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Chap010 MIS
- 1. 1
Chapter
10
Developing
Business/Information
Technology Solutions
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- 2. 2
Learning Objectives
Use the systems development process outlined
in this chapter, and the model of IS
components from Chapter 1 as problem-
solving frameworks to help propose
information systems solutions to simple
business problems.
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- 3. 3
Learning Objectives (continued)
Describe how you might use each of the steps
of the information systems development cycle
to develop and implement an e-business
system.
Explain how prototyping improves the process
of systems development for end users and IS
specialists.
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- 4. 4
Learning Objectives (continued)
Identifythe activities involved in the
implementation of new information systems.
Describe evaluation factors that should be
considered in evaluating the acquisition of
hardware, software, and IS services.
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- 5. 5
Section I
Developing e-Business Systems
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- 6. 6
Information Systems Development
The systems approach to problem solving
applied to the development of information
system solutions to business problems.
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- 7. 7
The Systems Approach
The systems approach to problem solving
Recognize and define a problem or
opportunity using systems thinking
Develop and evaluate alternative system
solutions
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- 8. 8
The Systems Approach (continued)
Systems approach to problem solving
(continued)
Selectthe system solution that best meets
your requirements
Design the selected system solution
Implement and evaluate the success of the
designed system
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- 9. 9
The Systems Approach (continued)
Systems Thinking
“seeing the forest AND the trees”
Seeing “interrelationships” among
“systems” rather than linear cause-and-
effect chains when events occur
Seeing “processes” of change among
“systems” rather than discrete
“snapshots” of change, whenever change
occurs.
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- 10. 10
The Systems Approach (continued)
Systems thinking (continued)
Use a systems context
Try to find systems, subsystems, and
components of systems in any situation
you are studying
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- 11. 11
The Systems Development Cycle
Investigation
Analysis
Design
Implementation
Maintenance
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- 12. 12
Prototyping
The rapid development and testing of working
models of new applications in an interactive,
iterative process.
Sometimes called rapid application design
(RAD).
Simplifies and accelerates systems design.
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- 13. 13
Prototyping (continued)
The prototyping process
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- 14. 14
Starting the Systems Development Process
Systems Investigation Phase
Feasibility studies
Organizational feasibility
Economic feasibility
Technical feasibility
Operational feasibility
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- 15. 15
Starting the Systems Development Process (continued)
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- 16. 16
Starting the Systems Development Process (continued)
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- 17. 17
Starting the Systems Development Process (continued)
Cost/Benefit Analysis
Tangible costs
Intangible costs
Tangible benefits
Intangible benefits
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- 18. 18
Starting the Systems Development Process (continued)
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- 19. 19
Systems Analysis
Systems analysis is an in-depth study of end
user information needs that produces
functional requirements.
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- 20. 20
Systems Analysis (continued)
Traditionally involves a detailed study of…
Information needs of the company & end
users
Activities, resources, & products of one or
more of the present information systems
The IS capabilities required to meet
information needs of the company, the end
users, and all business stakeholders that may
use the system
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- 21. 21
Systems Analysis (continued)
Organizational analysis
Study
Management structure
The people
Business activities
Environmental systems
The current information system
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- 22. 22
Systems Analysis (continued)
Analysis of the present system
Analyze how the present system..
Uses hardware
Uses software
Is networked
Uses people resources to convert data
resources into information products.
How the IS activities of input, processing,
output, storage, and control are
accomplished.
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- 23. 23
Systems Analysis (continued)
Functional requirements analysis
What type of information does each business
activity require?
Format, volume, frequency, response
times
What are the information processing
capabilities required?
Input, processing, output, storage, control
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- 24. 24
Systems Analysis (continued)
Functional requirements analysis (continued)
Finally, develop functional requirements
End user information requirements that
are not tied to the hardware, software,
network, data, and people resources
Goal – identify what should be done, not
how to do it.
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- 25. 25
Systems Design
Specifies HOW the system will meet the
information needs of users
Focuses on three major products
User interface design
Data design
Database structures
Process design
Processing and control procedures
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- 26. 26
Systems Design (continued)
User interface design
Focuses on supporting the interactions
between end users and the computer-based
applications
Display screens
Interactive user/computer dialogues
Audio responses
Forms, documents, and reports
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- 27. 27
Systems Design (continued)
System specifications
Formalizes the design of the application’s
user interface methods & products
Formalizes database structures
Formalizes processing and control
procedures
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- 28. 28
End User Development
IS professionals play a consulting role
Training in the use of application packages
Assistance with the selection of hardware
and software
Assistance in gaining access to organization
databases
Assistance in the analysis, design, and
implementation of your application
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- 29. 29
End User Development (continued)
The application development process
Output
What information is needed and in what
form?
