A National Management Plan for a protected non-timber CITEs listed tree species: Prunus africana. Ingram et al. pygeum mgt plan presentation nat forum march 10

1. A National Management Plan for a
protected non-timber species:
Prunus africana
Verina Ingram1, Henri Charles Akagou Zedong2,
Nouhou Ndam3, Abdon Awono1, Yanek Decleire4,
Narcisse Mbarga5
1
Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), BP 2008, Yaounde, Cameroon
Ministry of Forestry and Wildlife
3 TRAFFIC Central Africa
4 GTZ ProPSFE
5 ANAFOR
2

2. Introduction
• Cameroon largest exporter of Prunus africana
worldwide (>50%)
• Traditional multiple-uses timber, fuel-wood
and medicine.
• Local, low volume trade for medicinal use
• Raw material prostate drugs and health
supplements.
• Major income source for forest based
communities and enterprises
• Protected species IUCN and CITES

3. The problems……..
• Prunus availability reduced by:
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Bush fires
Grazing
Unsustainable harvested quantities
Insufficient regeneration in wild &
domestication
• Unsustainable exploitation:
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Lack or insufficient local management
Unsustainable harvesting techniques
Quota based permit system unrelated to actuality
Difficult regulatory system for SMEs
Inadequate regulatory controls
High local and international demand
• Government capacity:
– Insufficient capacity and financial allocation to Prunus
to respond to CITES obligations
• Poor market and information:
– Little info exchange at all levels
– No processing (added value) in Cameroon since
close of Plantecam

4. Developments …..
Inventories Mt Cameroon, 2000 & Adamoua, 2001
Cameroon request to maintain quota for areas not inventoried re livelihood
implications 2005
IRAD/Uni Dschang/Biodiversity International: 3 studies genetic diversity/
planting materials, survey participatory regeneration, 2005 - date
Conflicts re revenue distribution & massive illegal harvesting, Kilum, 2005
Uni Yaoundé: Phd on genetic characterisation, 2007
FAO/SNV/CIFOR NTFP SME project started, Feb 07
WHINCONET/SNV survey: unsustainability Kilum-Ijum, March 07
Institute Ethnobotany Stewart: massive degeneration, Kilum Ijum, June 07
CITES questions status of Prunus, July 07
GTZ: monitoring Mt Cameroon November, Nov 07
Cameroon government response to EU‟s Oct concerns, Nov 07
“Ban” on imports to EU a reality, Nov 07
MINFoF introduced Circulars, 15 & 22 Nov 2
No Prunus harvested in NW or SW since Nov 07 (1 seizure SW, Jan 08)
Exploiters verifying status of plantations & “non-forest” Prunus, Jan 08
“Prunus Platform” stakeholders & 6 meetings Nov 2007 - 2009

5. Pygeum: Economic value
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Prunus secondary source of income forest users
1985 - 1991 ≈ 9,309 tons exported from Cameroon ≥ 143
million CFA (290,976 US$)
Plantecam turnover 1998 = 4,000,000 US$.
Export value in 1999 = 700,000 US$. Export prices for
dry bark (chips):
– in 2000 = 2000 CFA per kg
– In 2006 = 660 CFA to 1000 CFA per kg
In 2005 & 2006, 1500 - 2000 t harvested annually:
– Valued at ≈ 260 million CFA (540,000 US$) to
producers (harvesters, community organisations and
individuals)
– Export value ≈ ≥ 2,649 million CFA (5,470,000 US$),
based on an average export price of 660 CFA (1.34
US$) per kg
Market chain in Cameroon ≈ 60,000 people in CF
communities, unknown individuals with plantations, 500+
harvesters, 11 exploitation permit-holding small scale
enterprises and 5 SME exporting enterprises.
Revenues to government
– Estimated between 1.5 to 16 million p.a. from Regeneration
Tax
– Estimated up to 22 million CFA form Permit sales p.a.
But it’s an
NTFP!
Prunus revenues
are nothing
compared to
timber
revenues…..
January 2008

