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Tecnologias de Banco de Dados
               para a Web Semântica

      Módulo 2b - Ontologias - RDF

                Marco A. Casanova




7/3/2005           (c) Marco A. Casanova - PUC-Rio   1
Tópicos

• Introdução
• URIref e Qname
• RDF Básica
• RDF/XML
• Outros recursos de RDF
• RDF Schema
• Exemplos de RDF Schemas
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Introdução

• RDF:
    – provê uma linguagem comum que as aplicações
      podem utilizar para intercambiar informação,
      sem perda de significado:
           • informação sobre recursos na Web, particularmente
             metadados
           • informação sobre objetos que podem ser identificados na Web,
             mesmo que não possam ser recuperados pela Web
             (como produtos vendidos pela Web)




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URIref e Qname

• URI Reference (URIref):
    – uma URI com um identificador de fragmento opcional
    – utilizada para identificar:
           • indivíduos, e.g., Eric Miller, identificado por
             http://www.w3.org/People/EM/contact#me
           • tipos de objetos, e.g., Person, identificado por
             http://www.w3.org/2000/10/swap/pim/contact#Person
           • propriedades de objetos, e.g., mailbox, identificado por
             http://www.w3.org/2000/10/swap/pim/contact#mailbox
           • valores das propriedades, e.g. mailto:em@w3.org,
             identificado por http://www.example.org/staffem/85741
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URIref e Qname

• Qualified Name (QName):
    – uma abreviação para uma URI reference

• QName prefix:
    – uma abreviação para um URI namespace

• Exemplo:
    – foo      é um QName prefix abreviando o URI namespace
      http://example.org/somewhere/
    – foo:bar é um QName abreviando a URIref
      http://example.org/somewhere/bar



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URIref e Qname

• Exemplos de QName prefix mais usados:

           rdf:    http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#
           rdfs:   http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#
           dc:     http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/
           daml:   http://www.daml.org/2001/03/daml+oil#
           ex:     http://www.example.org/
           xsd:    http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#




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RDF Básica

• RDF Model:
    – um recurso em RDF é qualquer URIref
    – uma afirmação em RDF é uma tripla (S, P, O),
      entendida como “S possui P com valor O”, onde
           • S é o sujeito da afirmação, designado por um recurso
           • P é o predicado da afirmação, designado por um recurso
           • O é o o objeto da afirmação, designado por um recurso ou
             literal




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RDF Básica

• RDF Model:
    – um grupo de afirmações em RDF
      deve ser entendido como
      a conjunção das afirmações




7/3/2005           (c) Marco A. Casanova - PUC-Rio   8
RDF Básica

• Exemplo:
   “http://www.example.org/index.html
    has a creator
    whose value is John Smith”


     sujeito:    http://www.example.org/index.html
     predicado: http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/creator       (URI para “creator”)
     objeto:     http://www.example.org/staffid/85740         (URI para “John Smith”)




7/3/2005                    (c) Marco A. Casanova - PUC-Rio                          9
RDF Básica
• Notação em triplas:
     <http://www.example.org/index.html>
       <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/creator>
         <http://www.example.org/staffid/85740>.

• Notação em grafo:

                                                               Sujeito



                                                             propriedade



                                                               Objeto


7/3/2005                   (c) Marco A. Casanova - PUC-Rio                 10
<http://www.example.org/index.html>
         <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/creator>
               <http://www.example.org/staffid/85740> .
      <http://www.example.org/index.html>
         <http://www.example.org/terms/creation-date> quot;August 16, 1999quot; .
      <http://www.example.org/index.html>
         <http://www.example.org/terms/language> quot;Englishquot; .




                  literais

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RDF Básica




7/3/2005   (c) Marco A. Casanova - PUC-Rio   12
RDF Básica

• Valores estruturados de propriedades
  e nós vazios:

    exstaff:85740   exterms:address              _:johnaddress .
    _:johnaddress   exterms:street               quot;1501 Grant Avenuequot; .
    _:johnaddress   exterms:city                 quot;Bedfordquot; .
    _:johnaddress   exterms:state                quot;Massachusettsquot; .
    _:johnaddress   exterms:Zip                  quot;01730quot; .




7/3/2005               (c) Marco A. Casanova - PUC-Rio                   13
RDF Básica


           nó vazio




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RDF Básica

• Literais tipados:

    ex:index.html exterms:creation-date quot;1999-08-16quot;^^xsd:date .




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RDF/XML

• Exemplo:
           ex:index.html exterms:creation-date quot;August 16, 1999quot; .
           ex:index.html exterms:language     quot;Englishquot; .
           ex:index.html dc:creator http://www.example.org/staffid/85740 .

 <?xml version=quot;1.0quot;?>
 <rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf=quot;http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#quot;
           xmlns:dc=quot;http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/quot;
           xmlns:exterms=quot;http://www.example.org/terms/quot;>
    <rdf:Description rdf:about=quot;http://www.example.org/index.htmlquot;>
       <exterms:creation-date>August 16, 1999</exterms:creation-date>
       <exterms:language>English</exterms:language>
       <dc:creator rdf:resource=quot;http://www.example.org/staffid/85740quot;/>
    </rdf:Description>
 </rdf:RDF>

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<?xml version=quot;1.0quot;?>
 <rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf=quot;http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#quot;
           xmlns:dc=quot;http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/quot;
           xmlns:exterms=quot;http://www.example.org/terms/quot;>
    <rdf:Description rdf:about=quot;http://www.example.org/index.htmlquot;>
       <exterms:creation-date>August 16, 1999</exterms:creation-date>
       <exterms:language>English</exterms:language>
       <dc:creator rdf:resource=quot;http://www.example.org/staffid/85740quot;/>
    </rdf:Description>
 </rdf:RDF>

7/3/2005                    (c) Marco A. Casanova - PUC-Rio                17
RDF/XML

• rdf:RDF
    – indica que o documento XML define afirmações em RDF
• rdf:Description
    – indica o início da descrição de um recurso

 <?xml version=quot;1.0quot;?>
 <rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf=quot;http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#quot;
           xmlns:dc=quot;http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/quot;
           xmlns:exterms=quot;http://www.example.org/terms/quot;>
    <rdf:Description rdf:about=quot;http://www.example.org/index.htmlquot;>
       <exterms:creation-date>August 16, 1999</exterms:creation-date>
       <exterms:language>English</exterms:language>
       <dc:creator rdf:resource=quot;http://www.example.org/staffid/85740quot;/>
    </rdf:Description>
 </rdf:RDF>

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RDF/XML

• rdf:about
    – valor do atributo é uma URIref identificando o recurso
• property elements
    – aninhados no elemento quot;rdf:Descriptionquot;
    – indicam que a propriedade aplica-se ao recurso em quot;rdf:aboutquot;
 <?xml version=quot;1.0quot;?>
 <rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf=quot;http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#quot;
           xmlns:dc=quot;http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/quot;
           xmlns:exterms=quot;http://www.example.org/terms/quot;>
    <rdf:Description rdf:about=quot;http://www.example.org/index.htmlquot;>
       <exterms:creation-date>August 16, 1999</exterms:creation-date>
       <exterms:language>English</exterms:language>
       <dc:creator rdf:resource=quot;http://www.example.org/staffid/85740quot;/>
    </rdf:Description>
 </rdf:RDF>

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RDF/XML

• rdf:ID
     – indica o uso de um fragment identifier, uma abreviação
       para a URIref completa do recurso sendo descrito

     – a URIref completa para o recurso é criada
       concatenando-se:
           • a base URI
           • com o símbolo quot;#quot;
           • com o valor de quot;rdf:IDquot;

     – rdf:ID=quot;fragment identifierquot;     é equivalente a
       rdf:about=quot;#fragment identifierquot;

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RDF/XML

• Exemplo:
    – fragment identifier: item10245
    – base URI:            http://www.example.com/2002/04/products
    – URIref equivalente:
      http://www.example.com/2002/04/products#item10245

 <?xml version=quot;1.0quot;?>
   <rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf=quot;http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#quot;
          xmlns:exterms=quot;http://www.example.com/terms/quot;>
    <rdf:Description rdf:ID=quot;item10245quot;>
       <exterms:model>Overnighter</exterms:model>
       <exterms:sleeps>2</exterms:sleeps>
       <exterms:weight>2.4</exterms:weight>
       <exterms:packedSize>14x56</exterms:packedSize>
    </rdf:Description>
   </rdf:RDF>

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RDF/XML
• XML base
     – por default, a base URI é a URI do documento que contém as
       afirmações em RDF
     – alternativamente, a base URI pode ser indicada explicitamente
       através do atributo xml:base

 <?xml version=quot;1.0quot;?>
 <rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf=quot;http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#quot;
            xmlns:exterms=quot;http://www.example.com/terms/quot;
            xml:base=quot;http://www.example.com/2002/04/productsquot;>
   <rdf:Description rdf:ID=quot;item10245quot;>
      <exterms:model>Overnighter</exterms:model>
      <exterms:sleeps>2</exterms:sleeps>
      <exterms:weight>2.4</exterms:weight>
      <exterms:packedSize>14x56</exterms:packedSize>
   </rdf:Description>
 </rdf:RDF>
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RDF/XML

• rdf:type
    – propriedade tal que:
           • valor da propriedade:
              – recurso representando uma categoria ou classe de objetos
           • sujeito da propriedade:
              – instância da categoria ou classe




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RDF/XML

• Exemplo de rdf:type
 <?xml version=quot;1.0quot;?>
 <rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf=quot;http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#quot;
        xmlns:exterms=quot;http://www.example.com/terms/quot;
        xml:base=quot;http://www.example.com/2002/04/productsquot;>

    <rdf:Description rdf:ID=quot;item10245quot;>
       <rdf:type rdf:resource=quot;http://www.example.com/terms/Tentquot; />
       <exterms:model>Overnighter</exterms:model>
       <exterms:sleeps>2</exterms:sleeps>
       <exterms:weight>2.4</exterms:weight>
       <exterms:packedSize>14x56</exterms:packedSize>
    </rdf:Description>

  ...other product descriptions...

