More Related Content More from Thurein Naywinaung More from Thurein Naywinaung (20) 2. TpmtkyfrSm
1951 ckESpf EdkifiHjcm;bmom xkwfa0a&;Xme/ armfpudkòr@rS
t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh xkwfa0aom V.I. LENIN << MARX -
ENGELS - MARXISM>> pwkwˆKyHkESdyfjcif;rS “THE THREE
SOURCES AND THREE COMPONENT PARTS OF
MARXISM” ESifh “THE HISTORICAL DESTINY OF THE
DOCTRINE OF KARL MARX” wdk@udk Armbmomodk@ jyefqdk
xkwfa0jcif; jzpfygonf?
yxrt}udrfyHkESdyfjcif;? ? 1980 - pufwifbm?
'kwd,t}udrfyHkESdyfjcif;? ? 2007 - Zefe0g&D?
A[dkbmomjyefXme
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3. rmhufpf0g'. a&aomufjrpf (3)oG,fESifh
yg0if&m tydkif; (3) &yf
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vHk;wGif rmhufpf0g'udk “tvGeftEW&m,f }uD;aom*dk%f;” wrsKd;tjzpf
,lqxm;aom"e&Sif0dZ…mynm&yf(w&m;0ifESifhvpfb&,f)tm;vHk;.
tvGeftrif;&efrljcif;ESifh rkef;wD;jcif;wdk@udk cHcJh&onf? ‚rSwyg; tjcm;
aom oabmxm;udk ar#mfvifhI rjzpfEdkifacs? tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf
vlwef;pm;wdkufyGJtay: wnfaqmufxm;aom vl@tzGJ@tpnf;twGif;
wGif “bufrvdkuf” onfh vlr_0dZ…mynm r&SdEdkifaoma=umifhyifjzpf.?
w&m;0ifESifhvpfb&,f0dZ…mynm&yf tm;vHk;onfvkyfcpm;u|efpepfudk
wenf;enf;jzifh tumtuG,fay;aeonf? rmhufpf0g'url Tvkyfc
pm;u|efpepftay: t=uifemuif;pGm ppfa=unmcJhonf? vkyfcpm;
u|efpepf vl@tzGJ@tpnf;twGif; 0dZ…mynmudk bufrvdkuf&ef ar#mfvifh
jcif;onf t&if;tESD;. tjrwftpGef;udk av#mhcs+yD; tvkyform;rsm;.
vkyfcudk wdk;ay;&efoifhroifh[laom jyemwGif tvkyf±Hkydkif&Sifrsm;u
bufrvdkuf&efar#mfvifhjcif;uJhodk@yifrdkufrJI&,fbG,f&maumif;avpG?
odk@aomf Tr#ESifhr+yD;ao;ay? tbd"rRmordkif;ESifh vlr_0dZ…m
ynmordkif;wdk@u jynfhpHkxif&Sm;pGm jyocJhonfrSm rmhufpf0g'wGif “*dk%f;
1
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jzpfay:wdk;yGm;&m vrf;r}uD;ESifhuif;uGm+yD; ay:aygufvmaom txD;
usefjzpfI toufrJhaom oif=um;csuf r[kwfay? qef@usifpGmyif
rmhufpf. ^m%fxufjrufr_um; vlom;wdk@. a&S@wef;a&mufaom
awG;ac:r_u wifjycJhonfh jyemrsm;udk ajz=um;onfhtcsufwGif
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abm*aA'ESifh qdk&S,fvpf0g'udk udk,fpm;ðyonfh t}uD;jrwfqHk;
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vmjcif; jzpfonf?
rmhufpf. oif=um;csufonf teEWwefcdk;ESifh jynfhpHkonf?
tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf ‚onf rSefuefaoma=umifhjzpf.? ‚onf
uHkvHkjynfhpHkI nD!Gwfonf? rnfonfht,loD;r_/ azmufjyefr_ESifhjzpfap/
"e&SifzdESdyfr_udk rnfonfhtumtuG,fay;r_ESifhjzpfap rajy+idrf;Edkifonfh
+yD;jynfhpHkaom urBmhtjrifw&yfudk vlom;wdk@xH ay;tyfcJhayonf?
rmhufpf0g'onf19&mpkESpftwGif;vlom;wdk@taumif;qHk;zefwD;cJhaom
toGifjzpfonfh *smreftbd"rRm/ t*FvdyfEdkifiHa&;abm*aA'ESifh jyifopf
qdk&S,fvpf0g'rsm;.w&m;enf;vrf;usaomtarGqufcHoljzpfayonf?
,ck rmhufpf0g'. a&aomufjrpf (3) oG,fESifh ‚. yg0if&m
tydkif; (3) &yfudk u|efawmfwdk@ tusOf;csKyftm;jzifh azmfjyrnfjzpf.?