6. Conservation importance
highlands forests
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West Province
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Cameroon Highlands chain of volcanic mountains
Habitat ranges from sub-montane to montane forests
and subalpine grasslands.
Largest remaining patches of Afromontane forest in
West Africa.
One of top 200 worldwide Ecoregions (35 bird species,
10 reptiles, 55 amphibians, 6 mammals & around 100
rare/endemic plant species).
Human activities have fragmented, degraded and
isolated remaining forest –, unsustainable harvesting,
fires, agriculture and bushmeat poaching.
Huge losses forest:
– 1958 = 37% of province forest covered
– 2000 = 3.5% largest montane forest is
approximately 98km2 in Bamenda Highlands
Role of traditional conservation & management by
Traditional Authorities increasingly less successful and
un-enforced
38 Community Forests, up to 5000 hectares each =
72,681 hectares (2007) - conserving biodiversity and
sustainable livelihoods
Adamaoua largely unpopulated and no community
forests – not traditionally used
Highlands forests provide other essential services and
benefits: water, water catchments, fuel wood, medicine,
fertile land, animals, sacred shrines and ecotourism.
September 2008

7. Pygeum: Health importance
• Prunus africana used locally as important traditional medicine
• 4th most popular medicinal plant collected around Mt Cameroon by 14% of
households. 1st or 2nd most popular medicinal plant in Oku.
– Human use: barks/leaves/roots/seeds powdered or tea, 45+ uses:
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Anti-inflammatory
Stomach ache
Allergies
Malaria
Parasites
Menstruation problems
- Analgesic
- Genito-urinary complaints
- Kidney disease
- Fever
- Aphrodisiac
- Infertility
– Animal use:
–
Pox, cholera, diarrhoea, purgative, wounds gastric problems for fowls & small livestock
• Bark is dried, chipped or powdered and pharmalogically active compounds
chemically extracted (ratio wet 2 kg:dry 1kg: extract5g-0.05g). Extract also
contained in roots & leaves. Forms the raw material for international
pharmaceutical industry: Italy, France, Spain, Madagascar & USA for drugs
to treat Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia, a non-cancerous glandular disorder
affecting mainly older men, also excessive hairiness and aging.

8. Pygeum: Social functions
•
Prunus africana, well known species
internationally as:
– African Cherry
– Iron Wood or Stinkwood
– Pygeum
Locally as:
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Durable wood is used locally for:
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Kanda stick
Kirah (Lamnso)
Elouo (Kom)
Eblaa (Oku)
Bi‟beh‟kemb‟oh‟ (Fulfulde)
Wotangu (Bakweri)
Axe handles
Poles
Hives
Door frames
Charcoal
Fuel wood
Carving
Bee-loving tree for local “Oku white” honey
January 2008

9. Pygeum: Economic value
•
•
•
•
•
•
Prunus secondary source of income forest users
1985 - 1991 ≈ 9,309 tons exported from Cameroon
≥ 143 million CFA (290,976 US$)
Plantecam turnover 1998 = 4,000,000 US$.
Export value in 1999 = 700,000 US$. Export prices for
dry bark (chips):
– in 2000 = 2000 CFA per kg
– In 2006 = 660 CFA to 1000 CFA per kg
In 2005 & 2006, 1500 - 2000 t harvested annually:
– Valued at ≈ 260 million CFA (540,000 US$) to
producers (harvesters, community organisations and
individuals)
– Export value ≈ ≥ 2,649 million CFA (5,470,000 US$),
based on an average export price of 660 CFA (1.34
US$) per kg
Market chain in Cameroon ≈ 60,000 people in CF
communities, unknown individuals with plantations, 500+
harvesters, 11 exploitation permit-holding small scale
enterprises and 5 SME exporting enterprises.
Revenues to government
– Estimated between 1.5 to 16 million p.a. from Regeneration
Tax
– Estimated up to 22 million CFA form Permit sales p.a.
But it’s an
NTFP!
Prunus revenues
are nothing
compared to
timber
revenues…..

10. Sustainable?
How much is available?
> 30 DBH average 55 – 68kg per tree, every 7-11 years (Hall 2000, GTZ 2000)
• Inventory: GTZ Mt Cameroon = 209 t. pa average (2000-2005)/ 0.369 m3/ha
(2008-2013)
• Inventory: MINFoF Samba Pelmali Boudounga = 28.21 m3/ha (?)
• Inventory: ANAFOR Tchabal Mbabo = 493 t. pa (2001-2011) *
• Inventory: ANAFOR Tchabal Gang Daba = 8.8 t. pa (2001 -2011)*
• Inventory: CIFOR Kilum-Ijum = 1.036 m3/ha (2008-2013)*
• Inventory: CIFOR Kupe Muanenguba = 0.248 m3/ha (2008-2013)*
Natural forests current inventories = 735 t p.a.
(*adjusted for prior & unsustainable harvesting in Mt Cameroon, Kilum Ijum, Mt
Manengouba and Adamaoua Tchabals)
Perhaps 343 t. in private and community based plantations
Differentiation for Kilum-Ijum CFs and Mt Cameroon
Rest of Cameroon?

