ဆင့်ကဲဖြစ်စဉ်သီအိုရီနှင့်လူသားမျိုးနွယ်အပေါ်ရန် သောဘေးဥပဒ်. Burmese

2. 2

3. vl‹avmuodk‹
'kuQqif;&Jaygif;pkH
,laqmifcJhaom
'g0if0g'
[m&Gef ,[f,m
3

4. pma&;olta-umif;
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Tpmtkyfudk [m&Gef,[f,m[laom uavmiftrnfjzifha&;om;
ol pma&;q&m-uD;onf/ wl&uDEdkifiH tefum&mjrKdŒY 1956ckESpf
wGif arG;zGm;cJhI/ tefum&mjrKdŒwGifyif txufwef; ausmif;ynm
oif,lcJhavonf? tpPwefblvfjrKdŒ&Sd rDrm&fqDeefwuUodkvfwGif
0dZ…mbmom &yfudk qufvufqnf;yl;um 0dZ…mbGJ‹ESifhr[m0dZ…mbGJ‹
udkqGwfcl;cJhavonf? xdkaemuf tpPwef blvfwuUodkvfrS '
eduaA'bmom&yfjzifh yg&*lbGJ‹udk qGwfcl;cJhavonf? 1980ckESpf
rSpI EdkifiHa&;odyH`bmom&yf/ odyH`bmom&yfESifh ,kH-unfcsufqdkif&mta&; rsm;ESifhywf
oufonfhpmtkyfrsm;udk a&;om;xkwfa0cJhayonf? tDAdkvl;&Sif;ac:wpfpwpfp qifhuJ
ajymif;vJjzpfay:jcif;tawG;tac:0g'Drsm;.ta,mifaqmifvdrfvnfr+ESifh ‚if;wdk‹ . t
cdkiftrmtqdkjyKcsufrsm;onf usKd;a-umif;qDavsmfr+r&Sda-umif;tjyif/ 'g0if0g'ESifh wuG
urBmay:wGif aoG;acsmif;pD;apcJhonfh zufqpf0g'ESifh uGefjrLepf0g'wdk‹udk aemuf uG,frS
aeI qufpyfay;aeolwdk‹ta-umif;udk pmtkyfaygif; rsm;pGma&;om;I az:xkwfcJh av
onf?
ol.uavmiftrnfonf tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfudk r,kH-unfolwdk‹tm; twdkuftcH
vkyf&mY ausmf-um;cJh-uaom wrefawmfESpfyg;jzpfonfh [m&Gef(tm&Gef)ESifh ,[f,m
(a,m[ef)wdk‹.trnfESpfckudk aygif;pyfxm;aomtrnfjzpfayonf? Tpmtkyf.rsuf
ESmzkH;rsm;wGifygonfh wrefawmfjrwf.wHqdyfonf pmtkyftwGif;&Sdta-umif;tcsuf
rsm;ESifh qufpyfvsuf &Sdaeygonf? aemufqkH;usrf;awmfjrwfjzpfaomuk&ftmefusrf;awmf
jrwfESifh aemufqkH;wrefawmfjrwfjzpfonfhrdk[rR'f(qGv†v†m[ktvdkif;a[h0qv†rf)wdk‹udk
udk,fpm;jyKxm;jcif;jzpfonf? bk&m;rJh0g'wdk‹.tajccHa&aomufjrpftcsuftvufrsm;
udk uk&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwfESifh qGEMwf(wrefawmfjrwf.-o0g'usifhpOf)rsm;.oGefoif
csufyg oufaotaxmuftxm;rsm;jzifhacsyy,fzsufypfI bmomt,l0g'rsm;udk wm;
jrpfpGyfpGJaomtoHrsm;tm; wdwfqdwfoGm;apygonf? ynmhtvif;udk&&SdI yuwdjynfhpkH
aumif;rGefaomtusifhoduQmESifh udk,fusifhw&m;rsm;jzifhjynfhpkHonfh aemufqkH;wref
awmfjrwf.wHqdyfawmfudktokH;jyKI wrefawmfjrwftvdkawmf&SdcJhonfhtwdkif; xdkbk
&m;rJh0g'Dwdk‹.toHudk wdwfqdwfoGm;apjcif; jzpfygonf?
[m&Gef,[f,ma&;om;onfhpmayrsm;onf/ uk&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwf.owif;
rSm-um;csufrsm;udk ydk‹oay;I/ pmzwfolwdk‹udk ,kH-unfcsufESifhoufqdkifonfh tajccH
tcsuftvufrsm;udk pOf;pm;qifjcifokH;oyfjcif;jzifh tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfwnf&Sda-umif;ESifh
xdkt&Sifjrwfonf wpfyg;wnf;aomt±Sifjrwf jzpfawmfrla-umif;udk od&Sd-uI/ azguf
jyefaombmomw&m;rJhtawG;tac:rsm;. usKd;a-umif;cdkifvkHr+r&Sdonfh tajccHrsm;udk
az:xkwfjyo&efom t"duyef;wdkif jzpfayonf?
[m&Gef,[f,ma&;om;onfhpmtkyfrsm;udk tdEdN,EdkifiHrStar&duefEdkifiHtxd/
t*Fvef EdkifiHrStif'dkeD;&Sm;EdkifiHtxd/ ydkvefEdkifiHrSabmhpeD;,m;EdkifiHtxd/ pydefEdkifiHrS
b&mZD;vfEdkifiHtxd/ pojzifh urBmtESH‹tjym;rS pmzwfy&dwfwdk‹ zwf±+-uygonf?
t*Fvdyf/ jyifopf/ *smref/ pydef/ tDwvD/ ay:wl*D/ tl&'l/ tm&AsD/ tvfab;eD;,ef;/
&k&Sm;/ qmbdk= c&dktuf/ ydkvef/ rav;/ tGD*k&f/ wl&uDESifh tif'dkeD;&Sm;bmompum;rsm;jzifh
jyefqdkxm; onfudkvnf; zwf±+Edkifygonf?
4

