probing
Increase in clinical attachment level
Normally no staining on teeth
Reduction in plaque micro organism
42
43. Sub Gingival Delivery Of Doxycline
ATRIDIOX
• Atridox is gel system that incorporate the
antibiotic Doxycycline (10%) in syringe able
gel system
• It is a Biodegradable mixture
• Drug introduced Subgingivally
• Applied with or without
Scaling or Root planning
Effect
Increase in clinical attachment level
Reduction in plaque micro organism
Probing depth reduction
43
45. Sub Gingival Delivery For
Minocycline (ARESTIN)
1. Sub Gingival Delivery system contain
2% (w/w) Minocycline hydrochloride
2. Use as a adjuvant to Sub Gingival
debridement
3. Biodegradable mixture in syringe
Effect are
Reduction in Pocket depth
Reduction in gingival bleeding
Reduction in plaque microorganism
45
46. Sub Gingival Delivery Of
METRONIDAZOLE
ELYZOL
Containing an oil based
Metronidazole 25% dental gel
•
ELYZOL
•
Applied in viscous consistency to the
pocket where is liquidized by body heat
and hard again contact with water
•
Preparation contain Metronidazole benzoate,
which is converted into active substance by
esterase in GCF
•
Effective after scaling &Root planning
46
47. Local Delivery Of Antiseptic
Agent
• Chlorhexidine delivery system (Perio chip)
It is a resorbable delivery system
periochip ,tested for Chlorhexidine
gluconate
• It is small chip 4 x 5 x .35 mm
• Composed of
Bio degradable hydrolyzed gelatin
matrix
Cross linked with glutraldehyde
47
49. • It is rounded on one end so easily inserted
• Perio chip released Chlor hexidine and
maintain drug concentration in GCF
more than 1000 ug/ml for atr least 7 day
• Bio degradable in 7 to 10 day
Advantage
Reduction in probing depth
Reduction in Bleeding on probing
Increase in clinical attachment level
Normally no staining on teeth
A
49
50. REFERENCES
Jan
Lindhe – Clinic Periodontology &
Implant Dentistry, Fourth Edition.
Carranza’s Clinic Periodontology, Ninth
Edition.
J D Manson & B M Eley – Outline of
Periodontics, Fourth Edition.
Guru Raja Rao – Text Book Of
Periodontology, Second Edition.
Periodontal Medicine, Rose, Genco, Cohen
Menley
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