11. Approach
• Science and pragmatic guidance to develop
national management plan for the sustainable
exploitation of Prunus africana in short & long term
• Innovative for Cameroon and Africa
• Culmination of 2 year process:
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Scientific evidence
Regulatory study
Negotiated policy
indigenous knowledge
Stakeholder participation
• Plan has general consensus from majority of
stakeholders.

12. Context
• Draft plan financed by EU, CIFOR and
GTZ
• Close collaboration ANAFOR & MinFoF
• Consultations with CITES - Prunus
Working Group, TRAFFIC, EU and
scientific experts
• Output: Guidance & norms for a national
Prunus Management Plan adopted by
government
Actors believe in the sustainability of plan
incorporating a combination of measures;

13. Proposed Plan
Key elements 1
Replaces annual, non-quota based, multiple permit
holder, non-specific geographic areas system with:
1. National quota for commercial, large scale = ∑ PAU stock
(Inventory + MP) + registered planted Prunus africana
2. Distinctions;
• Commercial, large scale exploitation different from
small-scale, traditional use
• Planted different from wild
3. 6 major landscapes containing Prunus divided into Prunus
Allocation Units

14. Key elements - 2
4. Exploitable quantity Prunus in a PAU over 10 year period
Determined by inventory
Approved by Cameroon CITES authorities
Commissioned and financed by the PAU holder
5. Inventories according to „Inventory Norm‟*
6. Harvesting according to „Harvest Norm‟*
Planted different from wild
7. Trained and certified harvesters
8. Regeneration obligation in PAU
9. Controls, monitoring & traceability strengthened - role
national and regional authorities
Includes cross-border trade Nigeria
10. Coordination & roles Management and Scientific
Authorities clarified

15. Key elements - 3
Permanent Forest
Non-Permanent Forest
Protected areas
excluded *Mt Cameroon NP
Council Forests
Communal or
Community Forests
Private land
Leased
Concession Unit
CF
CF
Registered
Prunus
Single exploiter
Council
(Enterprise or GIC)
CBO, Council or FMI Owner
Regeneration
obligation
Regeneration
obligation
Regeneration
obligation
Open bidding
Respective
Council
Relevant Council,
CBO or FMI
Owner
Zoned
Zoned
Zoned
Registered
Inventory and
Management Plan
Inventory and
Management Plan
Inventory and
Management Plan
Certificate of
Origin

17. Adamaoua 4
Adamaoua 1
Adamaoua 3
NW 2
Adamaoua 2
NW 1
NW 3
Adamaoua 5
NW 4
CH1
W1
LB2
CH1
SW1
SW2

18. Figure 1 Monitoring Scheme
EC
CITES Secretariat
Monitoring Checklist
Importers
CITES
Secretariat
Inter-Minsiterial
Cmmttee
Monitoring Checklist
Monitoring Checklist
Annual report
CITES species
MINFOF
Mgt Authority
ANAFOR
Sci. Authority
MINFoF
RDs
Monitoring
Form D
Monitoring
Form E
Advice on PAU
Mgt Plan
Exporters
Schéma 2 : Visualisation du
Monitoring
Form C
système Prunus
Annual
DExploitation
Permit
de la région.
Scientific Committee
Transporters
Monitoring
Form B
Registration
prunus
CITES species
Private
owner
Harvesters
Monitoring
Form A
Advice on
Harvest & inventory
norms
Research institues & NGOs
Approved PAU
Transporters
Mgt Plan
PAU Management
Plan Approval
PAU
Annual report
PAU permit
holder

19. Addressing CITES and EU concerns
Short term (2009 to 2010)
1. CITES 2006 Lima meeting (this Management Plan)
2. Location 2007 stock traced
3. Current availability est. 1078 t. of wet weight bark annually*;
• 735 t. current inventories of natural forests (adjusted for prior
and unsustainable harvesting in Mt Cameroon, Kilum Ijum, Mt
Manengouba and Adamaoua Tchabals)
• 343 t. in private and community based plantations
4. Actual quantity only known with PAU inventories/Management Plans +
when Prunus on private land is registered
5. No harvesting in protected areas = conservation of genetic resources &
regeneration stock
6. Distinction between ‘wild’ and domesticated Prunus embedded in
exploitation regime via Certificate of Origin
7. A new permit system devised and agreed by stakeholders as
sustainable alternative to current system.