 </rdf:RDF>
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RDF/XML

• Exemplo de notação simplificada para rdf:type
 <?xml version=quot;1.0quot;?>
 <rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf=quot;http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#quot;
          xmlns:exterms=quot;http://www.example.com/terms/quot;
          xml:base=quot;http://www.example.com/2002/04/productsquot;>

    <exterms:Tent rdf:ID=quot;item10245quot;>
           <exterms:model>Overnighter</exterms:model>
           <exterms:sleeps>2</exterms:sleeps>
           <exterms:weight>2.4</exterms:weight>
           <exterms:packedSize>14x56</exterms:packedSize>
    </exterms:Tent>

  ...other product descriptions...

 </rdf:RDF>


7/3/2005                      (c) Marco A. Casanova - PUC-Rio       25
RDF/XML

• Exemplo de uso de literais tipados

 ex:index.html exterms:creation-date quot;1999-08-16quot;^^xsd:date .

 <?xml version=quot;1.0quot;?>
 <rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf=quot;http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#quot;
          xmlns:exterms=quot;http://www.example.org/terms/quot;>

   <rdf:Description rdf:about=quot;http://www.example.org/index.htmlquot;>
      <exterms:creation-date rdf:datatype=
           quot;http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#datequot;>1999-08-16
      </exterms:creation-date>
   </rdf:Description>

 </rdf:RDF>


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Outros recursos de RDF

• RDF Containers
    – um container é um recurso que contém objetos,
      chamados de membros
    – os membros podem ser recursos ou literais




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Outros recursos de RDF

• RDF Containers
    – tipos de containers:
           • rdf:Bag   tipo dos containers que designam
                       conjuntos (quot;bagquot;) de recursos ou literais
           • rdf:Seq   tipo dos containers que designam
                       seqüências de recursos ou literais
           • rdf:Alt   tipo dos containers que designam
                       grupos de recursos ou literais
                       que representam alternativas




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Outros recursos de RDF




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Outros recursos de RDF

• Exemplo de rdf:Bag
 <?xml version=quot;1.0quot;?>
 <rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf=quot;http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#quot;
      xmlns:s=quot;http://example.edu/students/vocab#quot;>

   <rdf:Description rdf:about=quot;http://example.edu/courses/6.001quot;>
     <s:students>
       <rdf:Bag>
         <rdf:li rdf:resource=quot;http://example.edu/students/Amyquot;/>
         <rdf:li rdf:resource=quot;http://example.edu/students/Timquot;/>
         <rdf:li rdf:resource=quot;http://example.edu/students/Johnquot;/>
         <rdf:li rdf:resource=quot;http://example.edu/students/Maryquot;/>
         <rdf:li rdf:resource=quot;http://example.edu/students/Suequot;/>
       </rdf:Bag>
     </s:students>
   </rdf:Description>
 </rdf:RDF>
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Outros recursos de RDF




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Outros recursos de RDF

• Exemplo de rdf:Alt
 <?xml version=quot;1.0quot;?>
 <rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf=quot;http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#quot;
      xmlns:s=quot;http://example.org/packages/vocab#quot;>

   <rdf:Description rdf:about=quot;http://example.org/packages/X11quot;>
     <s:DistributionSite>
       <rdf:Alt>
         <rdf:li rdf:resource=quot;ftp://ftp.example.orgquot;/>
         <rdf:li rdf:resource=quot;ftp://ftp.example1.orgquot;/>
         <rdf:li rdf:resource=quot;ftp://ftp.example2.orgquot;/>
       </rdf:Alt>
     </s:DistributionSite>
   </rdf:Description>
 </rdf:RDF>



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Outros recursos de RDF

• RDF Collection
    – um grupo de objetos representado como uma lista
      em RDF através do seguinte vocabulário:
           • rdf:List    tipo das listas de recursos ou literais
           • rdf:first   primeiro elemento de uma lista
           • rdf:rest    resto de uma lista
           • rdf:nil     lista vazia




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Outros recursos de RDF

• Exemplo de RDF Collection
 <?xml version=quot;1.0quot;?>
 <rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf=quot;http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#quot;
      xmlns:s=quot;http://example.edu/students/vocab#quot;>

   <rdf:Description rdf:about=quot;http://example.edu/courses/6.001quot;>
     <s:students rdf:parseType=quot;Collectionquot;>
         <rdf:Description rdf:about=quot;http://example.edu/students/Amyquot;/>
         <rdf:Description rdf:about=quot;http://example.edu/students/Timquot;/>
         <rdf:Description rdf:about=quot;http://example.edu/students/Johnquot;/>
     </s:students>
   </rdf:Description>
 </rdf:RDF>




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Outros recursos de RDF

• RDF Reification
    – rdf:Statement        indica que a afirmação
                           é sobre outra afirmação
    – rdf:subject          sujeito da afirmação
    – rdf:predicate        predicado da afirmação
    – rdf:object           objeto da afirmação




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Outros recursos de RDF

• Exemplo de RDF Reification
 [[exproducts:item10245 exterms:weight quot;2.4quot; .]] dc:creator exstaff:85740 .

 _:xxx rdf:type rdf:Statement .
 _:xxx rdf:subject exproducts:item10245 .
 _:xxx rdf:predicate exterms:weight .
 _:xxx rdf:object quot;2.4quot; .
 _:xxx dc:creator exstaff:85740 .

 1. Estas triplas indicam que quot;há uma afirmação cujo sujeito é
    quot;exproducts:item10245quot;, cujo predicado é quot;exterms:weightquot;,
    e cujo objeto é quot;2.4quot; e que a afirmação foi feita pelo recurso identificado
    por quot;exstaff:85740quot; quot;

 2. Estas triplas não indicam que a afirmação (identificada por quot;_:xxxquot;)
    é a mesma que alguma afirmação específica em um documento RDF.
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Resumo do Vocabulário
Termos Básicos                                    Descrição
rdf:RDF             termo indicando que o documento define afirmações em RDF
rdf:Description     termo indicando o início da descrição de um recurso
rdf:about           termo indicando uma URIref identificando o recurso
rdf:ID              termo indicando um fragment identifier identificando o recurso
rdf:resource        termo indicando um recurso
property elements   elementos aninhados no elemento quot;rdf:Descriptionquot;;
                    indicam que a propriedade aplica-se ao recurso descrito
rdf:type            valor da propriedade é um recurso representando uma
                    categoria ou classe de objetos;
                    sujeito da propriedade é uma instância da categoria ou classe
rdf:Property        classe das propriedades


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Resumo do Vocabulário
  RDF Container                                 Descrição
rdf:Seq           classe das seqüência de recursos ou literais
rdf:Bag           classe dos conjuntos (quot;bagquot;) de recursos ou literais
rdf:alt           classe dos grupo de recursos ou literais que representam
                  alternativas
rdf:li            indica um elemento




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Resumo do Vocabulário
 RDF Collection                                 Descrição
rdf:List          classe das listas de recursos ou literais
rdf:first         propriedade indicando o primeiro elemento de uma lista
rdf:rest          propriedade indicando o resto de uma lista
rdf:nil           recurso indicando a lista vazia
rdf:parseType=    (equivalente a rdf:List em RDF/XML)
quot;Collectionquot;




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Resumo do Vocabulário
 RDF Reification                                Descrição
rdf:Statement      tipo indicando que a afirmação é sobre outra afirmação
rdf:subject        propriedade indicando o sujeito da afirmação
rdf:predicate      propriedade indicando o predcado da afirmação
rdf:object         propriedade indicando o objeto da afirmação




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RDF Schema

• Definição de RDF Schema (RDFS):
    – sistema de tipos para RDF, permitindo definir:
           • classes
           • hierarquia de classes
           • propriedades de classes

    – usa o próprio RDF para especificar o sistema de tipos




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RDF Schema

• Definição de RDF Schema (RDFS):
    – provê um conjunto de recursos e propriedades:
           • com significado definido
           • utilizado para descrever classes e propriedades de uma
             aplicação
           • forma um vocabulário reservado (de RDF Schema) estendendo
             o vocabulário de RDF




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RDF Schema

• Vocabulário de RDF:
    rdf:    http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#


• Vocabulário de RDF Schema:
    rdfs:   http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#


• Namespace usado para os exemplos:
    ex:     http://www.example.org/

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RDF Schema

• Definição de classe:
    – sujeito:       o nome da classe
    – propriedade: rdf:type
    – objeto:        rdfs:Class



• Exemplo:
    ex:MotorVehicle rdf:type            rdfs:Class .
    (nota: triplas usando QName prefixes dispensam o uso de “<“e “>”)

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RDF Schema

• Definição de classe em RDF/XML:
    – xml:base:        ex:

    – tripla:          ex:MotorVehicle                 rdf:type   rdfs:Class .