(1)
rmhufpf0g'. tbd"rRmonf ±kyf0g'jzpf.? Oa&my.
acwfopf ordkif;wavsmufvHk;wGif txl;ojzifh 18 &mpkESpftukef
jyifopfjynfY tv,facwf tr_dufo±dkufrSefor#udkvnf;aumif;/
2
5. v,fu|efpepf taqmuftOD;rsm;ESifh v,fu|efpepf awG;ac:r_rsm;udk
vnf;aumif;qef@usifaom,wdjywfwdkufyGJwGif±kyf0g'onfwckwnf;
aom pGJ+rJcdkifrmonfh obm00dZ…mynmoif=um;csuf tm;vHk;tay:
opPm&Sda=umif;/ t,loD;r_/ vdrfnmr_ ponfwdk@ESifh &efbufjzpfaom
tbd"rRmjzpfa=umif; oufaoxlcJhonf? xdk@a=umifh 'Drdkua&pD. &efol
rsm;u ±kyf0g'udk “acsy” zsufqD;&ef/ tykyfcs&ef tpGrf;ukefóu;pm;cJh+yD;
bmoma&;udkwenf;enf;jzifhumuG,fay;avh&Sdaomtbd"rRmqdkif&m
pdwf0g'o¿mef trsKd;rsKd;udk axmufcHtm;ay;=uonf?
rmhufpfESifh tdef*,fwdk@onf tbd"rRmqdkif&m ±kyf0g'udk tvGef
jywfom;pGm umuG,fcJh=uonf? xdk@jyif TtajccHrS aoGzDoGm;r_
rSefor#.tvGeftrif;}uD;av;aomtrSm;udkt}udrf}udrf&Sif;jycJhonf?
olwdk@. tjrifrsm;udk tdef*,fa&;om;xm;aom (vl0pfjzL;0g;bwf) ESifh
('l;&if;qef@usifa&;) usrf;rsm;wGif t&Sif;vif;qHk; tjynfhpHkqHk; azmfjy
xm;onf? Tusrf;ESpfapmifonf (uGefjrLepfa=unmpmwrf;) uJhodk@yif
vlwef;pm; tod&Sdonfh tvkyform;rSefor#twGuf vufpGJusrf;rsm;
jzpfayonf?
odk@aomf rmhufpfonf 18 &mpkESpf&Sd ±kyf0g'wGif &yfwHhraebJ
tbd"rRmudka&S@odk@wGef;wifvdkufonf? olonf*smrefpHwiftbd"rRm.
toD;tyGifhrsm;/ txl;ojzifh jzL;0g;bwf ±kyf0g'odk@ a&muf&SdoGm;aponfh
[D*Jvfpepf. toD;tyGifhrsm;jzifh tbd"rRmtm; ºu,f0apcJhonf?
‚wdk@teuf t"dutusqHk; toD;tyGifhrSm tEkkyËdavmr jzpfonf?
‚rSm tjynfhpHkqHk; teuf±_dif;qHk; o¿mefaqmif+yD; wzufowfusr_
uif;pifonfh jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_qdkif&m oif=um;csufjzpfonf? ‚rSm
xm0pOf jzpfay:wdk;yGm;aeaom ±kyf0wˆKudk a&mifjyef[yfjyonfh vlom;
wdk@. todynmonf E_dif;,SOfcsuft&om jzpfonf[k ,lqaom
3
6. oif=um;csuf jzpfayonf? "e&Siftbd"rRmq&mrsm;. a[mif;EGrf;
aqG;ajr@aom pdwf0g'odk@ “topfwzef” jyefvnfoGm;a&mufa&;
qdkonfh oif=um;csufrsm; rnfr#yif&Sdapumrl obm0 0dZ…mynm.
aemufqHk;&SmazG awG@&Sdcsufjzpfaom a&'D,rf/ tDvufx&Gef/ "mwfpif
rsm;ajymif;vJr_ ponfwdk@u rmhufpf. tEkyËdavmr±kyf0g' rSefuef
a=umif; xif&Sm;pGm oufaojyvdkufonf?
rmhufpfonftbd"rRmqdkif&m±kyf0g'udkeufeuf±_dif;±_dif;jzpfay:
wdk;yGm;apvdkufonf? ‚udk obm0qdkif&m odjrifr_rS vlom;vl@
tzGJ@pnf;qdkif&modjrifr_txdus,fjyef@apjcif;jzifhukefpifjynfhpHkapcJhonf?
rmhufpf. ordkif;±kyf0g'onf 0dZ…menf;us awG;ac:r_wGif t}uD;rm;
qHk;aom atmifjrifr_ jzpfonf? ordkif;ESifh EdkifiHa&;tay: ,cifu
v$rf;rdk;cJhaom tvGefy&rf;ywmjzpf+yD; xif&mqGJ,laom tjrifrsm;
ae&mwGif xl;jcm;pGm jynfhpHknD!Gwfaom 0dZ…menf;us oabmw&m;u
tpm;xdk;vdkufonf?xdkoabmw&m;uxkwfvkyfa&;tiftm;pkjzpfay:
wdk;yGm;vmjcif;a=umifh vlr_b0 tqmuftODw&yfrS tjcm;ydkrdkjrifhrm;
aom taqmuftODw&yfodk@ jzpfay:wdk;yGm;vmjcif;/ Oyrm - v,fu|ef
pepftwGif;rS t&if;&Sifpepf }uD;xGm;vmjcif;udk !¸efjyvdkufonf?
vlwdk@ESifh trSDcdkuif;pGm wnf&Sdaeaom obm0 (‚um; jzpf
ay:wdk;yGm;aeaom ±kyf0wˆK) udk vlwdk@. odjrifr_u a&mifjyef[yfonfh
enf;wl vlwdk@. vl@tzGJ@tpnf;qdkif&modjrifr_ (‚rSm tbd"rRm/
bmoma&;/ EdkifiHa&; ponfh vlwdk@.tjrifESifh oif=um;csuftrsKd;rsKd;)
onfvnf; vl@tzGJ@tpnf;. pD;yGm;a&;pepfudk a&mifjyef[yfxm;onf?