5. [m&Gef,[f,m. pmtkyfrsm;onf/ urBmwpf0Srf;vkH;&Sd pmzwfoly&dwf.
-udKufESpfoufjcif;&Sdonfhtjyif/ tajrmuftjrm;aomyk*~dKvfwdk‹udk tpPvmrfomoemodk‹
jyef vnfa&muf&SdvmapI olwdk‹. tDrmef,kH-unfcsufudkvnf; ydkrdkcdkifrmap&mwGif
ta&;ygvSayonf? ol.pmom;rsm;onf Om%ftajrmftjrifESifhjynfhpkHI &Sif;vif;jywf
om;onfhtjyif/ em;vnfoabmaygufvG,faom a&;enf;a&;[efrsm;jzpfum/ zwf±+ol
.todw&m;udk vG,fulpGmyGifhvif;apygonf? TpmtkyfwGifa&;om;xm;aomtcsuf
rsm;onf/ &kyf0g'tawG;tac:rsm;udk vsifjrefxda&mufpGmacsyxm;jcif;rsm;jzifh pDukH;xm;
aoma-umifh/ Tpmtkyfrsm;udk tav;teufxm;olwdk‹onfvnf; bk&m;rJh0g'ESifhtwl
tjcm;azgufjyefaomtawG;tac:rsm;udk qufvufaxmufcH-uawmhrnfr[kwfay?
tu,fI qufvufaxmufcHae-uao;aomfvnf;/ wrifoufoufayuyf aejcif;om
jzpfayvdrfhrnf? tb,fha-umifhqdkaomf/ Tpmtkyfrsm;onf xdkuJhodk‹aomtawG;tac:
rsm;udk ‚if;wdk‹.tajccH&mtkwfjrpfrsm;rSpwifI vSefvdkufjcif;a-umifh jzpfygonf? ,ae‹
vuf&SdtcsdefwGif tv†m[ft±Sifjrwfudkjiif;y,faomv+yf&Sm;r+rsm;tm;vkH;onf/ [m&Gef
,[f,m.pmtkyfrsm;a-umifh tawG;tac:t& ppfa&;±+H;edrfhoGm;-ujyD; jzpfonf?
,if;&v'frsm;onf uk&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwf&SdOm%ftvif;ESifh ,if;.&Sif;vif;
jywfom;r+rsm;a-umifhjzpfonfrSm ,kHrSm;oHo,r&SdEdkifawmhay? pma&;olonf tv†m[f
t&Sifjrwf. vrf;rSefudk trsm;vlom;rsm;&SmazGpl;prf;&mwGif taxmuftuljzpfap&ef
&dk;om;aom apwemt&if;cH&nf&G,fcsufxm;&Sdygonf? Tpmtkyfrsm;udk a&;om;xkwf
a0aomvkyfief;wGif rnfonfh&kyf0wˆKtjrwftpGef;udkr# ar#mfudk;jcif;tvsif;r&Sdyg?
Tpmtkyfrsm;udk tjcm;olrsm;zwf±+&ef tm;ay;ulnD&if;/ ‚if;wdk‹udk tv†m[f
t&Sifjrwf. opPm&Sdaomaus;u|efrsm;jzpfvmatmif olwdk‹.pdwfESvkH;om;rsm;udk zGifhay;
I tv†m[ft&Sifjrwf.vrf;pOfodk‹ ac:aqmifoGm;Edkifolwdk‹onf wefzdk;rjzwfEdkifavmuf
atmif -uD;us,faom tusKd;aqmifolrsm;yifjzpfayonf?
,QKtcsdefwGif vlrsm;.pdwfudk Za0Z0g±+yfaxG;apI/ olwdk‹.pdwfxJ&Sd 'Gd[
oHo,jzpfaejcif;rsm;udkxda&mufpGm &Sif;vif;apEdkifjcif;r&Sdonfhtjyif cdkifvkHaomouf
aoom"ursm; r&Sdonfh ±+yfaxG;aomtawG;tac:qDodk‹ OD;aqmifoGm;Edkifrnfhpmtkyf
rsm;udk jzef‹a0jcif;onf tv[tcsdefjzKef;aejcif;omv#ifjzpfaeygvdrfhrnf? vltrsm;
tm; tDref,kH-unfr+aysmufuG,faejcif;rS u,fwifvdkonfhrGefjrwfaom&nf&G,fcsuf
xuf/ pma&;ol.pmaytpGrf;udkjy&efudkom t"duxm;onfhpmtkyfrsm;onf xda&mufr+
r&SdEdkifay? Ttcsufudk oHo,jzpfolwdkif;onf[m&Gef,[f,m.pmtkyfwGif tDref,kH
-unfr+uif;rJhjcif;udk csKd;ESdrfausmfv$m;I uk&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwf. oif-um;csufusifhpOf
wefzdk;rsm;udkom t"duxm;jzef‹jzL;onfudk-unfhI pdwf&Sif;oGm;Edkifygonf? TtusKd;
aqmifcsuf. atmifjrifr+onf pmzwfolwdk‹. cH,lcsuftay:wGif o&kyfouefay:vGif
vmrnfomjzpf.?
,ae‹urBmay:wGif &ufpuf-urf;-uKwfr+/ oabmxm;uGJvGJr+a-umifh&ifqdkifwdkuf
cdkufyËdyuQ jzpfae-ujcif;ESifhtwl vltrsm;-uKHawG‹ae-u&onfh tjcm;'kuQqif;&Jjcif;t
aygif;wdk‹onf/ tv†m[ft±Sifjrwfudk r,kH-unfjiif;y,fonfh tawG;tac:rsm;v$rf;rdk;r+
a-umifh jzpfonfudk ta&;-uD;qkH;tcsuftjzpf rSwfom;xm;&efvdktyfygonf? xdk
'kuQyifv,frS vGwfajrmufEdkif&efrSm tv†m[ft&Sifjrwf. tHhzG,frcef;aom zef;qif;
jcif;udk owdw&m;&&Sd-ujyD; xdkt&Sifjrwfu uk&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwfwGif oif-um;ydk‹cs
xm;aom usifh0wfw&m;a'oemawmfrsm;udk jzef‹csdjcif;jzifh rdpm>'d@dtawG;tac:udk qkH;
5