 <?xml version=quot;1.0quot;?>
 <rdf:RDF
  xmlns:rdf=quot;http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#“>

   <rdf:Description rdf:ID=quot;MotorVehiclequot;>
     <rdf:type rdf:resource=quot;http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#Classquot;/>
   </rdf:Description>

 </rdf:RDF>
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RDF Schema

• Definição de subclasse:
    – sujeito:o recurso identificando o nome da classe
    – propriedade: rdfs:subClassOf
    – objeto: o recurso identificando o nome da classe


• Exemplo:
    ex:Van   rdf:type                   rdfs:Class .
    ex:Van   rdfs:subClassOf            ex:MotorVehicle .


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RDF Schema

• Subclasse (cont.):
    – a propriedade “rdfs:subClassOf” é transitiva


• Exemplo de subclasses transitivas:
    ex:Van         rdf:type                    rdfs:Class .
    ex:MinVan      rdf:type                    rdfs:Class .
    ex:Van         rdfs:subClassOf             ex:MotorVehicle .
    ex:MinVan      rdfs:subClassOf             ex:Van .

    ex:MinVan      rdfs:subClassOf             ex:MotorVehicle .

7/3/2005             (c) Marco A. Casanova - PUC-Rio               48
7/3/2005   (c) Marco A. Casanova - PUC-Rio   49
RDF Schema

• Exemplo de esquema em triplas:
ex:MotorVehicle rdf:type rdfs:Class .
ex:PassengerVehicle rdf:type rdfs:Class .
ex:Van rdf:type rdfs:Class .
ex:Truck rdf:type rdfs:Class .
ex:MiniVan rdf:type rdfs:Class .


ex:PassengerVehicle rdfs:subClassOf ex:MotorVehicle .
ex:Van rdfs:subClassOf ex:MotorVehicle .
ex:Truck rdfs:subClassOf ex:MotorVehicle .


ex:MiniVan rdfs:subClassOf ex:Van .
 ex:MiniVan
7/3/2005      rdfs:subClassOf(c) Marco A. Casanova - PUC-Rio
                              ex:PassengerVehicle .            50
<?xml version=quot;1.0quot;?>                                                    Exemplo de esquema
 <rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf=quot;http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#quot;
  xmlns:rdfs=quot;http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#quot;>                        em RDF/XML
 <rdf:Description rdf:ID=quot;MotorVehiclequot;>
  <rdf:type rdf:resource=quot;http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#Classquot;/>
 </rdf:Description>

 <rdf:Description rdf:ID=quot;PassengerVehiclequot;>
  <rdf:type rdf:resource=quot;http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#Classquot;/>
  <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource=quot;#MotorVehiclequot;/>
 </rdf:Description>

 <rdf:Description rdf:ID=quot;Truckquot;>
  <rdf:type rdf:resource=quot;http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#Classquot;/>
  <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource=quot;#MotorVehiclequot;/>
 </rdf:Description>

 <rdf:Description rdf:ID=quot;Vanquot;>
  <rdf:type rdf:resource=quot;http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#Classquot;/>
  <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource=quot;#MotorVehiclequot;/>
 </rdf:Description>

 <rdf:Description rdf:ID=quot;MiniVanquot;>
  <rdf:type rdf:resource=quot;http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#Classquot;/>
  <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource=quot;#Vanquot;/>
  <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource=quot;#PassengerVehiclequot;/>
 </rdf:Description>

 </rdf:RDF>
7/3/2005                            (c) Marco A. Casanova - PUC-Rio                        51
RDF Schema

• Definição de instância de classe:
    – sujeito:o recurso identificando a instância da classe
    – propriedade: rdf:type
    – objeto: o recurso identificando o nome da classe


• Exemplo:
    ex:companyCar   rdf:type           ex:MotorVehicle .




7/3/2005               (c) Marco A. Casanova - PUC-Rio        52
RDF Schema

• Definição de inst. de classe em RDF/XML:
    – xml:base:        ex:

    – tripla:          ex:companyCar rdf:type ex:MotorVehicle .

 <?xml version=quot;1.0quot;?>
 <rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf=quot;http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#quot;
             xmlns:ex=quot;http://example.org/schemas/vehiclesquot;>
    <rdf:Description rdf:ID=quot;companyCarquot;>
      <rdf:type
          rdf:resource=quot;http://example.org/schemas/vehicles#MotorVehiclequot;/>
    </rdf:Description>
 </rdf:RDF>

7/3/2005                     (c) Marco A. Casanova - PUC-Rio                  53
RDF Schema

• Definição de inst. de classe em RDF/XML:
    – xml:base:        ex:

    – tripla:          ex:companyCar rdf:type ex:MotorVehicle .

 <?xml version=quot;1.0quot;?>
 <rdf:RDF
  xmlns:rdf=quot;http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#“>

   <rdf:Description rdf:ID=quot;companyCarquot;>
    <rdf:type rdf:resource=“#MotorVehiclequot;/>                   URIref relativa
   </rdf:Description>

 </rdf:RDF>
7/3/2005                     (c) Marco A. Casanova - PUC-Rio                     54
RDF Schema

• Definição de inst. de classe em RDF/XML:
   – xml:base:        ex:

   – tripla:          ex:companyCar rdf:type ex2:MotorVehicle .

<?xml version=quot;1.0quot;?>
<rdf:RDF
 xmlns:rdf=quot;http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#quot;
 xmlns:ex2=quot;http://example.org/schemas/vehiclesquot;>

  <rdf:Description rdf:ID=quot;companyCarquot;>
   <rdf:type rdf:resource=“ex2:#MotorVehiclequot;/>
  </rdf:Description>

 </rdf:RDF>
7/3/2005                    (c) Marco A. Casanova - PUC-Rio       55
RDF Schema

• Definição de propriedade:
    – sujeito:o recurso identificando o nome da propriedade
    – propriedade: rdf:type
    – objeto: rdf:Property (uma classe definida em RDF)


• Exemplo:
    exterms:weightInKg        rdf:type             rdf:Property .




7/3/2005                 (c) Marco A. Casanova - PUC-Rio            56
RDF Schema

• Definição de domínio (Domain):
     – sujeito:o recurso identificando o nome da propriedade
     – propriedade: rdfs:domain
     – objeto: o recurso identificando o nome de uma classe


• Exemplos:
     ex:Book rdf:type         rdfs:Class .
     ex:author rdf:type       rdf:Property .
     ex:author rdfs:domain    ex:Book .

7/3/2005                (c) Marco A. Casanova - PUC-Rio       57
RDF Schema

• Definição de contradomínio (Range):
     – sujeito:o recurso identificando o nome da propriedade
     – propriedade: rdfs:range
     – objeto: o recurso identificando o nome de uma classe ou
               o nome de um XSD data type

• Exemplos:
     ex:Person rdf:type rdfs:Class .               ex:age rdf:type rdf:Property .
     ex:author rdf:type rdf:Property .             ex:age rdfs:range xsd:integer .
     ex:author rdfs:range ex:Person .          xsd:integer rdf:type rdfs:Datatype .

7/3/2005                  (c) Marco A. Casanova - PUC-Rio                     58
Exemplo de propriedades
 <rdf:Description rdf:ID=quot;registeredToquot;>                      em RDF/XML
  <rdf:type
       rdf:resource=quot;http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#Propertyquot;/>
  <rdfs:domain rdf:resource=quot;#MotorVehiclequot;/>
  <rdfs:range rdf:resource=quot;#Personquot;/>
 </rdf:Description>

 <rdf:Description rdf:ID=quot;rearSeatLegRoomquot;>
  <rdf:type
       rdf:resource=quot;http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#Propertyquot;/>
  <rdfs:domain rdf:resource=quot;#PassengerVehiclequot;/>
  <rdfs:range rdf:resource=quot;http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integerquot;/>
 </rdf:Description>

 <rdf:Description rdf:ID=quot;Personquot;>
  <rdf:type rdf:resource=quot;http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#Classquot;/>
 </rdf:Description>

 <rdf:Description rdf:about=quot;http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integerquot;>
  <rdf:type rdf:resource=quot;http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#Datatypequot;/>
 </rdf:Description>

7/3/2005                    (c) Marco A. Casanova - PUC-Rio                         59
RDF Schema

• Subpropriedade:
     – sujeito:o recurso identificando o nome da propriedade
     – propriedade: rdfs:subPropertyOf
     – objeto: recurso identificando o nome da sub-propriedade


• Exemplo de definição de sub-propriedade:
     ex:driver        rdf:type                    rdf:Property .
     ex:primaryDriver rdf:type                    rdf:Property .
     ex:primaryDriver rdfs:subPropertyOf          ex:driver .