EdkifiHa&;pepfrsm;onf pD;yGm;a&;tkwfjrpfay:&Sd txuftaqmuftOD
jzpfonf? Oyrm - acwfopfOa&myEdkifiHrsm;&Sd EkdifiHa&;pepfo¿mef
trsKd;rsKd;wdk@onf ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;tay: "e&Sifvlwef;pm;tkyfpdk;r_
4
7. ckdifrma&;udktvkyftau|;ðyaea=umif;u|efawmfwdk@awG@jrif=u&onf?
rmhufpftbd"rRmonf vlom;rsm;tm; txl;ojzifh tvkyf
orm; vlwef;pm;udk pGrf;tm;}uD;rm;aom odjrifr_vufeufw&yf ay;
tyfcJhonfh jynfhpHkaom tbd"rRmqdkif&m ±kyf0g'jzpfonf?
(2)
pD;yGm;a&;pepfonf EdkifiHa&;txuftaqmuftODudk wnf
aqmufxm;aom tkwfjrpfjzpfonf[k ,lqonfhtavsmuf rmhufpf
onf TpD;yGm;a&;pepfudk txl;tm±Hkpdkuf+yD; avhvmcJhonf? rmhufpf.
t"du a&;om;csufjzpfaom ¡t&if;usrf;¢ onf acwfopfvl@tzGJ@
tpnf;qdkvdkonfrSmt&if;&Sifvl@tzGJ@tpnf;.pD;yGm;a&;pepfudktxl;
avhvmxm;jcif; jzpfonf?
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txGef;um;qHk;wdkif;jynfjzpfonfht*FvefjynfwGifjzpfwnfvmcJhonf?
t'rfprpfESifh a';Apf&Dum'dkwdk@onf pD;yGm;a&;pepfudk pl;prf;avhvmjcif;rS
tvkyfwefzdk;oabmw&m;. tajccHtkwfjrpfudk csrSwfcJhonf?
olwdk@.vkyfief;udkrmhufpfuqufvufvkyfcJhonf?Toabmw&m;udk
olonftcdkiftrmoufaoxl+yD;ukefpifjynfhpkHonftxdjzpfay:wdk;yGm;
apcJhonf? rnfonfhukefpnf. wefzdk;rqdk tqdkygukefpnf xkwfvkyf&mY
toHk;ðyxm;aom vl@tzGJ@tpnf;qdkif&m vdktyfaom tvkyfcsdef ta&
twGufu tqHk;tjzwfay;onf[k olu jyocJhonf?
"e&Sif abm*aA'ynm&Sifrsm; jrifae=uaom t&m0wˆKrsm;
t=um; qufqHa&; (ukefpnfcsif; zvS,fa&;) Y vlvlcsif;qufqHa&;udk
rmhufpfu xkwfazmfvdkufonf? ukefpnfzvS,fa&;onf wOD;csif;
xkwfvkyfolwdk@t=um;&Sd qufoG,fr_udk aps;uGufrSwqifh azmfjyjcif;
5
8. jzpf.? tojymonf tqdkygqufoG,fr_ ydkIeD;uyfvma=umif;ESifh
wOD;csif;xkwfvkyfolwdk@.pD;yGm;a&;b0wckvHk;wvHk;wpnf;wnf;tjzpf
cGJr&atmifaygif;pnf;vma=umif;udkazmfjyvdkufonf?t&if;tESD;onf
tqdkygqufoG,fr_ qufvufwdk;yGm;a=umif;udk azmfjyonf? qdkvdk
onfrSmvkyftm;onfukefpnfjzpfvmonf?tcpm;tvkyform;onf
ajr,m/ tvkyf±HkESifh tvkyfud&d,mwefqmyvmrsm; ydkifqdkifolxHodk@
rdrd. vkyftm;udk a&mif;pm;&onf? tvkyform;rsm;onf rdrdESifh rdrd
rdom;pk. b0wnfwHha&;pm;&dwf (vkyfc) udk axrdap&eftvdk@iSm
tvkyfcsdef. wpdwfwydkif;udk toHk;ðy&if; tvkyfcsdef. usefwpdwf
wydkif;udkrl tcrJh tvkyfvkyfay;&onf? Todk@tm;jzifh tjrwf. a&
aomufjrpfvnf;jzpf t&if;&Sifvlwef;pm; OpPm"e. a&aomuf
jrpfvnf;jzpfaom tpGef;xGufwefzdk;udk t&if;&SiftwGuf zefwD;ay;
vdkufay.?
tpGef;xGufwefzdk; oif=um;csufonf rmhufpf pD;yGm;a&;
oabmw&m;. tajccHtkwfjrpf jzpfonf?
tvkyform;. tvkyfu zefwD;vdkufaom t&if;tESD;onf
vkyfief;ydkif&Sifuav;rsm;udkzsufqD;+yD;tvkyfvufrJhwyfrawmfudkzefwD;
vdkufum tvkyform;rsm;udkyif zdESdyfcJhonf? pufr_vkyfief;twGif;wGif
t}uD;pm;xkwfvkyfa&;u atmifyGJcHaeonfudk txif;om; awG@jrif
Edkifonf? xdk@tjyif v,f,mvkyfief; twGif;wGif tvm;wltjcif;t&m
udkyifu|efawmfwdk@awG@jrif&onf?t}uD;pm;t&if;&Sifv,f,mvkyfief;
tompD;&r_ wdk;yGm;vm+yD; pufud&d,moHk;pGJr_ wpwp wdk;rsm;vmonf
ESifhtr# v,form;pD;yGm;a&;onf tojymt&if;tESD;. óu;uGif;xJodk@
usa&mufoGm;.? ‚onf acwfaemufusaom twwfynm. zdpD;r_
atmufY usqif;ysufpD;oGm;.? v,f,mwGif tao;pm;xkwfvkyfa&;
6
9. usqif;aer_rsm;onf o¿meftrsKd;rsKd; &Sdaomfvnf; Tusqif;r_
onfum; jiif;uG,fI r&Edkifaom tcsufw&yfyifjzpf.?
