1. Umm-e-Rooman Yaqoob
Roll # 3
B.S (English) 5th
Semester
â Aristotle`s Tragedy and Plot â
Aristotle:
Aristotle (384BC - 322 BC) was a Greekphilosopherwhomade importantcontributionsbysystemizing
deductive logicandwrote onphysical subjects.His philosophyhadalong-lastinginfluence onthe
developmentof all Westernphilosophical theories.
The greatestuniversal geniusof the ancientworld,whostudiedandwrote onjustabouteverything
frommetaphysicstobotany,wasalsothe founderof literarycriticism.HisPoeticsisthe mostimportant
workof literarywhichhassurvivedthe ancientworldandthe mostinfluential of all hisworks.
Poetics:
Poeticsisan attempttoexplainthe basicproblemsof art.The Poetics standsinoppositiontothe theory
of art propoundedbyPlato inhisRepublic. Itisthe earliest-survivingworkof dramatictheory(primarily
focusedondrama).His original workwasdividedintotwoparts,eachbookwaswritteninseparate
papyrus.Onlythe 1st
part whichfocusesontragedysurvives.The lost2nd
part was focusedoncomedy.
Aristotleâs Ideas About Tragedy:
Aristotle wasone of the greatestphilosophersof AncientGreece.A philosopherlooksforideal forms,
and triestoexplainthe nature of reality.The searchfor ideal formsledAristotle toexplore many
subjects.Hisanalysisof the ideal formof tragicplaysbecame a guideline forlaterplaywrightsin
Westerncivilization.Forcenturies,Europeanplaywrightslike WilliamShakespearetriedtowrite plays
that wouldmatchthe idealsof Aristotleâsmodel.Dramawasnot inventedbyAristotle.Infact,he used
examplesfromthe worksof famousGreekplaywrightssuchasSophoclestoillustrate hismainideas.
The Greeksbelievedthattragedywasthe highestformof drama,and Aristotleâsideasabouttragedy
were basedonthisbelief.
Aristotleâs Definition of Tragedy:
âA tragedyisthe imitationof anactionthat isseriousandalso,as havingmagnitude,complete initself;
inappropriate andpleasurable language;...in adramaticratherthan narrative form;withincidents
arousingpityandfear,wherewithtoaccomplishacatharsisof these emotions.â
2. 1. âThe imitationof an action that is seriousand also, as havingmagnitude,complete initselfâ This
meansthat a good tragedydealswithone issue thatisveryâserious.âYoucanât have a tragedyabout
somethingtrivial.âMagnitudeâhere meansgreatimportance.The issue hastobe seriousandvery
important.Thatâswhya lot of tragediesdeal withsomeoneâsdeath.âCompleteinitselfâmeansthatthe
playmuststick to the one issue;otherwise,the audience will getlostinthe plot.
2. âin appropriateandpleasurablelanguageâ AncientGreektragedyhada choruswhose role wasto
commentonthe actionof the play.The chorussometimessangtheirpart.Aristotle saidthatthe
language shouldbe easytolistento.Itshouldhave rhythmandalso goodharmonyfor the linesthat
were sung.
3. âina dramatic rather than narrative formâ To narrate a story issimplytotell the story.In a play,the
storymust be dramatizedoracted out.
4. âwith incidentsarousingpity and fearâ In a tragedy,the eventsorepisodesinthe playshouldlead
the audience tofeel verysorryforthe maincharacterâthe tragichero.The audience shouldalsofeel
afraidfor the heroas he movestowarda destructive end.
5. âwherewithtoaccomplisha catharsis of these emotions.â Asthe playmovesalong,the events
shouldbuildupthe emotionsof pityandfear.A catharsisis a purging,or cleansingof the emotions--a
release of tension.Ina tragedy,thisisoftenamomento f revelationwhenthe tragicheroâfallsflaton
hisface,âand the audience canfinallyâexplode.â
Aristotleâs Elements of Tragedy:
Aristotle saidthattragedyhas six mainelementsof tragedy:
1. Plot;
2. Character;
3. Thought;
4. Diction;
5. Melody;
6. Spectacle.
The last fourelements(Thought,Diction,Melody,andSpectacle) are the leastimportant,butAristotle
felttheymustbe done well forthe playto succeed.
ď§ Thought is the powerof sayingwhatever can besaid and should be said at each momentof the
plot.Do the linesspokenbythe actorsmake sense?Are theysayingwhat should besaid at each
particularmomentinthe play?