7/3/2005                (c) Marco A. Casanova - PUC-Rio            60
RDF Schema

• Exemplo em RDF/XML:

 <rdf:Description rdf:ID=quot;driverquot;>
    <rdf:type rdf:resource=quot;http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#Propertyquot;/>
    <rdfs:domain rdf:resource=quot;#MotorVehiclequot;/>
 </rdf:Description>

 <rdf:Description rdf:ID=quot;primaryDriverquot;>
    <rdf:type rdf:resource=quot;http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#Propertyquot;/>
    <rdfs:subPropertyOf rdf:resource=quot;#driverquot;/>
 </rdf:Description>




7/3/2005                    (c) Marco A. Casanova - PUC-Rio                     61
RDF Schema

• Instância de propriedade:
    – sujeito:
      recurso identificando uma instância de uma classe
    – propriedade: o nome da propriedade
    – objeto:
      recurso identificando uma instância de uma classe ou
      literal indicando o valor da propriedade

• Exemplo:
    ex:JohnSmithsCar        ex:registeredTo              ex:85740 .

7/3/2005               (c) Marco A. Casanova - PUC-Rio                62
RDF Schema

• Instância de propriedade em RDF/XML:
 <?xml version=quot;1.0quot;?>
 <rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf=quot;http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#quot;
            xmlns:ex=quot;http://example.org/schemas/vehiclesquot;>
    <rdf:Description rdf:ID=quot;johnSmithsCarquot;>
       <rdf:type
          rdf:resource=quot;http://example.org/schemas/vehicles#PassengerVehiclequot;/>
          <ex:registeredTo rdf:resource=quot;http://www.example.org/staffid/85740quot;/>
          <ex:rearSeatLegRoom
           rdf:datatype=quot;http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integerquot;>
               127
          </ex:rearSeatLegRoom>
         <ex:primaryDriver rdf:resource=quot;http://www.example.org/staffid/85740quot;/>
    </rdf:Description>
 </rdf:RDF>

7/3/2005                    (c) Marco A. Casanova - PUC-Rio                    63
RDF Schema

• Forma abreviada em RDF/XML:
 <?xml version=quot;1.0quot;?>
 <rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf=quot;http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#quot;
            xmlns:ex=quot;http://example.org/schemas/vehiclesquot;>
    <ex:PassengerVehicle rdf:ID=quot;johnSmithsCarquot;>
      <ex:registeredTo rdf:resource=quot;http://www.example.org/staffid/85740quot;/>
      <ex:rearSeatLegRoom
       rdf:datatype=quot;http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integerquot;>
           127
      </ex:rearSeatLegRoom>
      <ex:primaryDriver rdf:resource=quot;http://www.example.org/staffid/85740quot;/>
    </ex:PassengerVehicle>
 </rdf:RDF>



7/3/2005                    (c) Marco A. Casanova - PUC-Rio                     64
RDF Schema

• Interpretação de um RDF Schema:
    – regra de escopo para propriedades:
           • linguagens de programação:
              – o escopo de um atributo é restrito à classe ou tipo
                em que é definido
           • RDF:
              – o escopo de uma propriedade é global, ou seja,
                independente da definição das classes




7/3/2005                     (c) Marco A. Casanova - PUC-Rio          65
RDF Schema

• Interpretação de um RDF Schema:
    – papel das descrições em um esquema:
           • linguagens de programação:
              – a definição dos tipos ou classes é prescritiva
           • RDF:
              – um RDF schema é apenas uma descrição adicional dos
                recursos
              – a aplicação decide como interpretar o esquema




7/3/2005                     (c) Marco A. Casanova - PUC-Rio         66
RDF Schema

• Interpretação de um RDF Schema (cont.):
    – papel das descrições em um esquema:
           • uma descrição de uma instância pode ser considerada válida
             (por uma aplicação)
              – sem que especifique alguma propriedade definida no esquema
              ou
              – com uma propriedade adicional não descrita no esquema




7/3/2005                    (c) Marco A. Casanova - PUC-Rio                  67
RDF Schema

                          Vocabulário de RDF Schema

               Conceito                   Recurso                 Propriedade
      Classe                      rdfs:Class                   rdf:type
                                  rdfs:Resource                rdfs:subClassOf
      Propriedade de classe       rdf:Property                 rdf:type
                                                               rdfs:domain
                                                               rdfs:range
                                                               rdfs:subPropertyOf




7/3/2005                     (c) Marco A. Casanova - PUC-Rio                        68
Exemplos de RDF Schemas

• Dublin Core Metadata Initiative
   http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/

     – conjunto mínimo de elementos descritivos para facilitar
       a descrição e indexação automática de objetos, como
       documentos, interligados entre si, de forma semelhante
       ao catálogo de uma biblioteca




7/3/2005                (c) Marco A. Casanova - PUC-Rio    69
Exemplos de RDF Schemas
<?xml version=quot;1.0quot; encoding=quot;UTF-8quot;?>
<rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf=quot;http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#quot;
        xmlns:dc=quot;http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/quot;
        xml:lang=quot;en-USquot;>

 <rdf:Description rdf:about=quot;http://wanderlust.com/2000/08/Corfu.jpgquot;>
  <dc:identifier rdf:resource=quot;http://wanderlust.com/content/2357845quot; />
  <dc:description>Photograph taken at 6:00 am on Corfu with two models
  </dc:description>
  <dc:title>Walking on the Beach in Corfu</dc:title>
  <dc:creator>John Peterson</dc:creator>
  <dc:contributor>Sally Smith, lighting</dc:contributor>
  <dc:format>image/jpeg</dc:format>
 </rdf:Description>

</rdf:RDF>


7/3/2005                   (c) Marco A. Casanova - PUC-Rio                 70
Exemplos de RDF Schemas

• PRISM: Publishing Requirements for Industry
  Standard Metadata
   http://www.prismstandard.org/

     – especificação de metadados para a imprensa,
       enfatizando:
           • descoberta – pesquisa, browsing, distribuição de conteúdo, etc...
           • acompanhamento de direitos autorais
           • transmissão de metadados (junto com o conteúdo).

     – baseia-se no Dublin Core


7/3/2005                    (c) Marco A. Casanova - PUC-Rio               71
Exemplos de RDF Schemas
<?xml version=quot;1.0quot; encoding=quot;UTF-8quot;?>
<rdf:RDF xmlns:prism=quot;http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/quot;
        xmlns:rdf=quot;http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#quot;
        xmlns:dc=quot;http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/quot;>

 <rdf:Description rdf:about=quot;http://wanderlust.com/2000/08/Corfu.jpgquot;>
    <dc:identifier rdf:resource=quot; http://wanderlust.com/content/2357845quot; />
    <prism:copyright>Copyright 2001, Wanderlust Publications. All rights
                         reserved.
    </prism:copyright>
    <prism:rightsAgent>Phantasy Photos, Philadelphia</prism:rightsAgent>
 </rdf:Description>

</rdf:RDF>




7/3/2005                   (c) Marco A. Casanova - PUC-Rio                    72
Exemplos de RDF Schemas

• Open Directory Project
   http://rdf.dmoz.org/

     – diretório para a Web editado manualmente (!)
     – construído e mantido por uma comunidade de
       voluntários (!!)




7/3/2005                  (c) Marco A. Casanova - PUC-Rio   73
Exemplos de RDF Schemas

• Composite Capabilities/Preferences Profile
  (CC/PP)
     – define um framework genérico para descrever, para
       servidores, o contexto de entrega de um cliente:
           • capacidade do dispositivo
           • preferências do usuário
           • características da rede
           • etc...