6. cef;wdkif acszsufypf&efvdktyfayonf? vuf&SdurBmhtajctaeudk -unfhvdkufygu/ t
-urf;zufjcif;rsKd;pkHESifh azgufjyefr+yËdyuQtrsKd;rsKd;odk‹omv#if a&SŒ±+OD;wnfvsuf &Sdae
ojzifh/ tcsdefraESmif;rD tv†m[ft±Sifjrwf.a'oemawmfudk xda&mufpGmESifh vsifjrefpGm
ydk‹csjzef‹a0&ef vdktyfaea-umif; xif&Sm;aeayonf?
,if;-uKd;yrf;csufwGif/ [m&Gef,[f,ma&;om;aom pmtkyfrsm;onf a&SŒwef;rS
yg0ifvsuf&Sdayonf? tif&Smtv†m[f (tv†m[ft&Sifjrwftvdkawmf&Sdygu)/ ESpfq,fh
wpf&mpkESpf&Sd urBmolurBmom;rsm;onf/ uk&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwfwGif uwdu0wf
jyKxm;onfhtwdkif; jidrf;csrf;r+/ w&m;r#wr+ESifh om,maysmf&$ifr+rsm;udk &&Sdatmif ay;
aqmif&mwGif Tpmtkyfrsm;rSwpfqifh &±Sdaom todw&m;rsm;u wpfpdwfwpfa'otjzpf
yg0ifEdkifygvdrfhrnf?
6

7. pmzwfolodk‹
TO THE READER
tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&D ysufokOf;oGm;jcif;ta-umif;udk TpmtkyfY txl;tcef;wpf
cef;tjzpf az:jyxm;ygonf? tb,fha-umifhqdkaomf/ ToDtdk&Donf/ bk&m;rJh0g'ESifh
bmomt,l0g'udk qef‹usifonfhtawG;tac:rsm;tm;vkH;.tajccHoabmw&m;rsm; yg
&Sdaoma-umifh jzpfygonf? 'g0if0g'u zefqif;jcif;,kH-unfcsufudk jiif;y,fvdkuf
jcif;jzifh/ tv†m[ft&Sifjrwf&Sdjcif;udkvnf; jiif;y,f&ma&mufaoma-umifh/ vGefcJhonfh
ESpfaygif; 140ausmftwGif; vltajrmuftjrm;tm; olwdk‹.bmomt,l0g',kH-unfcsuf
rsm;udk pGef‹v$wfoGm;apcJhjcif; 'dG[oHo,jzpfapjcif;rsm; jyKcJhayonf? xdk‹a-umifh ‚if;
oDtdk&DtawG;tac:onf vdrfvnfvSnfhpm;jcif;omv#ifjzpfa-umif;udk vltrsm;od&Sd
oabmayguf&Sif;vif;atmifwifjy&efrSm rvkyfrae&wm0ef jzpfayonf? pmzwfy&d
wftcsdKŒonf u|Efkyfwdk‹.pmtkyftcsdKŒudkom zwfrd-urnfjzpfaoma-umifh/ xdkoDtdk&D
ta-umif;udk tusOf;csKyfI az:jyoifhonf[k ,lqygonf?
pma&;ola&;om;cJhaom pmtkyftm;vkH;wGif/ bmoma&;,kH-unfr+ESifhywfoufI
uk&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwftm,wfawmfrsm;jzifh&Sif;jyI/ pmzwfoludk tv†m[ft&Sifjrwf.
rdef‹-um;oGefoifcsufrsm;udk avhvmrSwfom;um xdkoGefoifcsufrsm;twdkif; aexdkif&ef
zdwfac:xm;ayonf? tv†m[ft&Sifjrwf.tm,wfawmfrsm;ESifhywfoufaomta-umif;
&yfrsm;udk&Sif;jy&mY pmzwfol.pdwfwGif 'Gd[oHo,uif;&Sif;I aemufxyfar;cGef;rsm;
xkwf&efr&SdEdkifatmif &Sif;vif;wifjyxm;ayonf? pma&;ol. pdwf&if;apwemrSef t
&if;cHaom a&;enf;a&;[efESifh vG,ful&Sif;vif;aomtokH;tE+ef;rsm;onf pmzwfolvl
-uD;vli,ft&G,fwdkif;ESifh vlr+a&;tkyfpkwdkif;u vG,fulpGmem;vnfoabmaygufEdkif
ygonf? xda&mufI &Sif;vif;aompmom;rsm;a-umifh wpfxdkifwnf;wGif tjyD;zwf
±+Edkifayonf? bmomt,l0g'rsm;udk jyif;xefpGmjiif;y,folwdk‹yifv#if/ Tpmtkyfyg
rSefuefonfh &Sif;vif;csufESifh udk;um;csufrsm;udk jiif;qefI r&Edkif-uacs?
TpmtkyfESifhtwl pma&;ol. usefpmtkyftm;vkH;wdk‹udk wpfOD;csif;zwfjcif;
odk‹r[kwf tkyfpkvdkuf aqG;aEG;jcif;jyKEdkifygonf? pma&;ol.pmtkyfrsm;rS tusKd;aus;Zl;
&&Sdvdkolwdk‹twGuf tkyfpkzGJ‹IaqG;aEG;&eftvGefoifhavsmfygonf? xdkodk‹jyKjcif;jzifh wpfOD;
ESifhwpfOD;. tjrifESifhtawG‹t-uHKrsm;udk ESD;aESmzvS,fEdkifrnfjzpf.?
xdk‹tjyif/ Tpmtkyfudk a&;om;jcif;onf tv†m[ft&Sifjrwf.ESpfoufjcif;udk
&,l&efudkom &nf&G,faoma-umifh/ zwf±+jcif;ESifhykHESdyfxkwfa0jcif;onf -uD;us,faom
tpPvmrfhtusdK;aqmifjcif;yifjzpfayonf? Tpma&;q&m.pmtkyfrsm;onf zwfaumif;
&kHru ,kH-unfxdkufaompmtkyfrsm;jzpfygonf? xdk‹a-umifh/ rSefuefaom bmomt,l
0g'twGuf tjcm;olrsm;udk qufoG,f&mY Tpmtkyfrsm;udk zwf±+&efwdkufwGef;jcif;onf
taumif; qkH;aom enf;vrf;jzpfygonf?
Tpma&;ol.pmtkyfrsm;wGif/ pma&;ol.yk*~vdutjrifrsm;/ 'Gd[oHo,jzpfzG,faom
udk;um;csufrsm;jzifh&Sif;vif;wifjyjcif;/ &dkaoav;pm;xdkufaomrGefjrwfonfht&mrsm;ESifh
,kH-unfcsufrsm;udk xdyg;onfhtokH;tE+ef;rsm;/ pmzwfol.pdwfudk ±+yfaxG;aprnfh a0zef
okH;oyfcsufrsm; uif;&Sif;ygonf?
7