3. ď§ Diction isthe actual compositionof the linesthatare recited.Thoughtdealswith whatissaid,
and dictiondealswith how itissaid.There are manywaysto say something.A goodplaywright
composeslinesthatsaysomethingextremelywell.Inagoodplay,some linesare sowell
constructedthatthe audience canleave the playquotingthe linesexactly.
ď§ Melodyand Spectacle are accessories.The Greekssometimesusedmusical accompaniment.
Aristotle saidthe music(melody)hastoblendinwiththe playappropriately.Spectacle refers to
the presentationof the play.Again,aswithmelody,the spectacle shouldbe appropriatetothe
theme of the play.
ď§ Character is the secondmostimportantelementof tragedy.Eachcharacterhas an essential
qualityornature that is revealedinthe plot.The moral purpose of eachcharactermust be clear
to the audience.The charactersshouldhave fourmainqualitiesthatare as follows:
1. No matterwhotheyare (heroor slave),the charactersmustbe goodin some way.
2. The characters shouldact appropriatelyfortheirgenderandpositioninlife.
3. The characters have to have believablepersonalities.
4. Each character must act consistentlythroughoutthe play.Inotherwords,nothingshouldbe
done or saidthat couldbe seenas âactingout of character.â
ď§ Plot mustcontainelementsof astonishment,reversal (peripeteia),recognition,andsuffering.
Reversal isanironictwistor change by whichthe mainactionof the story comesfull-circle.
Recognition,meanwhile,isthe change fromignorance toknowledge,usuallyinvolvingpeople
comingto understandone another'strue identities.Sufferingisadestructive orpainful action,
whichisoftenthe resultof a reversal orrecognition.All three elementscoalesce tocreate
"catharsis,"whichisthe engendermentof fearandpityinthe audience:pityforthe tragichero's
plight,andfearthat hisfate mightbefall us..First,the heromustbe 'good,'and thusmanifest
moral purpose inhisspeech.Second,the heromusthave propriety,or'manlycourage.'Thirdly,
the heromust be 'true to life.'Andfinally,the heromustbe consistent.
1. There mustbe Unity ofPlot.This has alreadybee ndescribedinthe definitionwhichtalksaboutâone
complete action.â Actionsmustalsobe probable orbelievable.
2. A good plothas Peripety or Discovery--sometimesboth. Peripetyisthe change from one state of
thingsat the beginningof the playtothe exactopposite state bythe endof the play.Thiscouldbe
somethinglikethe change frombeingrichtobeingpoor,or frombeingpowerful tobeingpowerless,or
frombeinga rulerto beinga beggar.The change that takesplace ina tragedyshouldtake the main
character (andpossiblyothercharacters) fromastate of happinesstoa state of misery. Discoveryisa
change from ignorance toknowledge.Thisoftenhappenstothe tragicherowho startsout âcluelessâ
and slowlylearnshowhe himself createdthe messhe endsupinat the endof the play.
4. 3. Change byitself isnotenough.The characterinvolvedinthe change musthave specificcharacteristics
to arouse the tragic emotionsof pityandfear.Therefore,Aristotlesaidthatthere are three formsof
plotthat shouldbe avoided.
ď§ A totallygoodmanmust notpass fromhappinesstomisery.Thiswill make the audience angry
that bad thingshappenedtohim.Theywonâtpityhimsomuchas be angry for him.
ď§ A bad manmust notpass frommiseryto happiness.Thiswonâtappeal tothe audience atall
because theywouldnotwantto see evil rewarded.
ď§ A bad mancannot pass fromhappinesstomisery.The audience wonâtfeel sorryforhimbecause
theywill believe he gotwhathe deserved.
4. The true tragichero cannotbe toogood or too bad,but he mustendup inmisery.
5. Aristotle concludedthatthe besttragedycentersona basicallygoodmanwhoâsconditionchanges
fromhappinesstomiserybecause of somegreaterror.For example,he mighthave agoodquality,like
pride,thatgetsout of hand.
The plotof a tragedyalsoinvolvessomehorribleorevil deed.The tragicheroeitherdoesit consciously,
doesitout of ignorance,ormediatesit (makesiteasyfor the deedtohappen).Forthe audience tobe
horrifiedbythe evil deed,the evilhastobe done to someone importanttothe tragichero.If the hero
killshisenemy,the deedwonâtseemsobad.Onthe otherhand,if the herokillssomeone he doesnât
care about,the audience wonâtcare mucheither.Tomake it really horrible for the audience,Aristotle
suggestedthatthe evil deedshouldbe done toa family member.