tao;pm; xkwfvkyfa&;udk zsufqD;vdkufjcif;jzifh t&if;
tESD;onf tvkyf.xGufE_ef;udk wdk;rsm;ap+yD; t&if;&Sif}uD;rsm;. tzGJ@
tpnf;rsm;twGuf vuf0g;}uD;tkyf tqifhae&mudk zefwD;cJhayonf?
xkwfvkyfa&;onfyifv#ifydkIydkIvl@tzGJ@tpnf;vuQ%maqmifvm.?
qdkvdkonfrSm oef;aygif;rsm;pGmaom tvkyform;wdk@onf pepfusaom
pD;yGm;a&;taqmuftODwGif aygif;pnf;vm=uonf? odk@apumr_ pkaygif;
tvkyf. txGufypPnf;udk vufwqkyfpm t&if;&Sifrsm;u tydkifpD;
vdkuf=uonf? xkwfvkyfa&;rif;rJhr_ wdk;yGm;vmouJhodk@ usyfwnf;r_uyf/
aps;uGuftwGuf tirf;r& vdkufvHr_ESifh jynfolvlxk. b0wnf&Sdr_udk
tmrcHcsuf ay;Edkifr_wdk@onfvnf; }uD;xGm;vmonf?
t&if;tESD;ty: tvkyform;wdk@. rSDcdkr_udk wdk;rsm;vmap
onfESifhwcsdefwnf;rSmyift&if;&Sifpepfonfyl;aygif;xm;aomtvkyf.
}uD;rm;aom pGrf;tm;udkyg zefwD;EdkifcJhonf?
rmhufpfonf t&if;&Sifpepf. jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_udk ukefpnf
pD;yGm;a&;. ueOD;ta!‡mifhtwuf/ omrefzvS,fa&;wdk@rS tpcsDI
‚. tjrifhqHk;o¿mefjzpfaom t}uD;pm;xkwfvkyfa&;txd pl;prf;
avhvmcJhonf?
t&if;&Sifwdkif;jynf topfESifhta[mif; tm;vHk;&Sd tawG@
tñuHu Trmhufpfoif=um;csuf jynfhpHkrSefuefa=umif;udk wESpfxuf
wESpfta&twGufwdk;rsm;vmaeaomtvkyform;wdk@tm;&Sif;vif;pGm
azmfjyaeayonf?
t&if;&Sifpepfonf urBmhw0Srf;vHk;wGif atmifyGJcHcJhay+yD?
odk@&mwGif ‚onf t&if;tESD;tay: tvkyfu&,lrnfh atmifyGJ.
7
10. a&S@awmfajy;omv#if jzpfayonf?
(3)
v,fu|efpepfonf wGef;vSefòzzsufjcif;cH&+yD; rdk;atmuf
ajrjyifwGif “vGwfvyfaom” t&if;&Sif vl@tzGJ@tpnf; ay:aygufvm
onfESifhwòyifeufTvGwfvyfr_onfvkyfom;rsm;tay:zdESdyfaoG;pkyfr_
pepfopfjzpfa=umif; xif&Sm;vm.? TzdESdyfr_udk a&mifjyef[yfjyI T
zdESdyfr_udkyif qef@usifa=umif; azmfjyaom qdk&S,fvpfoif=um;csuf trsKd;
rsKd;onf rqdkif;rwG ay:aygufvm=u.? odk@apumr_ ueOD;qdk&S,fvpf
0g'onfpdwful;,Of qdk&S,fvpf0g'jzpf.?Tqdk&S,fvpf0g'ut&if;&Sif
vl@tzGJ@tpnf;udk a0zefcJhonf? jypfwif±_H@cscJhonf? usdefqJcJhonf?
t&if;&Sif vl@tzGJ@tpnf; usqHk;ysufpD;a&;udk tdyfrufrufcJh=uonf?
ydkrdkaumif;rGefaompepfw&yfay:aygufvma&;udkpdwful;,OfcJh=uonf?
aoG;pkyfjcif;onf vl@usifh0wfESifh rudkufnDa=umif;udk vlcsrf;omwdk@tm;
azsmif;zsajymqdkcJhonf?
odk@aomf Tpdwful;,Of qdk&S,fvpf0g'onf ppfrSefaom
xGuf&yfvrf;udk r!¸efjyEdkifcJhacs? tqdkyg qdk&S,fvpf0g'onf t&if;&Sif
pepfatmuf&Sd tcpm;u|efpepf. tESpfom&udkvnf; &Sif;rjyEdkif/
t&if;&Sifpepf jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_ w&m;udkvnf; razmfxkwfEdkif vl@tzGJ@
tpnf;opfudk zefwD;EdkifpGrf;&Sdaom vlr_tiftm;pkudkvnf; &SmrawG@
EdkifcJh=uay?
odk@&mwGif Oa&myae&mtESH@tjym; txl;ojzifh jyifopfjynfY
ya'o&mZfpepf/ v,fu|efpepf ysufpD;,dk,Gif;aer_ESifhtwl ay:xGuf
vmaom awmfvSefa&;rkefwdkif;rsm;u vlwef;pm; wdkufyGJonf jzpfay:
wdk;yGm;r_w&yfvHk;. tkwfjrpfESifh wGef;tm;jzpfa=umif; ydkIydkI xif&Sm;pGm
8
11. zGifhvSpfjyovsuf&Sd.?