8. bmomjyefol.trSm
Foreword from the Translator
u|Ekfyfonf bmoma&;udkif;±d+if;aom ESpfjcif;c&pf,mefomoem0if tdrfaxmifpkwGif arG;zGm;
-uD;jyif;vmcJholjzpfygonf? i,fpOfuwnf;upI we*FaEGae‹wdkif; uav;oli,frsm;tm; c&pfawmf
. a'oemawmfESifhorRmusrf;oifcef;pmrsm;udk u|Ekfyf.&GmrS twefa0;uGmaomjrKdŒ&Sd bk&m;&Sdcdk;
ausmif;wGif rSefrSefwufa&mufqnf;yl;cJhygonf? "rRq&mrsm;u okH;qlonf wpfqlwnf;jzpfa-umif;
oif-um;&mwGif u|Efkyfoabmaygufatmif rnfolur#&Sif;vif;jyEdkifjcif;r&SdcJh-uyg? tv,fwef;
ausmif;om;b0 15 ESpfom;t&G,fwGif rGwfpvifrf'dkif*sufESifh tpPvmrpf&DjAL;r*~Zif;rsm;tjyif
urBmhtvif;pmapmifudkzwf±+cGifh&&SdcJh&mrSpI/ tpPvmrfomoemonf zefqif;&SifESifhywfoufI t
&Sif;vif;qkH;oif-um;aomomoemtjzpf vufcHoabmaygufojzifh/ 1955 ckESpfOD;ydkif;wGif
“awm0f[D'f”ac: wpfyg;wnf;aomzefqif;&Sifudkomv#if udk;uG,fqnf;uyfaom tpPvmrfomoem
udk awG‹&SdvufcHI touf 16 ESpfwGif umvDrm&S[m'wf zwfcJhygonf?
xdkacwfumvwGif aemiftem*wfEdkifiHa&;avmuodk‹ ajcvSrf;-urnfh ausmif;om;rsm;onf
jyifqifa&;tjzpf txufwef;tqifhrSpI wuUodkvfausmif;om;b0txd ausmif;om;or*~v+yf&Sm;r+
rsm;wGif yg0if-uonf? EdkifiHa&;udkydkrdkIpdwf0ifpm;onfhausmif;om;rsm;onfvnf; txl;ojzifh EdkifiH
a&;odyH`/ 'eduaA'ESifh rEkaA'bmom&yfrsm;udk a&G;cs,fqnf;yl;-uayonf? 'g0if.tDAdkvl;
&Sif;oDtdk&D/ trsdK;om;qdk&S,fvpf0g'/ jyifopfpufr+awmfvSefa&;ta-umif;/ rm;ufP/ tif*sJvf/ vDeif/
xa&mhpfuD/ pwmvifESifharmfpDwkH;wdk‹ta-umif;awGudkvnf; aema-u-uayonf? ,kwWdaA'enf;jzifh
usdK;a-umif;qifjcifI tajz&Smaom&kyf0g'[kt"dy`g,f&aom 'dkiftmvufwpf(tEkyËdavmr)&kyf0g'
(dialectic materialism) tawG;tac:udkvnf; xufatmufwGif;jyif ar$aESmufusuf rSwfxm;-uay
onf? xdkacwfwGif tiftm;t-uD;qkH;awmwGif;awmfvSefa&;tzGJ‹jzpfonfh ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD
(Auy)odk‹ 0ifIawmcdkcJh-uaomausmif;om;rsm;onfvnf; xdkausmif;om;rsm;yifjzpfonf? jrefrm
rGwfpvifrfwdk‹zGJ‹pnf;onfh yoDaumifpDtzGJ‹0ifwdk‹yifv#if AuyESifhqufoG,fI ajray:ajratmuf
EdkifiHa&;v#yf&Sm;-uayonf? aemifwGifarmfpDwkH;.,Ofaus;r+awmfvSefa&;umvtwGif; w&kwfEdkifiH
odk‹ oGm;a&mufoifwef;wufcJholwdk‹onf AuyXmecsKyfodk‹ jyefvnfa&muf&Sdvmaomtcg/ tpGef;
a&mufatmif vuf&JZuf&JowfjzwfcJh-uavonf? rdrdwdk‹.tawG;tac:0g'ESifh tenf;i,fuGJvGJ
olwdk‹udk/ rdrd.arG;rdcifzcifyifjzpfap/ vnfvSD;I xdkvnfacsmif;aoG;jzifh ajcaq;cJh-uonf? (tao;
pdwfocifoef;xGef;.aemufqkH;ae‹rsm;wGifzwfyg)? xdkuGefjrLepftzGJ‹0ifwdk‹vnf; bmomomoem
udk;uG,fqnf;uyfonfhrdbrsm;rS arG;zGm;vmcJh-uolrsm;jzpf-uaomfvnf; tb,fha-umifh xdkr#avmuf
vlrqefatmif&ufpuf-urf;-uKwfcJh-uonfudk tHh-o-uD;pGmjzifh oabmraygufEdkifcJhyg? [m&Gef,[f
,m a&;om;aomT“vl‹avmuodk‹ 'kuQqif;&Jaygif;pkH,laqmifcJhaom'g0if0g'” pmtkyfudk zwf±+rd
ojzifh xdk&ufpufr+rsm;.aemufuG,f&SdtawG;tac:tiftm;pk-uD;ESifhywfoufI &Sif;vif;pGm&Sd od&yg
onf?
xdk‹a-umifh rsdK;cspfjrefrmrGwfpvifrfvli,frsm;onfvnf;/ rdrdwdk‹. rsdK;cspfpdwf"gwfxufoef
r+wpfckwnf;a-umifh rSm;,Gif;aomEdkifiHa&;0g'aemufodk‹ rvdkufrd-uap&efESSifh xdkEdkifiHa&;0g'wdk‹.
yif&if;a&aomufjrpf b,frSm&Sdonf [laomtcsufudk od&Sdoabmayguf-uap&ef/ apwemaumif;
jzifh bmomjyefvdkufygonf? Tpmtkyfonf q&m-uD;[m&Gef,[f,m.pmtkyfrsm;udk jrefrmbmom
jzifh jyefqdkonfh wwd,ajrmufpmtkyfjzpfygonf?
rdk[rR'ftvDwef*Gef;
8