Input
What data are available? From what
sources? In what form?
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- 30. 30
End User Development (continued)
The application development process
(continued)
Processing
What operations or transformation
processes will be required to convert
available inputs into the desired output?
What software package can best perform
the required operations?
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- 31. 31
End User Development (continued)
The application development process
(continued)
Storage
Control
How will you protect against accidental
loss or damage to end user files?
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- 32. 32
End User Development (continued)
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- 33. 33
Section II
Implementing e-Business Systems
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- 34. 34
Implementation
This is the actual deployment of the
information technology system.
Follows the investigation, analysis, and design
stages of the systems development cycle.
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- 35. 35
Implementing New Systems
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- 36. 36
Evaluating Hardware, Software, & Services
May require suppliers to present bids and
proposals based on system specifications
Minimum acceptable physical &
performance characteristics for all
hardware and software requirements are
established
Large businesses and government agencies
formalize requirements by listing them in a
Request for Proposal (RFP) or a Request for
Quotation (RFQ)
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- 37. 37
Evaluating Hardware, Software, and Services (continued)
May use a scoring system for evaluation
Determine evaluation factors and assign
points
Performance of hardware and software must
be demonstrated and evaluated
May use benchmark test programs
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- 38. 38
Evaluating Hardware, Software, and Services (continued)
Hardware evaluation factors
Performance
Speed, capacity, throughput
Cost
Lease or purchase price
Cost of operations and maintenance
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- 39. 39
Evaluating Hardware, Software, and Services (continued)
Hardware evaluation factors (continued)
Reliability
Risk of malfunction & maintenance
requirements
Error control and diagnostic features
Compatibility
With existing hardware and software?
With hardware & software provided by
competing suppliers?
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- 40. 40
Evaluating Hardware, Software, and Services (continued)
Hardware evaluation factors (continued)
Technology
Year of product life cycle
Does it use a new, untested technology?
Does it run the risk of obsolescence?
Ergonomics
“human factors engineered”?
User-friendly?
Safe, comfortable, easy to use?
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- 41. 41
Evaluating Hardware, Software, and Services (continued)
Hardware evaluation factors (continued)
Connectivity
Easily connected to WANs and LANs that
use different types of network technologies
and bandwidth alternatives?
Scalability
Can it handle the processing demands of
end users, transactions, queries, & other
processing requirements?
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- 42. 42
Evaluating Hardware, Software, and Services (continued)
Hardware evaluation factors (continued)
Software
Is system and application software
available that can best use this hardware?
Support
Is support available?
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- 43. 43
Evaluating Hardware, Software, and Services (continued)
Software evaluation factors
Quality
Bugfree?
Efficiency
Well-developed system of program code
that does not use much CPU time, memory
capacity, or disk space?
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- 44. 44
Evaluating Hardware, Software, and Services (continued)
Software evaluation factors (continued)
Flexibility
Can it handle our processes easily without
major modification?
Security
Does it provide control procedures for
errors, malfunctions, and improper use?
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- 45. 45
Evaluating Hardware, Software, and Services (continued)
Software evaluation factors (continued)
Connectivity
Web-enabled?
Language
Is the programming language familiar to
internal software developers?
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- 46. 46
Evaluating Hardware, Software, and Services (continued)
Software evaluation factors (continued)
Documentation
Well-documented? Help screens and
helpful software agents?
Hardware
Does existing hardware have the features
required to best use this software?
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- 47. 47
Evaluating Hardware, Software, and Services (continued)
Software evaluation factors (continued)
Other factors
Performance, cost, reliability, availability,
compatibility, modularity, technology,
ergonomics, scalability, and support
characteristics
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- 48. 48
Evaluating Hardware, Software, and Services (continued)
Evaluating IS Services
Performance
Past performance in view of past promises
Systems development
Are website and other e-business
developers available? Quality and cost
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- 49. 49
Evaluating Hardware, Software, and Services (continued)
Evaluating IS services (continued)
Maintenance
Is equipment maintenance provided?
Quality and cost
Conversion
What systems development & installation
services will they provide during the
conversion period?
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- 50. 50
Evaluating Hardware, Software, and Services (continued)
Evaluating IS services (continued)
Training
Provided? Quality and cost
Backup
Are similar computer facilities available
nearby for emergency backup purposes?
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- 51. 51
Evaluating Hardware, Software, and Services (continued)
Evaluating IS services (continued)
Accessibility
Services from local or regional sites?
Customer support center?
Customer hot line?
Business position
Financially strong with good industry
market prospects?
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- 52. 52
Evaluating Hardware, Software, and Services (continued)
Evaluating IS services (continued)
Hardware
Provide a wide selection of compatible
hardware devices and accessories?