v,fu|efydkif&Sif vlwef;pm;tay: tEdkif&&SdcJhaom EdkifiHa&;
vGwfvyfr_ atmifyGJwdkif;wGif taotvJ ckcHr_ESifh rawG@ñuH&aom
atmifyGJ[lI r&SdcJhzl;acs? t&if;&Sifwdkif;jynfwdkif;wGif t&if;&Sifvl@tzGJ@
tpnf;. vlwef;pm;toD;oD;=um;Y aoa&;&Sifa&; wdkufyGJr&SdbJ
tenf;ESifhtrsm; vGwfvyf+yD; 'Drdkua&pDtajccHay:wGif wnfaqmuf
xm;aom wdkif;jynf[lI r&SdcJhzl;acs? rmhufpf. ^m%fxufjrufr_rSm ol
onf urBmhordkif;u !¸efjycJhaom ed*Hk;csKyfcsufudk tjcm;olrsm;xuf
apmpGm xkwfEkwfEdkifcJhjcif;ESifh Ted*Hk;csKyfcsufudk pGJ+rJpGmusifhoHk;EdkifcJhjcif;
[lonfh tcsufay:wGif wnfonf? Ted*Hk;csKyfcsufonf vlwef;pm;
wdkufyGJ oif=um;csufyif jzpfonf?
vlwdk@onf usifh0wfw&m;/ bmoma&;/ EdkifiHa&;ESifh vlr_a&;
toHk;tE_ef;rsm;/ a=unmcsufrsm;/ uwdcH0efcsufrsm;tm;vHk;. aemuf
uG,fwGif&Sdaeaom vlwef;pm;w&yf odk@r[kwf tjcm;vlwef;pm;
w&yf&yf. tusKd;pD;yGm;udk razmfxkwfEdkifor#umvywfvHk; EdkifiHa&;
wGif vdrfvnfjcif;wdk@. rdkufrJonfh om;aumif jzpf+rJjzpfaeayvdrfhrnf?
rnfr#yif ±dkif;pdkif;=urf;ñuwfI ykyfodk;aqG;ajr@[ef&Sdonfh pepfa[mif;yif
jzpfygap tcsKd@aom tkyfpdk;olvlwef;pm; w&yf&yf. tiftm;pkrsm;u
xdef;odrf;xm;a=umif;udkoabmraygufor#umvywfvHk;ðyjyifa&;ESifh
aumif;rGefvma&; bufawmfom;rsm;onf pepfa[mif;udk umuG,f
ae=uaom olrsm;. vdrfvnfvSnfhzsm;jcif;udk cH+rJcHae&vdrfhrnf? T
vlwef;pm;rsm;. ckcHr_udk wdkufzsufvdkygu enf;wenf;omv#if&Sdonf?
‚rSm wdkufyGJqif&eftwGuf u|efawmfwdk@ywf0ef;usif&Sd vl@tzGJ@tpnf;
twGif;rS tiftm;pkw&yfudk &SmazG+yD; wdkufyGJ0ifa&;twGuf ynmay;
pnf;±Hk;&rnfjzpf.? xdktiftm;pkonf rdrd. vlr_tqifhae&mt&
9
12. pepfa[mif;udk okwfoif&Sif;vif;+yD; pepfopfudk zefwD;EdkifpGrf;&Sdonfh
zefvnf;zefwD;&rnfh tiftm;pk jzpf&ayrnf?
rmhufpf. tbd"rRmqdkif&m ±kyf0g'uomv#if ypPnf;rJhvl
wef;pm; tzdESdyfcHvlwef;pm;tm;vHk; ,ae@wdkif pdwf"mwft& u|efðy
cH&jcif;rS xGwf&yfvrf;a=umif;udk !¸efjyonf? rmhufpf. pD;yGm;a&;
oabmw&m;uomv#if t&if;&Sifpepfw&yfvHk; twGif;&Sd ypPnf;rJh
vlwef;pm;. tqifhae&mrSefudk &Sif;jyonf?
ypPnf;rJhwdk@. trSDcdkuif;aom tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;onf tar
&duefrS*syef/qGD'ifrSawmiftmz&dutxdwurBmvHk;Yqxufxrf;ydk;
wdk;rsm;aeonf? ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;onf vlwef;pm;wdkufyGJudk qifE$J
jcif;tm;jzifh todynmyGifhvif;r_/ ynmay;r_&&SdcJh=u+yD; "e&Sifvl@
tzGJ@tpnf; tpGJtvrf;rsm;rS tvGwf±kef;xGufae.? ‚onf rdrd
wyfzGJ@udk wae@wjcm; odyfonf;pGm pk±Hk;+yD; rdrd. atmifjrifr_rsm;tm;
rnfodk@rnfyHk tuJjzwf&rnfudk oif,laeonf? rdrd. tiftm;pkrsm;udk
xkom;ayom; &&Sdap+yD; wm;qD;r&Edkifaom t&Sdeft[kefjzifh }uD;xGm;
aeayownf;? ?
1913 ck/ rwfv?