9. tv†m[ft&Sifjrwf. vrf;awmfwGif
&yfwnf&ef &nf&G,fcsufjzifh
u|Ekfyf. cspfvSpGmaom
ZeD;/ om;orD;rsm;/
nDtpfudkrsm;ESifhrdwfo*F[rsm;udk
ESpf&Snfvrsm; cGJcGmcJhjcif;*sD[m'fwGif
wpdwfwa'o jznfhwif;ygap[k &nfpl;vsuf
Tpmtkyfudk ukodkvfjzpf jrefrmbmomjyefqdkygonf?
Tjrefrmbmomjyef pmtkyfudk
rnfolrqdk vGwfvyfpGmykHESdyfxkwfa0a&mif;csjzef‹jzL;cGifh ay;ygonf?
tvDwef*Gef;
2007=ckESpf atmufwdkbmv 28 &ufae‹
(2009=ckESpf Edk0ifbmvwGif xyfrHppfaq;jyifqifonf?)
9

10. rmwdum
pmrsufESm
ed'gef;? 20&mpkESpfodk‹ ab;'kuQtaygif;udk 11
,laqmifvmcJholrsm;
'g0if0g'ordkif;tusOf;csKyf 15
'g0if. vlrsKd;cGJjcm;a&;0g'ESifh udkvdkeDpepf0g' 28
'g0if0g'ESifh zufppf0g't-um;
a-umufrufzG,faom r[mrdwf 56
'g0if0g' = uGefjrLepf&ufpufr+. yif&if; 94
t&if;&SifpepfESifh pD;yGm;a&;avmuwGif 140
touf&Sifa&;twGuf wdkufcdkuf-u&jcif;
'g0if0g',laqmifcJhaom udk,fusifhw&m;ysufjym;r+ 151
ed*kH;? 'g0if0g'wnf;[laom nHGawm-uD;udk
ajcmufaoG‹oGm;atmif azgufxkwfypf&rnf 158
aemufqufwGJ? tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&D.
rSm;,Gif;aomcH,lcsuf 161
10