7/3/2005                    (c) Marco A. Casanova - PUC-Rio   74
Exemplos de RDF Schemas

• Gene Ontology (GO) Consortium:
     – provê um vocabulário controlado para descrever
       aspectos de produtos derivados da Genética




7/3/2005             (c) Marco A. Casanova - PUC-Rio    75
Referências

• RDF Primer
  (W3C Working Draft 23 January 2003)
    http://www.w3.org/TR/2003/WD-rdf-primer-20030123/




7/3/2005            (c) Marco A. Casanova - PUC-Rio     76
Referências




7/3/2005   (c) Marco A. Casanova - PUC-Rio   77

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Ontologias - RDF

  • 1. Tecnologias de Banco de Dados para a Web Semântica Módulo 2b - Ontologias - RDF Marco A. Casanova 7/3/2005 (c) Marco A. Casanova - PUC-Rio 1
  • 2. Tópicos • Introdução • URIref e Qname • RDF Básica • RDF/XML • Outros recursos de RDF • RDF Schema • Exemplos de RDF Schemas 7/3/2005 (c) Marco A. Casanova - PUC-Rio 2
  • 3. Introdução • RDF: – provê uma linguagem comum que as aplicações podem utilizar para intercambiar informação, sem perda de significado: • informação sobre recursos na Web, particularmente metadados • informação sobre objetos que podem ser identificados na Web, mesmo que não possam ser recuperados pela Web (como produtos vendidos pela Web) 7/3/2005 (c) Marco A. Casanova - PUC-Rio 3
  • 4. URIref e Qname • URI Reference (URIref): – uma URI com um identificador de fragmento opcional – utilizada para identificar: • indivíduos, e.g., Eric Miller, identificado por http://www.w3.org/People/EM/contact#me • tipos de objetos, e.g., Person, identificado por http://www.w3.org/2000/10/swap/pim/contact#Person • propriedades de objetos, e.g., mailbox, identificado por http://www.w3.org/2000/10/swap/pim/contact#mailbox • valores das propriedades, e.g. mailto:em@w3.org, identificado por http://www.example.org/staffem/85741 7/3/2005 (c) Marco A. Casanova - PUC-Rio 4
  • 5. URIref e Qname • Qualified Name (QName): – uma abreviação para uma URI reference • QName prefix: – uma abreviação para um URI namespace • Exemplo: – foo é um QName prefix abreviando o URI namespace http://example.org/somewhere/ – foo:bar é um QName abreviando a URIref http://example.org/somewhere/bar 7/3/2005 (c) Marco A. Casanova - PUC-Rio 5
  • 6. URIref e Qname • Exemplos de QName prefix mais usados: rdf: http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns# rdfs: http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema# dc: http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/ daml: http://www.daml.org/2001/03/daml+oil# ex: http://www.example.org/ xsd: http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema# 7/3/2005 (c) Marco A. Casanova - PUC-Rio 6
  • 7. RDF Básica • RDF Model: – um recurso em RDF é qualquer URIref – uma afirmação em RDF é uma tripla (S, P, O), entendida como “S possui P com valor O”, onde • S é o sujeito da afirmação, designado por um recurso • P é o predicado da afirmação, designado por um recurso • O é o o objeto da afirmação, designado por um recurso ou literal 7/3/2005 (c) Marco A. Casanova - PUC-Rio 7
  • 8. RDF Básica • RDF Model: – um grupo de afirmações em RDF deve ser entendido como a conjunção das afirmações 7/3/2005 (c) Marco A. Casanova - PUC-Rio 8
  • 9. RDF Básica • Exemplo: “http://www.example.org/index.html has a creator whose value is John Smith” sujeito: http://www.example.org/index.html predicado: http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/creator (URI para “creator”) objeto: http://www.example.org/staffid/85740 (URI para “John Smith”) 7/3/2005 (c) Marco A. Casanova - PUC-Rio 9
  • 10. RDF Básica • Notação em triplas: <http://www.example.org/index.html> <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/creator> <http://www.example.org/staffid/85740>. • Notação em grafo: Sujeito propriedade Objeto 7/3/2005 (c) Marco A. Casanova - PUC-Rio 10
  • 11. <http://www.example.org/index.html> <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/creator> <http://www.example.org/staffid/85740> . <http://www.example.org/index.html> <http://www.example.org/terms/creation-date> quot;August 16, 1999quot; . <http://www.example.org/index.html> <http://www.example.org/terms/language> quot;Englishquot; . literais 7/3/2005 (c) Marco A. Casanova - PUC-Rio 11
  • 12. RDF Básica 7/3/2005 (c) Marco A. Casanova - PUC-Rio 12
  • 13. RDF Básica • Valores estruturados de propriedades e nós vazios: exstaff:85740 exterms:address _:johnaddress . _:johnaddress exterms:street quot;1501 Grant Avenuequot; . _:johnaddress exterms:city quot;Bedfordquot; . _:johnaddress exterms:state quot;Massachusettsquot; . _:johnaddress exterms:Zip quot;01730quot; . 7/3/2005 (c) Marco A. Casanova - PUC-Rio 13
  • 14. RDF Básica nó vazio 7/3/2005 (c) Marco A. Casanova - PUC-Rio 14
  • 15. RDF Básica • Literais tipados: ex:index.html exterms:creation-date quot;1999-08-16quot;^^xsd:date . 7/3/2005 (c) Marco A. Casanova - PUC-Rio 15
  • 16. RDF/XML • Exemplo: ex:index.html exterms:creation-date quot;August 16, 1999quot; . ex:index.html exterms:language quot;Englishquot; . ex:index.html dc:creator http://www.example.org/staffid/85740 . <?xml version=quot;1.0quot;?> <rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf=quot;http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#quot; xmlns:dc=quot;http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/quot; xmlns:exterms=quot;http://www.example.org/terms/quot;> <rdf:Description rdf:about=quot;http://www.example.org/index.htmlquot;> <exterms:creation-date>August 16, 1999</exterms:creation-date> <exterms:language>English</exterms:language> <dc:creator rdf:resource=quot;http://www.example.org/staffid/85740quot;/> </rdf:Description> </rdf:RDF> 7/3/2005 (c) Marco A. Casanova - PUC-Rio 16
  • 17. <?xml version=quot;1.0quot;?> <rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf=quot;http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#quot; xmlns:dc=quot;http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/quot; xmlns:exterms=quot;http://www.example.org/terms/quot;> <rdf:Description rdf:about=quot;http://www.example.org/index.htmlquot;> <exterms:creation-date>August 16, 1999</exterms:creation-date> <exterms:language>English</exterms:language> <dc:creator rdf:resource=quot;http://www.example.org/staffid/85740quot;/> </rdf:Description> </rdf:RDF> 7/3/2005 (c) Marco A. Casanova - PUC-Rio 17
  • 18. RDF/XML • rdf:RDF – indica que o documento XML define afirmações em RDF • rdf:Description – indica o início da descrição de um recurso <?xml version=quot;1.0quot;?> <rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf=quot;http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#quot; xmlns:dc=quot;http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/quot; xmlns:exterms=quot;http://www.example.org/terms/quot;> <rdf:Description rdf:about=quot;http://www.example.org/index.htmlquot;> <exterms:creation-date>August 16, 1999</exterms:creation-date> <exterms:language>English</exterms:language> <dc:creator rdf:resource=quot;http://www.example.org/staffid/85740quot;/> </rdf:Description> </rdf:RDF> 7/3/2005 (c) Marco A. Casanova - PUC-Rio 18
  • 19. RDF/XML • rdf:about – valor do atributo é uma URIref identificando o recurso • property elements – aninhados no elemento quot;rdf:Descriptionquot; – indicam que a propriedade aplica-se ao recurso em quot;rdf:aboutquot; <?xml version=quot;1.0quot;?> <rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf=quot;http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#quot; xmlns:dc=quot;http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/quot; xmlns:exterms=quot;http://www.example.org/terms/quot;> <rdf:Description rdf:about=quot;http://www.example.org/index.htmlquot;> <exterms:creation-date>August 16, 1999</exterms:creation-date> <exterms:language>English</exterms:language> <dc:creator rdf:resource=quot;http://www.example.org/staffid/85740quot;/> </rdf:Description> </rdf:RDF> 7/3/2005 (c) Marco A. Casanova - PUC-Rio 19
  • 20. RDF/XML • rdf:ID – indica o uso de um fragment identifier, uma abreviação para a URIref completa do recurso sendo descrito – a URIref completa para o recurso é criada concatenando-se: • a base URI • com o símbolo quot;#quot; • com o valor de quot;rdf:IDquot; – rdf:ID=quot;fragment identifierquot; é equivalente a rdf:about=quot;#fragment identifierquot; 7/3/2005 (c) Marco A. Casanova - PUC-Rio 20