20. Addressing CITES and EU concerns
Short term (2009 to 2010)
8. Consensus on scientific & practical inventory method.
9. Conservative harvesting technique and certification
agreed.
10. Revised monitoring & control government and
communities agreed
11. Ongoing research needs consolidated & being
addressed. ANAFOR coordination & dissemination.......
12. Coordination mechanisms e.g. Prunus Platform......
13. Awareness raising & education on CITES & regulations
started
14. Need to promote domestication and planting +
regeneration program in wild.

21. Addressing concerns
Long term (2011 +)
• Further exploitation continue to be quota based
• PAUs emerge in response to market demand and
bidding
• Gradually inventories and PAU Management plans
conducted for MinFoF approval
• Ongoing capacity building of CITES Scientific authority
(ANAFOR) will bear fruit (ITTO Project)
• Results of ongoing projects on Prunus africana sector
(Domestication, support to small enterprises, changes in
the legal framework of NTFPs, domestication & ongoing
research) become available and incorporated into
national policy as appropriate.

22. Table 9 Matrix of Prunus stakeholder responsibilities roles and actions
Regulatory
authorities
Pharmaceutical Government
companies
Projects / NGOs Permit Holders
Owners
trees/
Plantations
CITES
Adapt
regional
regulations
Needs to regulate
trade through
certification
Feedback on
scientific
information on
CITES species
Motivation for more Create & sustain
planting.
awareness on CITES
issues
Pharm
companies
Support
sustainable
forest
management
Country
implementation of
CITES
recommendation
s
Agree to support & Support policy
champion
development
sustainable
management
Fund development Buy only from
projects
responsible Permit
holders (certification)
Long term link for
direct supply.
Support long term
partnership
Government
Support
participation
in
international
fora
Provide framework Develop regional
for certification
strategies
Feed back on
relevant field data
& information in
exchange for
respecting Project
recommendations
Issue permit after
agreed inventory &
Prunus Management
Plan
Provide
planting/regeneration
incentives
Incentive for
cultivation
Provide planting/
regeneration
incentives
Establish a favourable
policy
& provide technical
support for
sustainable
management
Development
Projects /
NGOs
Promote
Continuous
Project
awareness raising
achievements
at national &
international
levels
Set enabling
environment for
Projects to
support Prunus
sustainable
management
Support Prunus
related workshops
& networking
Collaborate for
sustainable
management
Support tree
planting
Advocacy for best
practices (e.g.
sustainable
management, fair
price, regeneration)
Permits
Holders
Raise
awareness to
respect
CITES
Issue a single
long term permit
per permit
allocation site
Organise & train
community based
harvesters, Fund
regeneration
Support sustainable
Prunus management
and regeneration
Fair price
Buy from organised
villagers with training
in harvesting skills
Owners of
trees/
plantations
Promote
Promote large
domestication scale production
Registration
of trees
Set enabling
environment for
private planting
Capacity building
for propagation
Offer fair prices to
Networking, setting Collaborate in
encourage large scale common price,
regeneration and
production
exchange of
marketing of Prunus
information
Communities /
CBOs
Raise
awareness to
respect
CITES
Issue permit to
organised
communities (e.g.
MOCAP, FMIs)
Support capacity
building
&sustainable
Prunus
management
Establish a fair price
for equitable benefit
sharing
Fair prices to fight
poverty
Support
sustainable forest
management
Create & sustain
awareness on CITES
issues
Collaborate for
inventory and
protection.
of Communities
CBOs
Networking, setting
common price,
exchange of
information
/

23. What next? A road map
Annex 1 & 4
1.
Gaps -
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Revise and appropriate Management Plan
Send Plan to CITES and EU CITES
Include Harvest & Inventory Norms
Revise and adopt the Management Plan (Ministerial
Decision?)
Translation
7.
Diffusion Plan
8.
Nigeria transboundary trade, Reforestation plans
- (CIFOR print)
Training MinFoF and ANAFOR national & regional on control
monitoring
9. Set up Scientific Committee
10. Implement e.g. Bids for PAUs, open registers for private
prunus