10
13. um;vf rmhufpf oif=um;csuf.
ordkif;qdkif&m uH=urRm·
rmhufpfoif=um;csuf. t"dut&mrSm qdk&S,fvpf vl@tzGJ@
tpnf;udk wnfaqmufoltjzpf ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;. ordkif;qdkif&m
tcef;udk&Sif;vif;jyocsufyifjzpfayonf?Toif=um;csufudkrmhufpfu
&Sif;vif;wifjy+yD;onfh aemufydkif;wGif urBmt&yf&yf&Sd jzpf&yfrsm;.
wdk;wufr_uoufaojyvdkufygovm;?
Toif=um;csufudk rmhufpfu 1844 ckESpfwGif yxrqHk; wifjy
cJhonf? 1848 ckESpfu xkwfa0cJhaom rmhufpf/ tdef*,fwdk@. ¡uGefjrLepf
a=unmpmwrf;¢ xJwGif Toif=um;csufudk jynfhpHkonfh/ pepfusonfh/
,ae@xufwdkif taumif;qHk;tjzpf wnf&Sdaeonfh &Sif;vif;csufjzifh
azmfjy+yD;av+yD? TtcsdefrSp+yD; urBmhordkif;onf t"du umv 3 ck
tjzpf &Sif;vif;pGm uGJjym;oGm;onf? (1) 1848 ckESpf awmfvSefa&;rS
yg&pfbHktzGJ@ (1871 ckESpf) txd? (2) yg&pfbHktzGJ@rS ±k&Sm;awmfvSefa&;
· Taqmif;yg;udk um;vfrmhufpf uG,fvGefonfh tESpf 30 ajrmufae@udk
txdrf;trSwfðyI a&;om;cJhjcif; jzpfonf? 1913 ckESpf rwfv 1
&ufae@xkwf“y&mA'g;”owif;pmtrSwf50wGifxnfhoGif;azmfjyonf?
11
14. (1905 ckESpf) txd? (3) ±k&Sm;awmfvSefa&;rS aemufydkif;wdk@ jzpfygonf?
‚umvtoD;oD;&Sd rmhufpfoif=um;csuf. uH=urRmudk
qef;ppf=unfh±_=uygpdk@?
(1)
yxrumv. tpydkif;Y rmhufpfoif=um;csufonf rnfonfh
enf;ESifhr# v$rf;rdk;onfh tqifhae&modk@ ra&muf&Sdao;ay? ‚onf
tvGefrsm;jym;vSaomqdk&S,fvpf0g'*dk%f;odk@r[kwfwdrf;!¸wfr_rsm;xJrS
wcktjzpfom &Sdaeao;onf? v$rf;rdk;xm;onfum; u|efawmfwdk@qDrS
ea&mepf0g'ESifh tajccHtm;jzifh wlnDaom qdk&S,fvpf0g'o¿mefrsm;
jzpfonf? ‚wdk@onf ordkif;v_yf&Sm;r_. ±kyf0g'tajccHudk em;rvnf
=uacs? t&if;&Sifvl@tzGJ@tpnf;&Sd vlwef;pm;toD;oD;. tcef;ESifh
t"dy`m,fudk rcGJjcm;EdkifbJ “jynfol”/ “w&m;r#wr_”/ “tcGifhta&;”
ponfh twkta,mif qdk&S,fvpfpum;vHk; trsKd;rsKd;ESifh 'Drdkua&pD ðyjyif
a&;. "e&SiftESpfom&udk zHk;uG,fxm;=uonf?
1848 ckESpf awmfvSefa&;u atmf}uD;[pfus,f vkyfaeaom
a&mifpHk&Sdonfh rmhufpf rwdkifrD qdk&S,fvpf0g'o¿mefrsm;udk emvef
rxlEdkifatmifxdk;ESufypfvdkufonf?awmfvSefa&;uwdkif;jynftm;vHk;rS
vl@tzGJ@tpnf;&Sd vlwef;pm;toD;oD;udk ‚wdk@. ðyr_v_yf&Sm;csufjzifh
Zmwd±kyfrsm; yGifhusoGm;aponf? 1848 ckESpf ZGefv yg&pfta&;tcif;
twGif; orRw*dk%f; "e&Sifvlwef;pm;u tvkyform;rsm;udk ypfowf
cJhjcif;u ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm; wckwnf;om qdk&S,fvpfvuQ%m&Sdonf
qdkonfhtcsufudk aemufqHk; tcdkiftrm ðyvdkufonf? xdkvlwef;pm;.
trSDcdkuif;r_udkvpfb&,f"e&Sifvlwef;pm;onfrnfonfhazmufjyefa&;
rsKd;xufrqdk tqw&mydkI a=umuf&GH@=uonf? ol&Jabma=umifaom
12
15. vpfb&,frsm;onf azmufjyefa&;. a&S@arSmufwGif c,0yfwGm;ae
=uonf? v,form;rsm;onf ya'o&mZf tºuif;tusefrsm;udk zsuf
odrf;ypfjcif;tm; auseyfESpfodrfhum pepfwusjzpfa&;bufodk@
ul;ajymif;oGm;=uonf? ‚wdk@onf tvkyform;'Drdkua&pDESifh "e&Sif
vpfb&,f0g' t=um;wGif wcgw&H awGa0,drf;,dkifwwf=ujcif;om
&Sdonf? vlwef;pm;ESifh rqdkifaom qdk&S,fvpf0g'ESifh vlwef;pm;ESifh
rqdkifaom EdkifiHa&;qdkif&m oif=um;csufrSefor#rSm r[kwfr[wf ajym
aejcif;omjzpfa=umif; oufaojyvdkufonf?
yg&pfbHktzGJ@ (1871 ckESpf) u ‚"e&Sif ðyjyifa&; jzpfay:
wdk;yGm;r_udk +yD;qHk;apvdkufonf? orRwEdkifiH qdkvdkonfrSm vlwef;pm;
qufqHa&;rsm;udk ajAmiftusqHk;o¿mefESifh azmfjyxm;onfh
EdkifiHawmfzGJ@pnf;yHk o¿mef. awmifhwif;cdkifrmr_rSm ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;
. &J&ifhr_a=umifhom jzpfayonf?