  • 21. RDF/XML • Exemplo: – fragment identifier: item10245 – base URI: http://www.example.com/2002/04/products – URIref equivalente: http://www.example.com/2002/04/products#item10245 <?xml version=quot;1.0quot;?> <rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf=quot;http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#quot; xmlns:exterms=quot;http://www.example.com/terms/quot;> <rdf:Description rdf:ID=quot;item10245quot;> <exterms:model>Overnighter</exterms:model> <exterms:sleeps>2</exterms:sleeps> <exterms:weight>2.4</exterms:weight> <exterms:packedSize>14x56</exterms:packedSize> </rdf:Description> </rdf:RDF> 7/3/2005 (c) Marco A. Casanova - PUC-Rio 21
  • 22. RDF/XML • XML base – por default, a base URI é a URI do documento que contém as afirmações em RDF – alternativamente, a base URI pode ser indicada explicitamente através do atributo xml:base <?xml version=quot;1.0quot;?> <rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf=quot;http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#quot; xmlns:exterms=quot;http://www.example.com/terms/quot; xml:base=quot;http://www.example.com/2002/04/productsquot;> <rdf:Description rdf:ID=quot;item10245quot;> <exterms:model>Overnighter</exterms:model> <exterms:sleeps>2</exterms:sleeps> <exterms:weight>2.4</exterms:weight> <exterms:packedSize>14x56</exterms:packedSize> </rdf:Description> </rdf:RDF> 7/3/2005 (c) Marco A. Casanova - PUC-Rio 22
  • 23. RDF/XML • rdf:type – propriedade tal que: • valor da propriedade: – recurso representando uma categoria ou classe de objetos • sujeito da propriedade: – instância da categoria ou classe 7/3/2005 (c) Marco A. Casanova - PUC-Rio 23
  • 24. RDF/XML • Exemplo de rdf:type <?xml version=quot;1.0quot;?> <rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf=quot;http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#quot; xmlns:exterms=quot;http://www.example.com/terms/quot; xml:base=quot;http://www.example.com/2002/04/productsquot;> <rdf:Description rdf:ID=quot;item10245quot;> <rdf:type rdf:resource=quot;http://www.example.com/terms/Tentquot; /> <exterms:model>Overnighter</exterms:model> <exterms:sleeps>2</exterms:sleeps> <exterms:weight>2.4</exterms:weight> <exterms:packedSize>14x56</exterms:packedSize> </rdf:Description> ...other product descriptions... </rdf:RDF> 7/3/2005 (c) Marco A. Casanova - PUC-Rio 24
  • 25. RDF/XML • Exemplo de notação simplificada para rdf:type <?xml version=quot;1.0quot;?> <rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf=quot;http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#quot; xmlns:exterms=quot;http://www.example.com/terms/quot; xml:base=quot;http://www.example.com/2002/04/productsquot;> <exterms:Tent rdf:ID=quot;item10245quot;> <exterms:model>Overnighter</exterms:model> <exterms:sleeps>2</exterms:sleeps> <exterms:weight>2.4</exterms:weight> <exterms:packedSize>14x56</exterms:packedSize> </exterms:Tent> ...other product descriptions... </rdf:RDF> 7/3/2005 (c) Marco A. Casanova - PUC-Rio 25
  • 26. RDF/XML • Exemplo de uso de literais tipados ex:index.html exterms:creation-date quot;1999-08-16quot;^^xsd:date . <?xml version=quot;1.0quot;?> <rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf=quot;http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#quot; xmlns:exterms=quot;http://www.example.org/terms/quot;> <rdf:Description rdf:about=quot;http://www.example.org/index.htmlquot;> <exterms:creation-date rdf:datatype= quot;http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#datequot;>1999-08-16 </exterms:creation-date> </rdf:Description> </rdf:RDF> 7/3/2005 (c) Marco A. Casanova - PUC-Rio 26
  • 27. Outros recursos de RDF • RDF Containers – um container é um recurso que contém objetos, chamados de membros – os membros podem ser recursos ou literais 7/3/2005 (c) Marco A. Casanova - PUC-Rio 27
  • 28. Outros recursos de RDF • RDF Containers – tipos de containers: • rdf:Bag tipo dos containers que designam conjuntos (quot;bagquot;) de recursos ou literais • rdf:Seq tipo dos containers que designam seqüências de recursos ou literais • rdf:Alt tipo dos containers que designam grupos de recursos ou literais que representam alternativas 7/3/2005 (c) Marco A. Casanova - PUC-Rio 28
  • 29. Outros recursos de RDF 7/3/2005 (c) Marco A. Casanova - PUC-Rio 29
  • 30. Outros recursos de RDF • Exemplo de rdf:Bag <?xml version=quot;1.0quot;?> <rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf=quot;http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#quot; xmlns:s=quot;http://example.edu/students/vocab#quot;> <rdf:Description rdf:about=quot;http://example.edu/courses/6.001quot;> <s:students> <rdf:Bag> <rdf:li rdf:resource=quot;http://example.edu/students/Amyquot;/> <rdf:li rdf:resource=quot;http://example.edu/students/Timquot;/> <rdf:li rdf:resource=quot;http://example.edu/students/Johnquot;/> <rdf:li rdf:resource=quot;http://example.edu/students/Maryquot;/> <rdf:li rdf:resource=quot;http://example.edu/students/Suequot;/> </rdf:Bag> </s:students> </rdf:Description> </rdf:RDF> 7/3/2005 (c) Marco A. Casanova - PUC-Rio 30
  • 31. Outros recursos de RDF 7/3/2005 (c) Marco A. Casanova - PUC-Rio 31
  • 32. Outros recursos de RDF • Exemplo de rdf:Alt <?xml version=quot;1.0quot;?> <rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf=quot;http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#quot; xmlns:s=quot;http://example.org/packages/vocab#quot;> <rdf:Description rdf:about=quot;http://example.org/packages/X11quot;> <s:DistributionSite> <rdf:Alt> <rdf:li rdf:resource=quot;ftp://ftp.example.orgquot;/> <rdf:li rdf:resource=quot;ftp://ftp.example1.orgquot;/> <rdf:li rdf:resource=quot;ftp://ftp.example2.orgquot;/> </rdf:Alt> </s:DistributionSite> </rdf:Description> </rdf:RDF> 7/3/2005 (c) Marco A. Casanova - PUC-Rio 32
  • 33. Outros recursos de RDF • RDF Collection – um grupo de objetos representado como uma lista em RDF através do seguinte vocabulário: • rdf:List tipo das listas de recursos ou literais • rdf:first primeiro elemento de uma lista • rdf:rest resto de uma lista • rdf:nil lista vazia 7/3/2005 (c) Marco A. Casanova - PUC-Rio 33
  • 34. 7/3/2005 (c) Marco A. Casanova - PUC-Rio 34
  • 35. Outros recursos de RDF • Exemplo de RDF Collection <?xml version=quot;1.0quot;?> <rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf=quot;http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#quot; xmlns:s=quot;http://example.edu/students/vocab#quot;> <rdf:Description rdf:about=quot;http://example.edu/courses/6.001quot;> <s:students rdf:parseType=quot;Collectionquot;> <rdf:Description rdf:about=quot;http://example.edu/students/Amyquot;/> <rdf:Description rdf:about=quot;http://example.edu/students/Timquot;/> <rdf:Description rdf:about=quot;http://example.edu/students/Johnquot;/> </s:students> </rdf:Description> </rdf:RDF> 7/3/2005 (c) Marco A. Casanova - PUC-Rio 35
  • 36. Outros recursos de RDF • RDF Reification – rdf:Statement indica que a afirmação é sobre outra afirmação – rdf:subject sujeito da afirmação – rdf:predicate predicado da afirmação – rdf:object objeto da afirmação 7/3/2005 (c) Marco A. Casanova - PUC-Rio 36
  • 37. Outros recursos de RDF • Exemplo de RDF Reification [[exproducts:item10245 exterms:weight quot;2.4quot; .]] dc:creator exstaff:85740 . _:xxx rdf:type rdf:Statement . _:xxx rdf:subject exproducts:item10245 . _:xxx rdf:predicate exterms:weight . _:xxx rdf:object quot;2.4quot; . _:xxx dc:creator exstaff:85740 . 1. Estas triplas indicam que quot;há uma afirmação cujo sujeito é quot;exproducts:item10245quot;, cujo predicado é quot;exterms:weightquot;, e cujo objeto é quot;2.4quot; e que a afirmação foi feita pelo recurso identificado por quot;exstaff:85740quot; quot; 2. Estas triplas não indicam que a afirmação (identificada por quot;_:xxxquot;) é a mesma que alguma afirmação específica em um documento RDF. 7/3/2005 (c) Marco A. Casanova - PUC-Rio 37
  • 38. Resumo do Vocabulário Termos Básicos Descrição rdf:RDF termo indicando que o documento define afirmações em RDF rdf:Description termo indicando o início da descrição de um recurso rdf:about termo indicando uma URIref identificando o recurso rdf:ID termo indicando um fragment identifier identificando o recurso rdf:resource termo indicando um recurso property elements elementos aninhados no elemento quot;rdf:Descriptionquot;; indicam que a propriedade aplica-se ao recurso descrito rdf:type valor da propriedade é um recurso representando uma categoria ou classe de objetos; sujeito da propriedade é uma instância da categoria ou classe rdf:Property classe das propriedades 7/3/2005 (c) Marco A. Casanova - PUC-Rio 38