11. 11

12. ed'gef;
u|Efkyfwdk‹ r-umao;rDuausmfvGefcJhaom ESpfq,f&mpkESpfonf/ 'kuQqif;
&Jjcif; em-unf;zG,faumif;onfh aoausysufpD;jcif;ESifhjynfheufapaom ppfrufjydKif
qdkifwdkufcdkufjcif;/ yËdyuQjzpfjcif;/ tpkvdkuftjyKHvdkufowfjzwfjcif;/ qif;&JEGrf;yg;r+&Sd
jcif;/ -uD;rm;onfh ysufpD;r+rsm;&Sdjcif;/ ponfwdk‹ESifh jynfheufcJhaom &mpkESpfjzpf.?
vlaygif;oef;aygif; ajrmufjrm;pGm toufqkH;±+H;cJh-u.? owfjzwfcHcJh-u&.? touf
aoqkH;oGm;onftxd iwfrGwfatmifypfxm;jcif; cHcJh-u&.? trdk;tumr±Sd/ tdrfrJh
,mrJh/ tumtuG,frJh ypfxm;jcif;cH-u&.? xdkodk‹aom &ufpuf-urf;-uKwfr+rsm;onf
vnf; 0g'a&;&maoGjznfr+udk tvkyftau|;jyKonfhwpfckwnf;aomta-umif;a-umifhom
v#if jzpfayonf? vlaygif;oef;aygif;rsm;pGmudk wd&pm>efrsm;yif rcHpm;xdkufonfh tjzpf
odk‹ ydk‹aqmifcJh-uayonf? tjzpftysufwdkif;wGifvnf; pwmvif/ vDeif/ xa&mhpuD/
armf/ yGefyGwf/ [pfwvm/ rdkqdkvdkeD/ z&efudk/ ===ponfh &ufpuf-urf;-uKwfaom
tm%m&Sifrsm;.vufcsuf yg0ifvsuf&Sd.? xdkyk*~Kdvfrsm;teuf tcsKd‹onf 0g'a&;&m
wGif wlnD-uI/ tcsKd‹rSm olaoigao &efbufrsm;jzpf-uavonf? xdkodk‹&efbufjzpfae
-ujcif;rSm/ wpfOD;.cH,lcsuf0g'onf tjcm;olwpfOD;.0g'ESifh qef‹usifaejcif;u
wpfckwnf;aomta-umif;&if;jzpfayonf? olwdk‹tcsif;csif;&efbufyËdyuQjzpf&mwGif
vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;wpfckvkH;udk qGJoGif;um/ nDtpfudktcsif;csif;udk owfjzwfapI ppf
rufjydKifqdkif wdkufcdkufaponf? tcsif;csif; bkH;cGJowfjzwfaponf? armfawmfum;rsm;/
tdrfajctaqmufttkHrsm;/ aps;qdkifrsm; ponfwdk‹udk zsufqD;rD;±+dŒapI/ t-urf;zuf
qENjy a-uG;ausmfap-uonf? olwdk‹.vufxJodk‹ aoewfvufeufrsm;udk ay;tyfI/
cav;vl-uD; rdef;ra,mufsm; awG‹or#wdk‹udk &dkufykwfypfcwf owfjzwfap-uonf? rnf
ol‹udkrqdk/ OD;acgif;udkaoewfESifhawhxm;I rsufpdudktwdkif;om;-unfhum ypfowfonf
txd &ufpuf-uonf? olwdk‹owfjzwfvdkufaomom;aumiftavmif;. OD;acgif;udkyif
ajcESifh eif;acsvdkuf-uao;onf? xdkr#avmuf &ufpuf&jcif;ta-umif;&if;onfvnf;
xdkom;aumifrSm tjcm;0g'udk axmufcHtm;ay;aoma-umifhom jzpfayonf? vlwdk‹.
aetdrfrS twif;armif;xkwf-uonf? rdef;r/ cav;oli,f tdkrif;rpGrf;olwdk‹udkvnf;
csefxm;jcif; r&Sday?
Tum; u|Efkyfwdk‹ avmavmvwfvwfausmfvGefcJhonfh 20 &mpkESpftwGif; tdyf
rufqdk;-uD;yrm/ wpfckESifhwpfckqef‹usifonfh tawG;tac:0g'rsm;udk taxmuftul
jyKum xdkaxmufcHr+trnfjzifh vlom;avmuwpfckvkH;udk aoG;acsmif;pD; 'kuQyifv,f
wGif arsmapcJholrsm;ta-umif;udk tusOf;csKyfEdkifqkH; az:jyjcif;jzpfygonf?
urBmolurBmom;wdk‹ cHcJh&onfh xdk'kuQyifv,fudk aqmifusOf;cJhonfh tawG;t
ac:rsm;teuf/ zufqpf0g'ESifh uGefjrLepf0g'wdk‹onf xdyfwef;u yg0ifcJhayonf? xdkt
awG;tac:ESpfrsKd;onf/ &efbufrsm;tjzpf tcsif;csif;acsrkef;ypf&ef -udK;yrf;cJh-uayonf?
trSefrSm xdktawG;tac:ESpfrsKd;pvkH;wGif tvGefpdwf0ifpm;zG,ftcsufwpfcsuf&Sdayonf?
tawG;tac:0g'ESpfrsKd;pvkH;onf rdrdwdk‹bufodk‹ vlxkudkqGJaqmifEdkif&ef wpfckwnf;aom
tawG;tac:. tiftm;udktokH;jyK-uayonf? odk‹aomfvnf; xdka&aomufjrpftawG;
tac:udk rnfolurSowdrxm;rd-ubJ/ ,ae‹tcsdefxd aemufuG,fwGif v#dKae&if; vlt
rsm;a&SŒwGif rdrd.rsufESmudk &dk;pif;oa,mif wpfcsdefvkH; [efaqmifaecJhayonf? xdka&
aomufjrpf-uD;rSm &kyf0g'tawG;tac:jzpfonfh 'g0iftawG;tac: (wpfenftm;jzifh)
12