Oa&mywdkuf&Sd wjcm;wdkif;jynftm;vHk;rS ydkrdk±_yfaxG;aom/
rjynfhpHkao;aom jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_onfvnf; tvm;wlwduspGm
zGJ@wnfvmonfh "e&Sifvl@tzGJ@tpnf;qDodk@ a&muf&SdoGm;aponf?
rkefwdkif;rsm;ESifh awmfvSefa&;umvjzpfonfh yxrumv (1848 ckESpfrS
1871 ckESpf txd) . tukefydkif;wGif rmhufpfrwdkifrD qdk&S,fvpf0g'rSm
Zmwfodrf;oGm;av+yD? trSDcdkuif;onfh ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm; ygwDrsm;
jzpf=uaom yxrtifwmae&Sife,f (1864 ckESpfrS 1871 ckESpftxd)
ESifh *smref qdk&S,f'Drdku&ufwpf ygwDwdk@ aygufzGm;vm=uonf?
(2)
'kwd,umvydkif; (1872 ckESpfrS 1904 ckESpftxd) ESifh yxr
umvydkif;wdk@. jcm;em;csufrSm “+idrf;csrf;aom” vuQ%mESifh awmfvSef
13
16. a&;rsm; rjzpfyGm;jcif;yif jzpfonf? taemufwdkif;. "e&SifawmfvSefa&;
rsm;onf +yD;qHk;cJhav+yD? ta&S@wdkif;rSmrl TuJhodk@aom awmfvSefa&;rsm;
&ifhrSnfhrvmao;ay?
taemufwdkif;rSm tem*wftajymif;tvJ umvtwGuf
“+idrf;csrf;pGm” jyifqifa&;tqifhodk@ 0ifa&mufvmonf? tajccHtm;jzifh
ypPnf;rJhjzpfaom qdk&S,fvpf0g'ygwDrsm; ae&mtESH@ay:xGufvmonf?
‚wdk@onf"e&SifygvDrefpepfudktoHk;ðy&efaomfvnf;aumid;/rdrdwdk@.
ae@pOfowif;pm/ynma&;Xme/tvkyform;or*~rsm;ESifhor0g,rrsm;
wnfaxmif&efaomfvnf;aumif;oif,lvm=uonf?rmhufpfoif=um;
csufonf vHk;0atmifjrifr_&um us,fjyef@pGm jyefESH@vmonf? ypPnf;rJh
vlwef;pm; tiftm;pkrsm;udk a&G;cs,fpkpnf;r_ESifh ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;.
aemifvmrnfhwdkufyGJjyifqifr_jzpfpOfonfjznf;!‡if;apumrla&S@odk@rSefrSef
wufvSrf;aeonf?
rmhufpf0g'. oabmw&m;atmifyGJa=umifh ‚. &efol
rsm;onf rmhufpf0g'Dtjzpf ta&ðcHvdkuf=u&awmhonf? Tonfum;
ordkif;. tEkyËdavmryif jzpfonf? twGif;Y v_dufpm;aeaom
vpfb&,f0g'onf qdk&S,fvpf tacsmif0g'toGifESifh jyefvnftouf
oGif;&ef óu;pm;=uonf? tacsmiform;rsm;onf }uD;jrwfaom wdkufyGJ
rsm;twGuf tiftm;pkaqmif;aeonfh umvudk ‚wdkufyGJrsm;tm;
pGef@y,fjcif;tjzpf t"dy`m,f zGifhqdk=uonf? tcpm;u|efpepfudk
qef@usifonfh wdkufyGJtwGuf aus;u|efrsm;. tajctaeaumif;rGef
vmatmif vkyfjcif;tm; aus;u|efrsm;onf olwdk@. vGwfvyfcGifhudk
ydkufqH 5 jym;ESifh a&mif;pm;vdkufjcif; jzpfonf[k ajym=uonf? “vl@tzGJ@
tpnf;+idrf;csrf;a&;”/ qdkvdkonfrSm aus;u|efydkif&SifpepfESifh +idrf;csrf;a&;/
vlwef;pm;wdkufyGJpGef@v$wfa&;ponfwdk@udk‚wdk@ua=umufa=umuf&GH@&GH@
14
17. a[majym=uonf? ygvDrefxJrS qdk&S,fvpftrwfrsm;/ tvkyform;
v_yf&Sm;r_twGif;&Sd tm%mydkiftrsKd;rsKd;ESifh “pmempdwf&Sdaom” ynm
wwfrsm;t=um;wGif ‚wdk@tm; =unf!dkol trsm;tjym; &Sdayonf?