  • 39. Resumo do Vocabulário RDF Container Descrição rdf:Seq classe das seqüência de recursos ou literais rdf:Bag classe dos conjuntos (quot;bagquot;) de recursos ou literais rdf:alt classe dos grupo de recursos ou literais que representam alternativas rdf:li indica um elemento 7/3/2005 (c) Marco A. Casanova - PUC-Rio 39
  • 40. Resumo do Vocabulário RDF Collection Descrição rdf:List classe das listas de recursos ou literais rdf:first propriedade indicando o primeiro elemento de uma lista rdf:rest propriedade indicando o resto de uma lista rdf:nil recurso indicando a lista vazia rdf:parseType= (equivalente a rdf:List em RDF/XML) quot;Collectionquot; 7/3/2005 (c) Marco A. Casanova - PUC-Rio 40
  • 41. Resumo do Vocabulário RDF Reification Descrição rdf:Statement tipo indicando que a afirmação é sobre outra afirmação rdf:subject propriedade indicando o sujeito da afirmação rdf:predicate propriedade indicando o predcado da afirmação rdf:object propriedade indicando o objeto da afirmação 7/3/2005 (c) Marco A. Casanova - PUC-Rio 41
  • 42. RDF Schema • Definição de RDF Schema (RDFS): – sistema de tipos para RDF, permitindo definir: • classes • hierarquia de classes • propriedades de classes – usa o próprio RDF para especificar o sistema de tipos 7/3/2005 (c) Marco A. Casanova - PUC-Rio 42
  • 43. RDF Schema • Definição de RDF Schema (RDFS): – provê um conjunto de recursos e propriedades: • com significado definido • utilizado para descrever classes e propriedades de uma aplicação • forma um vocabulário reservado (de RDF Schema) estendendo o vocabulário de RDF 7/3/2005 (c) Marco A. Casanova - PUC-Rio 43
  • 44. RDF Schema • Vocabulário de RDF: rdf: http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns# • Vocabulário de RDF Schema: rdfs: http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema# • Namespace usado para os exemplos: ex: http://www.example.org/ 7/3/2005 (c) Marco A. Casanova - PUC-Rio 44
  • 45. RDF Schema • Definição de classe: – sujeito: o nome da classe – propriedade: rdf:type – objeto: rdfs:Class • Exemplo: ex:MotorVehicle rdf:type rdfs:Class . (nota: triplas usando QName prefixes dispensam o uso de “<“e “>”) 7/3/2005 (c) Marco A. Casanova - PUC-Rio 45
  • 46. RDF Schema • Definição de classe em RDF/XML: – xml:base: ex: – tripla: ex:MotorVehicle rdf:type rdfs:Class . <?xml version=quot;1.0quot;?> <rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf=quot;http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#“> <rdf:Description rdf:ID=quot;MotorVehiclequot;> <rdf:type rdf:resource=quot;http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#Classquot;/> </rdf:Description> </rdf:RDF> 7/3/2005 (c) Marco A. Casanova - PUC-Rio 46
  • 47. RDF Schema • Definição de subclasse: – sujeito:o recurso identificando o nome da classe – propriedade: rdfs:subClassOf – objeto: o recurso identificando o nome da classe • Exemplo: ex:Van rdf:type rdfs:Class . ex:Van rdfs:subClassOf ex:MotorVehicle . 7/3/2005 (c) Marco A. Casanova - PUC-Rio 47
  • 48. RDF Schema • Subclasse (cont.): – a propriedade “rdfs:subClassOf” é transitiva • Exemplo de subclasses transitivas: ex:Van rdf:type rdfs:Class . ex:MinVan rdf:type rdfs:Class . ex:Van rdfs:subClassOf ex:MotorVehicle . ex:MinVan rdfs:subClassOf ex:Van . ex:MinVan rdfs:subClassOf ex:MotorVehicle . 7/3/2005 (c) Marco A. Casanova - PUC-Rio 48
  • 49. 7/3/2005 (c) Marco A. Casanova - PUC-Rio 49
  • 50. RDF Schema • Exemplo de esquema em triplas: ex:MotorVehicle rdf:type rdfs:Class . ex:PassengerVehicle rdf:type rdfs:Class . ex:Van rdf:type rdfs:Class . ex:Truck rdf:type rdfs:Class . ex:MiniVan rdf:type rdfs:Class . ex:PassengerVehicle rdfs:subClassOf ex:MotorVehicle . ex:Van rdfs:subClassOf ex:MotorVehicle . ex:Truck rdfs:subClassOf ex:MotorVehicle . ex:MiniVan rdfs:subClassOf ex:Van . ex:MiniVan 7/3/2005 rdfs:subClassOf(c) Marco A. Casanova - PUC-Rio ex:PassengerVehicle . 50
  • 51. <?xml version=quot;1.0quot;?> Exemplo de esquema <rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf=quot;http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#quot; xmlns:rdfs=quot;http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#quot;> em RDF/XML <rdf:Description rdf:ID=quot;MotorVehiclequot;> <rdf:type rdf:resource=quot;http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#Classquot;/> </rdf:Description> <rdf:Description rdf:ID=quot;PassengerVehiclequot;> <rdf:type rdf:resource=quot;http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#Classquot;/> <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource=quot;#MotorVehiclequot;/> </rdf:Description> <rdf:Description rdf:ID=quot;Truckquot;> <rdf:type rdf:resource=quot;http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#Classquot;/> <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource=quot;#MotorVehiclequot;/> </rdf:Description> <rdf:Description rdf:ID=quot;Vanquot;> <rdf:type rdf:resource=quot;http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#Classquot;/> <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource=quot;#MotorVehiclequot;/> </rdf:Description> <rdf:Description rdf:ID=quot;MiniVanquot;> <rdf:type rdf:resource=quot;http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#Classquot;/> <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource=quot;#Vanquot;/> <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource=quot;#PassengerVehiclequot;/> </rdf:Description> </rdf:RDF> 7/3/2005 (c) Marco A. Casanova - PUC-Rio 51
  • 52. RDF Schema • Definição de instância de classe: – sujeito:o recurso identificando a instância da classe – propriedade: rdf:type – objeto: o recurso identificando o nome da classe • Exemplo: ex:companyCar rdf:type ex:MotorVehicle . 7/3/2005 (c) Marco A. Casanova - PUC-Rio 52
  • 53. RDF Schema • Definição de inst. de classe em RDF/XML: – xml:base: ex: – tripla: ex:companyCar rdf:type ex:MotorVehicle . <?xml version=quot;1.0quot;?> <rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf=quot;http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#quot; xmlns:ex=quot;http://example.org/schemas/vehiclesquot;> <rdf:Description rdf:ID=quot;companyCarquot;> <rdf:type rdf:resource=quot;http://example.org/schemas/vehicles#MotorVehiclequot;/> </rdf:Description> </rdf:RDF> 7/3/2005 (c) Marco A. Casanova - PUC-Rio 53
  • 54. RDF Schema • Definição de inst. de classe em RDF/XML: – xml:base: ex: – tripla: ex:companyCar rdf:type ex:MotorVehicle . <?xml version=quot;1.0quot;?> <rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf=quot;http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#“> <rdf:Description rdf:ID=quot;companyCarquot;> <rdf:type rdf:resource=“#MotorVehiclequot;/> URIref relativa </rdf:Description> </rdf:RDF> 7/3/2005 (c) Marco A. Casanova - PUC-Rio 54
  • 55. RDF Schema • Definição de inst. de classe em RDF/XML: – xml:base: ex: – tripla: ex:companyCar rdf:type ex2:MotorVehicle . <?xml version=quot;1.0quot;?> <rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf=quot;http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#quot; xmlns:ex2=quot;http://example.org/schemas/vehiclesquot;> <rdf:Description rdf:ID=quot;companyCarquot;> <rdf:type rdf:resource=“ex2:#MotorVehiclequot;/> </rdf:Description> </rdf:RDF> 7/3/2005 (c) Marco A. Casanova - PUC-Rio 55
  • 56. RDF Schema • Definição de propriedade: – sujeito:o recurso identificando o nome da propriedade – propriedade: rdf:type – objeto: rdf:Property (uma classe definida em RDF) • Exemplo: exterms:weightInKg rdf:type rdf:Property . 7/3/2005 (c) Marco A. Casanova - PUC-Rio 56
  • 57. RDF Schema • Definição de domínio (Domain): – sujeito:o recurso identificando o nome da propriedade – propriedade: rdfs:domain – objeto: o recurso identificando o nome de uma classe • Exemplos: ex:Book rdf:type rdfs:Class . ex:author rdf:type rdf:Property . ex:author rdfs:domain ex:Book . 7/3/2005 (c) Marco A. Casanova - PUC-Rio 57
  • 58. RDF Schema • Definição de contradomínio (Range): – sujeito:o recurso identificando o nome da propriedade – propriedade: rdfs:range – objeto: o recurso identificando o nome de uma classe ou o nome de um XSD data type • Exemplos: ex:Person rdf:type rdfs:Class . ex:age rdf:type rdf:Property . ex:author rdf:type rdf:Property . ex:age rdfs:range xsd:integer . ex:author rdfs:range ex:Person . xsd:integer rdf:type rdfs:Datatype . 7/3/2005 (c) Marco A. Casanova - PUC-Rio 58