13. 'g0if0g'. tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Dyif jzpfayonf? xdktawG;tac:udk rdrdwdk‹.vdk&modk‹
obm0w&m;tjzpf qGJ,ltokH;jyK-uayonf?
'g0if0g'onf a&S;plrm&fESifh*&dvlrsdK;wdk‹.acwfrsm;wGif vufcHusifhokH;cJh-uaom
,kH-unfcsufudk taysmfwef;ZD0aA'ynm&Sifjzpfonfh csm;vfpf'g0ifu jyefvnfaz:
xkwfaomtawG;tac:jzpfI ,if;tawG;tac:uyif/ vlom;urBmwpfckvkH;udk tEW&m,f
jyKcJhaom tawG;tac:0g'rsm;. tajccHtkwfjrpfjzpfayonf? odyH`ynmudk rsufESmzkH;
wyfxm;I ,if;tawG;tac:udk axmufcHolrsm;tm; olwdk‹.&ufpuf-urf;-uKwfonfh
tawG;tac:0g'rsm;udk vufawG‹usifhokH;&mY w&m;0ifr+udk rSm;,Gif;pGmay;tyfcJhav
onf?
xdkrSm;,Gif;onfh w&m;0ifr+a-umifh/ tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Donf ZD0aA'ESifh edcgwu
aA'(ausmufjzpf&kyf-uGif;ynm)rsm;rS vGwfxGufI vl‹ordkif;ESifh EdkifiHa&;vlr+a&;ynmrsm;
odk‹ul;pufjyef‹oGm;avonf? 'g0iftawG;tac:onf 19 &mpkESpfwGif pwifjyef‹yGm;
v+yf&Sm;pjyKaeaomtawG;tac:tcsKdŒudk tm;ay;axmufcHvsuf&Sdaoma-umifh/ xdktawG;
tac:todkif;t0dkif;. axmufcHtm;ay;r+udk tus,fw0if‹&&SdcJhavonf? txl;ojzifh
vlwdk‹u obm0wGif “toufquf&Sifa&;twGuf wdkufcdkuf-u&onf” [laomtawG;t
ac:ESifh “tiftm;-uD;oluom tEdkif&I/ usefaomolwdk‹onf ±+H;edrfhI aysmufuG,foGm;
ukefonf” [laomtawG;tac:rsm;udk vl‹obm0udkaz:xkwf&mwGif pwiftokH;cscJh-u
avonf? 'g0if0g't&/ vl‹avmuonf yËdyuQESifhjynfheufvsuf wdkufcdkuf,SOfjydKif
vkH;yef;-u&onfh,ifjyifjzpfonf [laomtcsufudk vlom;avmuESifh vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;wGif
pwiftokH;cs-uawmhonf? [pfwvm. r[mvlrsdK;-uD;wnfaqmufa&;/ rm;ufP.
“vl‹ordkif;onf vlwef;pm;jydKifqdkifr+ordkif;jzpfonf”[laoma-uG;ausmfcsuf/ "e±Sif0g'
. “tiftm;-uD;olonf tiftm;csdeJ‹oludkacgif;ykHjzwfI ydkrdkIcsrf;om-uG,f0 EdkifcGifh&Sd
onf”/ “jAdwdo#uJhodk‹aom e,fcsJ‹t&if;&Sifwdk‹. udkvdkeDe,fcsJŒpepfESifhtwl tom;
a&mifvlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;0g'usifhokH;I vleDvl0gvlrJrsm;udkwdkufcdkufESdrfeif;jcif;” ponfhvkyf
&yfrsm;udk tenf;ESifhtrsm;w&m;0if jzpfoGm;apavonf?
“todw&m;&Sdaom wd&pm>ef” (The Moral Animal) [laompmtkyfudk a&;om;cJh
onfh uavmif&Sif a&mbwf &dkufonf/ oludk,fwdkif tDAdkvl;&Sif;orm;wpfOD;jzpfvifhu
pm;/ vl‹ordkif;odk‹tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Du ay;aqmifcJhaom ysufpD;,dk,Gif;r+ab;'kuQrsm;ESifh
ywfoufI atmufygtwdkif; az:jyxm;ayonf?
tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Dudk tokH;cscJhaomoufwef;rSm/ vl‹ordkif;wGif tvGef,kwfywf&Snfvsm;
aomtcsdefumv jzpfcJhayonf? 20 &mpkESpftul;ydkif;wGif “vlr+a&; 'g0if0g'” (Social
Dawinism) [kac:aom rjywfrom;ra&&monfhEdkifiHa&;tawG;tac:ESifh a&maESmqufpyf
rdonfhaemufydkif;wGif/ vlrsdK;cJGjcm;a&;0g'Drsm;/ zufqpf0g'Drsm;ESifh oem;-uifempdwfuif;rJh
aomt&if;&Sif-uD;rsm;.vufudkif'kwf jzpfoGm;avonf?
1
TpmtkyfwGif a&SŒqufI az:jyrnfhtcef;rsm;wGif 'g0if0g'onf touf&Sifjcif;
.rlvblwta-umif;udkom &Sif;jyonfhodyH`ynmtawG;tac:wpfcktjzpfomr[kwfawmh
a-umif;udk zwf±+&ygrnf? tawG;tac:tcsKdŒudk axmufcHtm;ay;onfhyk*~dKvftcsdKŒu/
,ae‹wdkif 'g0if0g'onf odyH`ynmwGif tusKH;r0ifrSm;,Gif;aom tawG;tac:jzpfonf
[k oufaoxlxm;jyD;jzpfaomfvnf;/ ‚if;udk w&m;aotawG;tac:tjzpf umuG,fae
-uqJjzpf.? ,ae‹tcsdefwGif/ odyH`ynm&Sif/ EdkifiHa&;orm;ESifh tawG;tac:&Sif t
13

14. ajrmuftjrm;wdk‹onf/ 'g0if0g'.&kyfqdk;arSmifrJaomrsufESmudk odIjzpfap rodbJjzpf
ap axmufcHtm;ay;ae-uqJjzpfayonf?
&ufpuf-urf;-uKwfaom tm%m&Sifrsm;twGuf vlrqefbJ wpfudk,faumif;
udk,fusdK;udkom-unfhonfh tawG;tac:rsm;udk aphaqmfay;aom 'g0if.tDAdkvl;&Sif;
oDtdk&Donf odyH`ynmt& ,kwWdrwef rrSefuefa-umif;udk vlwdkif; od&Sdoabmayguf
onfhwpfae‹wGifrl urBmhvlom;rsm; -uHKawGŒae&onfh 'kuQyifv,f0J-o*rS vGwfajrmuf
oGm;Edkif-urnfjzpfayonf? ,kwfnHhodrfjzif; &ufpuf-urf;-uKwfaomvkyf&yfrsm;udk
pepfwus pDrHuGyfuJI vufawG‹tokH;cs-uolrsm;onfvnf;/ “Tonf obm0w&m;
jzpfonf”[k ,r,f&SmEdkif-uawmhrnfr[kwfyg? olwdk‹. wpfudk,faumif;twWqefI
oem;-uifemjcif;uif;rJhonfhurBmhtjrifudk odyH`qefonf[k axmufcHEdkif-uawmhrnf
r[kwfay?
tEW&m,fjzpfonfh tawG;tac:rsm;.a&aomufjrpfjzpfaom 'g0if0g'udk acs
rkef;vdkufEdkifonfhtcsdefwGif/ wpfckwnf;aomtrSefw&m;omv#if usef&pfayawmhrnf?
,if;onfum;/ vlom;rsm;ESifhtwl p-um0VmwpfckvkH;udk xm0&bk&m;oQif tv†m[ft
&Sifjrwfu zefqif;xm;onf [laomtcsufyifjzpfayonf? ,if;tcsufudk od&Sdoabm
aygufolwdkif;onfvnf;/ trSefw&m;onf xdkt&Sifjrwfcsay;awmfrlaom usrf;*efwGif
omv#if&Sdonf [laomta-umif;udk xyfrHod&Sdvm-uayvdrfhrnf? vltrsm;pku ,if;
trSefw&m;udk od&Sd-ujyD;aemufwGifum;/ 'kuQa&mufjcif;/ tpkvdkuftjyHKvdkuf owfjzwf
jcif;/ ab;'kuQuyfqdkufjcif;/ rw&m;jyKusifhjcif;/ qif;&JEGrf;yg;jcif;/ ponfwdk‹tpm;/
Om%ftvif;ESifhjynfhpkHjcif;/ yGifhvif;jcif;/ csrf;om-uG,f0jcif;/ aygrsm;jcif;/ usef;rmoef
pGrf;jcif;/ cspfcif-uifemarwWmw&m;&Sdjcif;/ ponfwdk‹ tpm;xdk;vmvdrfhrnf? xdkodk‹aom
tajctaeodk‹ a&muf&SdEdkif&efrSm/ vlom;avmuudk tEW&m,fjzpfaprnfh rSm;,Gif;aom
tawG;tac:rsm;aysmufuG,foGm;onfwdkifatmif wdkufcdkufacsrkef;ypf&ef vdktyfayonf?
odk‹rSomv#if/ usrf;awmfjrwf&Sd rGefjrwfonfha'oemawmfjyef‹yGm;I vlom;avmuudk
vSyjcif; ay;aqmifrnfjzpfayonf? ausmufcJESifhaygufoludk ausmufcJESifh jyefvnf
udkifaygufjcif;/ r#m;ESifhypfoludk r#m;jzifhjyefvnfypfI acsyjcif;/ usL;ausmf&ufpufoludk/
xdk‹xufruydkIusL;ausmf&ufpufjcif;/ ponfwdk‹onf ajyvnfatmif ajz&Sif;aomenf;
r[kwfay? taumif;qkH;ajz&Sif;enf;rSm/ xdkolwdk‹. tawG;tac:udk apwemaumif;jzifh
pdwf&Snfvuf&Snf trSefw&m;jzifhvJvS,fatmif &Sif;jyjcif;yif jzpfayonf?
Tpmtkyfudk a&;om;&jcif;. t"du&nf&G,fcsufrSm/ 'g0if0g'. rJarSmifaom
rsufESmzkH;udk/ odIjzpfap rodIbJjzpfap/ axmufcHolwdk‹tm;/ olwdk‹onf rnfodk‹aom
tawG;tac:udk axmufcHtm;ay;aeonf/ xdkuJhodk‹ trSefw&m;udkrod[efaqmifI vpf
vsL±+xm;jcif;jzifh/ rnfr#wm0ef-uD;av;aeonf/ ponfwdk‹udk em;vnfoabmayguf-u
ap&ef jzpfygonf? aemufxyf&nf&G,fcsufwpfckrSm/ 'g0if0g'udk ,kH-unfr+r&Sdoludk
vnf;/ vl‹avmutwGuf ‚if;tawG;tac:.tEW&m,f rnfr#-uD;rm;onfudk owday;&ef
jzpfygonf?
14