Software
Offer a variety of useful e-business
software and application packages?
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- 53. 53
Other Implementation Activities
Testing
May involve website performance testing
Testing and debugging software
Testing new hardware
Reviewing prototypes of displays, reports,
and other output
Should occur throughout the development
process
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- 54. 54
Other Implementation Activities (continued)
Documentation
Sample data entry screens, forms, and
reports are examples.
Serves as a method of communication
among the people responsible for
developing, implementing, and maintaining
the system
A detailed record of the system’s design
Important in diagnosing errors & making
changes
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- 55. 55
Other Implementation Activities (continued)
Training
End users must be trained to operate a new
e-business system or implementation will fail
May be limited in scope or may involve all
aspects of the proper use of the new system
Managers and end users must be educated
in how the new technology impacts business
operations and management
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- 56. 56
Other Implementation Activities (continued)
Conversion methods
Parallel
Both
old and new systems are operated
until the project development team and
end users agree to switch completely
Phased
Only parts of the new application or only a
few locations at a time are converted
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- 57. 57
Other Implementation Activities (continued)
Conversion methods (continued)
Pilot
One department or other work site serves
as a test site
Plunge
A direct cutover to the newly developed
system
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- 58. 58
Other Implementation Activities (continued)
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- 59. 59
Other Implementation Activities (continued)
IS Maintenance
Systems maintenance
Postimplementation review
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- 60. 60
Discussion Questions
Why has prototyping become a popular way
to develop e-business applications. What are
prototyping’s advantages and disadvantages?
What are the three most important factors you
would use in evaluating computer hardware?
Computer software?
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- 61. 61
Discussion Questions (continued)
Assume that in your first week on a new job
you are asked to use a type of business
software that you have never used before.
What kind of user training should your
company provide to you before you start?
What is the difference between the parallel,
plunge, phased, and pilot forms of IS
conversion? Which strategy is best?
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- 62. 62
Discussion Questions (continued)
What are several key factors in designing a
successful e-commerce or internet website?
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- 63. 63
Real World Case 1 – Fidelity Investments
Evaluating Usability in Website Design
Is a usability lab like Fidelity’s necessary, or
are there other alternatives for testing
usability in website design?
Which is the better approach?
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- 64. 64
Real World Case 1 (continued)
Evaluate the suggestions for good website
design shared by companies in this case.
Which are the most important to you?
In what order would you rate the companies
in this case in terms of website design?
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- 65. 65
Real World Case 1 (continued)
What are your choices for the top five design
failures at business websites?
Why were those your choices?
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- 66. 66
Real World Case 2 – PacifiCorp, Reynolds, & Zurich NA
This case describes a change in focus in IT
project management from time to market and
market share goals, to profitable projects
completed on time and on budget.
Why has there been a change of focus in IT
project management?
Is this change necessary?
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- 67. 67
Real World Case 2 (continued)
What are the reasons for the difference in the
project management focus of the meetings
held by PacifiCorp and Reynolds?
Which is more important?
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- 68. 68
Real World Case 2 (continued)
What are the benefits to IT project
management of project status transparency
and the project agreement as practiced by
Zurich NA?
Will the change in focus in IT project
management stifle creativity and innovation in
business system design?
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- 69. 69
Real World Case 3 – IMG Worldwide
IT Resource Acquisition Strategies
Do you agree with the methods and criteria
that Gergely Tapolyai of IMG uses to evaluate
IT products?
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- 70. 70
Real World Case 3 (continued)
What characteristics of the OshKosh B’Gosh
buying process should be implemented by
other companies?
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- 71. 71
Real World Case 3 (continued)
What other evaluation methods and criteria
(whether mentioned in this case or not) are
crucial to the IT acquisition process?
Why?
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- 72. 72
Real World Case 4 – Macy’s and Lands’ End
Systems Design Criteria for Website
Shopability
Considerations
Trust
Categories
Search
Product pages
Navigation
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- 73. 73
Real World Case 4 (continued)
How does the Macy’s website measure up to
the five shopability criteria discussed in this
case?
Which do you like best? Macy’s or the Lands’
End websites.
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- 74. 74
Real World Case 4 (continued)
What are several other website design
suggestions that either website could make to
improve their shopability?
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- 75. 75
Real World Case 5 – GM Locomotive Group
Failure in ERP System Implementation
GM Locomotive says the problem wasn’t with
the ERP software. Then what DID cause the
major failure of their ERP system?
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- 76. 76
Real World Case 5 (continued)
What major shortcomings in systems
implementation, conversion, or project
management practices do you recognize in this
case?
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- 77. 77
Real World Case 5 (continued)
What would you advise GM Locomotive to do
differently to avoid similar problems in their
upcoming ERP implementations?
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