  • 59. Exemplo de propriedades <rdf:Description rdf:ID=quot;registeredToquot;> em RDF/XML <rdf:type rdf:resource=quot;http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#Propertyquot;/> <rdfs:domain rdf:resource=quot;#MotorVehiclequot;/> <rdfs:range rdf:resource=quot;#Personquot;/> </rdf:Description> <rdf:Description rdf:ID=quot;rearSeatLegRoomquot;> <rdf:type rdf:resource=quot;http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#Propertyquot;/> <rdfs:domain rdf:resource=quot;#PassengerVehiclequot;/> <rdfs:range rdf:resource=quot;http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integerquot;/> </rdf:Description> <rdf:Description rdf:ID=quot;Personquot;> <rdf:type rdf:resource=quot;http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#Classquot;/> </rdf:Description> <rdf:Description rdf:about=quot;http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integerquot;> <rdf:type rdf:resource=quot;http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#Datatypequot;/> </rdf:Description> 7/3/2005 (c) Marco A. Casanova - PUC-Rio 59
  • 60. RDF Schema • Subpropriedade: – sujeito:o recurso identificando o nome da propriedade – propriedade: rdfs:subPropertyOf – objeto: recurso identificando o nome da sub-propriedade • Exemplo de definição de sub-propriedade: ex:driver rdf:type rdf:Property . ex:primaryDriver rdf:type rdf:Property . ex:primaryDriver rdfs:subPropertyOf ex:driver . 7/3/2005 (c) Marco A. Casanova - PUC-Rio 60
  • 61. RDF Schema • Exemplo em RDF/XML: <rdf:Description rdf:ID=quot;driverquot;> <rdf:type rdf:resource=quot;http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#Propertyquot;/> <rdfs:domain rdf:resource=quot;#MotorVehiclequot;/> </rdf:Description> <rdf:Description rdf:ID=quot;primaryDriverquot;> <rdf:type rdf:resource=quot;http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#Propertyquot;/> <rdfs:subPropertyOf rdf:resource=quot;#driverquot;/> </rdf:Description> 7/3/2005 (c) Marco A. Casanova - PUC-Rio 61
  • 62. RDF Schema • Instância de propriedade: – sujeito: recurso identificando uma instância de uma classe – propriedade: o nome da propriedade – objeto: recurso identificando uma instância de uma classe ou literal indicando o valor da propriedade • Exemplo: ex:JohnSmithsCar ex:registeredTo ex:85740 . 7/3/2005 (c) Marco A. Casanova - PUC-Rio 62
  • 63. RDF Schema • Instância de propriedade em RDF/XML: <?xml version=quot;1.0quot;?> <rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf=quot;http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#quot; xmlns:ex=quot;http://example.org/schemas/vehiclesquot;> <rdf:Description rdf:ID=quot;johnSmithsCarquot;> <rdf:type rdf:resource=quot;http://example.org/schemas/vehicles#PassengerVehiclequot;/> <ex:registeredTo rdf:resource=quot;http://www.example.org/staffid/85740quot;/> <ex:rearSeatLegRoom rdf:datatype=quot;http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integerquot;> 127 </ex:rearSeatLegRoom> <ex:primaryDriver rdf:resource=quot;http://www.example.org/staffid/85740quot;/> </rdf:Description> </rdf:RDF> 7/3/2005 (c) Marco A. Casanova - PUC-Rio 63
  • 64. RDF Schema • Forma abreviada em RDF/XML: <?xml version=quot;1.0quot;?> <rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf=quot;http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#quot; xmlns:ex=quot;http://example.org/schemas/vehiclesquot;> <ex:PassengerVehicle rdf:ID=quot;johnSmithsCarquot;> <ex:registeredTo rdf:resource=quot;http://www.example.org/staffid/85740quot;/> <ex:rearSeatLegRoom rdf:datatype=quot;http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integerquot;> 127 </ex:rearSeatLegRoom> <ex:primaryDriver rdf:resource=quot;http://www.example.org/staffid/85740quot;/> </ex:PassengerVehicle> </rdf:RDF> 7/3/2005 (c) Marco A. Casanova - PUC-Rio 64
  • 65. RDF Schema • Interpretação de um RDF Schema: – regra de escopo para propriedades: • linguagens de programação: – o escopo de um atributo é restrito à classe ou tipo em que é definido • RDF: – o escopo de uma propriedade é global, ou seja, independente da definição das classes 7/3/2005 (c) Marco A. Casanova - PUC-Rio 65
  • 66. RDF Schema • Interpretação de um RDF Schema: – papel das descrições em um esquema: • linguagens de programação: – a definição dos tipos ou classes é prescritiva • RDF: – um RDF schema é apenas uma descrição adicional dos recursos – a aplicação decide como interpretar o esquema 7/3/2005 (c) Marco A. Casanova - PUC-Rio 66
  • 67. RDF Schema • Interpretação de um RDF Schema (cont.): – papel das descrições em um esquema: • uma descrição de uma instância pode ser considerada válida (por uma aplicação) – sem que especifique alguma propriedade definida no esquema ou – com uma propriedade adicional não descrita no esquema 7/3/2005 (c) Marco A. Casanova - PUC-Rio 67
  • 68. RDF Schema Vocabulário de RDF Schema Conceito Recurso Propriedade Classe rdfs:Class rdf:type rdfs:Resource rdfs:subClassOf Propriedade de classe rdf:Property rdf:type rdfs:domain rdfs:range rdfs:subPropertyOf 7/3/2005 (c) Marco A. Casanova - PUC-Rio 68
  • 69. Exemplos de RDF Schemas • Dublin Core Metadata Initiative http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/ – conjunto mínimo de elementos descritivos para facilitar a descrição e indexação automática de objetos, como documentos, interligados entre si, de forma semelhante ao catálogo de uma biblioteca 7/3/2005 (c) Marco A. Casanova - PUC-Rio 69
  • 70. Exemplos de RDF Schemas <?xml version=quot;1.0quot; encoding=quot;UTF-8quot;?> <rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf=quot;http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#quot; xmlns:dc=quot;http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/quot; xml:lang=quot;en-USquot;> <rdf:Description rdf:about=quot;http://wanderlust.com/2000/08/Corfu.jpgquot;> <dc:identifier rdf:resource=quot;http://wanderlust.com/content/2357845quot; /> <dc:description>Photograph taken at 6:00 am on Corfu with two models </dc:description> <dc:title>Walking on the Beach in Corfu</dc:title> <dc:creator>John Peterson</dc:creator> <dc:contributor>Sally Smith, lighting</dc:contributor> <dc:format>image/jpeg</dc:format> </rdf:Description> </rdf:RDF> 7/3/2005 (c) Marco A. Casanova - PUC-Rio 70
  • 71. Exemplos de RDF Schemas • PRISM: Publishing Requirements for Industry Standard Metadata http://www.prismstandard.org/ – especificação de metadados para a imprensa, enfatizando: • descoberta – pesquisa, browsing, distribuição de conteúdo, etc... • acompanhamento de direitos autorais • transmissão de metadados (junto com o conteúdo). – baseia-se no Dublin Core 7/3/2005 (c) Marco A. Casanova - PUC-Rio 71
  • 72. Exemplos de RDF Schemas <?xml version=quot;1.0quot; encoding=quot;UTF-8quot;?> <rdf:RDF xmlns:prism=quot;http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/quot; xmlns:rdf=quot;http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#quot; xmlns:dc=quot;http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/quot;> <rdf:Description rdf:about=quot;http://wanderlust.com/2000/08/Corfu.jpgquot;> <dc:identifier rdf:resource=quot; http://wanderlust.com/content/2357845quot; /> <prism:copyright>Copyright 2001, Wanderlust Publications. All rights reserved. </prism:copyright> <prism:rightsAgent>Phantasy Photos, Philadelphia</prism:rightsAgent> </rdf:Description> </rdf:RDF> 7/3/2005 (c) Marco A. Casanova - PUC-Rio 72
  • 73. Exemplos de RDF Schemas • Open Directory Project http://rdf.dmoz.org/ – diretório para a Web editado manualmente (!) – construído e mantido por uma comunidade de voluntários (!!) 7/3/2005 (c) Marco A. Casanova - PUC-Rio 73
  • 74. Exemplos de RDF Schemas • Composite Capabilities/Preferences Profile (CC/PP) – define um framework genérico para descrever, para servidores, o contexto de entrega de um cliente: • capacidade do dispositivo • preferências do usuário • características da rede • etc... 7/3/2005 (c) Marco A. Casanova - PUC-Rio 74
  • 75. Exemplos de RDF Schemas • Gene Ontology (GO) Consortium: – provê um vocabulário controlado para descrever aspectos de produtos derivados da Genética 7/3/2005 (c) Marco A. Casanova - PUC-Rio 75
  • 76. Referências • RDF Primer (W3C Working Draft 23 January 2003) http://www.w3.org/TR/2003/WD-rdf-primer-20030123/ 7/3/2005 (c) Marco A. Casanova - PUC-Rio 76
  • 77. Referências 7/3/2005 (c) Marco A. Casanova - PUC-Rio 77