(3)
tacsmiform;rsm;u “vl@tzGJ@tpnf; +idrf;csrf;a&;” udk
csD;usL;cef;zGifhI “'Drdkua&pD” atmufrSm rkefwdkif;qif&ef rvdkawmh[k
ajymr+yD;rDwGif urBmhrkefwdkif;}uD;. opfvGifaom tpðycsufonf tm&S
wdkufY ay:xGufvmonf? ±k&Sm;awmfvSefa&;+yD;onfh aemufwGif
wl&uDjynf/ yg&Sm;jynfESifh w±kwfjynfawmfvSefa&;rsm; jzpfvm=uonf?
u|efawmfwdk@a&muf&SdaeonfrSm Todk@rkefwdkif;rsm;qifaeaomumv
ESifh ‚rkefwdkif;rsm;u Oa&mywdkufudk “wkH@jyef±dkufcwfaom” umv
yifjzpfonf? “,Ofaus;aom” 0HykavGtrsKd;rsKd;u tHw}udwf}udwf
jzpfaeaom }uD;jrwfonfh w±kwforRwEdkifiH. uH=urRmrnfodk@yif&Sdap
urBmay:&Sd rnfonfh tiftm;urS a[mif;EGrf;onfh v,fu|efpepfudk
tm&SwdkufwGif jyefvnfxlaxmif Edkifvdrfhrnf r[kwf? tm&SESifh tm&S
wydkif;wdkif;jynfrsm;rSjynfolvlxk.&J&ifhaom'Drdkua&pDa&;udkokwfoif
&Sif;vif;Edkifvdrfhrnfvnf; r[kwfay?
vlxkwdkufyGJ jyifqifr_ESifh wdk;wufr_tajctaersm;udk owd
rrlrd=uonfh vltcsKd@onf Oa&mywdkuf. t&if;&Sifpepf qef@usifaom
tqHk;tjzwfwdkufyGJtcsdef&Snf=umaeonfudkawG@jrif+yD;pdwfysufjcif;ESifh
rif;rJh0g'bufodk@ a&mufukef=uonf? Trif;rJh0g'. pdwfysufr_ rnfr#
tjrifwdkI rnfr#ol&Jabma=umifonfqdkonfudk ,ck u|efawmfwdk@
awG@jrifEdkifyg+yDd?
Oa&my pdwful;pHESifhwlaom wdkufyGJxJodk@ tm&SwdkufrS oef;
15
18. aygif; 800 &Sdaom jynfolrsm; yg0ifvm=uonfh jzpf&yfonf u|efawmf
wdk@twGuf pdwfysufp&mr[kwf/ owWd&Sdvmp&mom jzpfonf?
tm&Swdkuf awmfvSefa&;rsm;u vpfb&,f0g'. aysmhnHhr_ESifh
odrfzsif;r_udkvnf;aumif;/ 'Drdkua&pDvlxk. trSDcdkuif;pGm v_yf&Sm;r_.
xl;jcm;aom ta&;ygr_udkvnf;aumif;/ ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;ESifh "e&Sif
vlwef;pm;rsKd;pHk t=um;&Sd jywfom;aom pnf;a=umif;udkvnf;aumif;
tvm;wlyif jyovdkufayonf? Oa&mywdkufESifh tm&Swdkuf tawG@
tñuHrsm;udk &&Sd+yD;onfhaemufwGif vlwef;pm;ESifh rqdkifaom EdkifiHa&;/
vlwef;pm;ESifh rqdkifaom qdk&S,fvpf0g' ta=umif;ajymol rnfoludk
rqdkavSmiftdrfxJYxnfhxm;I=opa=w;vsm;om;ydkufaumifESifhtwl
jyoxm;&efom&Sdawmhonf?
Oa&mywdkufonf tm&Swdkuf. aemufrSm vl;vGef@v_yf&Sm;
vmonf? odk@aomf tm&SyHkpHtwdkif; r[kwfay? 1872 ckESpfrS 1904
ckESpftxd “+idrf;csrf;aom” umvonf jyefrvmpwrf; ukefvGefoGm;
av+yD? aexdkifr_p&dwf }uD;jrifhr_ESifh x&yfpftzGJ@rsm;. zdESdyfr_a=umifh
rñuHpzl;jyif;xefaompD;yGm;a&;wdkufyGJrsm;ay:xGufvmonf?vpfb&,f
0g'. v_dufpm;xm;jcif;udk trsm;qHk;cH&aom t*Fvdyftvkyform;rsm;
onfyif TwdkufyGJxJodk@ yg0ifvm=uonf? “acgif;trm” qHk; "e&Sif
vlwef;pm; ajr&Sifrsm;. wdkif;jynfjzpfaom *smr%DwGifyif EdkifiHa&;
tusyftwnf; &ifhrSnfhvmaeonfudk u|efawmfwdk@ awG@jrifae&onf?
aoG;±l;aoG;wef;vufeufwyfqifr_ESifhe,fcsJ@0g'ay:vpDwdk@uacwfopf
Oa&mywdkufudk ,rf;tdk;}uD;ESifh ydk+yD;wlaom “vl@tzGJ@tpnf; +idrf;csrf;
a&;” qDodk@ ydk@aqmifay;vdkufonf? wcsdefwnf;rSmyif "e&SifygwD
tm;vHk;. ysufpD;,dk,Gif;r_ESifh ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;. &ifhusufvmr_wdk@
onf rSefrSef}uD; wdk;yGm;vsuf&Sdonf?
16
19. rmhufpf0g' ay:xGufvm+yD;onfhaemuf urBmhordkif;. umv
}uD;3ckpvHk;wGifrmhufpf0g'onfoufaojycsufopfrsm;ESifhatmifjrifr_
opfrsm; &&SdvmcJh+yD jzpfonf? r=umrDqdkufa&mufvmawmhrnfh ordkif;
umvwGif ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;. oif=um;csufjzpfaom rmhufpf0g'tm;
ydkrdk}uD;rm;onfh atmifjrifr_rsm;u apmifhóuaeayonf? ?
1913 ck/ rwfv 1 &uf?
17