15. 'g0if0g'u vl‹avmu-uD;odk‹ 'kuQaygif;pkH ,laqmifvmcJhonfhta-umif;
odk‹ rvSnfhrD/ ‚if;.ordkif;tusOf;csKyfudk OD;pGmavhvm-unfh-uygpdk‹? vltrsm;tm;jzifh/
tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Dudk csm;vfpf'g0ifu pwifI odyH`enf;usus avhvmprf;oyfcsufrsm;ESifh
twl oufaoom"ursm;tay:rlwnfIwifjycJhaomoDtdk&Djzpfonf[k ,kH-unf-uay
15

16. onf? tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Dudk tpysdK;olonf csm;vfpf'g0ifr[kwfonfhtjyif/ odyH`ynm
t& oufaoxlxm;aom oDtdk&Dvnf;r[kwfyg?
wpfcsdefwkef;u r,fqdkydkaw;rD;,m;wGif/ &kyfxkudk;uG,faom bmomwpfrsdK; ay:
aygufv$rf;rdk;cJh&m/ touf&Sifjcif;ESifh p-um0Vmjzpfay:vmjcif;ESifhywfoufaom '¾m
&DykHjyifrsm;udk,kH-unfjcif; t,loD;jcif;rsm;ESifh jynfheufcJhavonf? ,if;t,l0g'rsm;
teuf “tDAdkvl;&Sif;”,kH-unfcsufonfvnf; wpfcktygt0ifjzpfcJhayonf? plrm&fvlrsdK;
wdk‹.acwfvufxufrS tDElrm=tDvpf ausmufpmrsm;t&/ urBm-uD;udk a&v$rf;rdk;cJhjyD;
csdefwGif v[frlESifh vm[mrlac:aomewfrif;&kyfqif;wkESpfyg;ay:aygufvmcJhonf[k qdk
onf? xdk&kyfqif;wkESpfyg;onf rdrdwdk‹udk,fudk zefqif;,ljyD;aemuf usefaomp-um0Vm
±Sd&kyf0wˆKrsm;udkvnf; qufvufzefqif;cJhonf[kqdk.? plrm&fwdk‹.,kH-unfcsuft&
touf&Sifjcif;[lonf a&rSpwifI tqifhtrsdK;rsdK;ajymif;vJjzpfay:vmcJhonf[k qdkxm;
onf?
xdk,kH-unfcsufonf/ tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&D.tqdkjzpfaom “ouf&Sdt&mrsm;onf
oufrJhypPnf;rsm;rS wpfpwpfpjzpfay:wdk;wufvmonf” [laomtqdkESifh wlnDaeay
onf? xdk‹a-umifh tDAdkvl;&Sif;tawG;tac:onf/ 'g0ifu tpysdK;cJhjcif;r[kwfbJ plrm&fvl
rsdK;wdk‹. &kyfxkudk;uG,fr+rS pwifcJhjcif;jzpfavonf?
aemifaomtcgwGif tDAdkvl;&Sif;tawG;tac:onf &kyfxkudk;uG,fonfh tjcm;,Of
aus;r+wpfckjzpfaom *&d,Ofaus;r+acwfwGif tajcpdkufjyefavonf? a&S;*&dvlrsdK; &kyf
0g'Dwdk‹onfvnf;/ &kyf0wˆKypPnf;udkomv#if t"duxm;-uavonf? plrm&fvlrsdK;wdk‹.
,kH-unfcsufudktarGcHI urBmavmu-uD;ESifh p-um0VmwpfckvkH; pwifjzpfay:vmjcif;udk
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17

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ausmf-um;oGm;avjyD? EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;/ EdkifiHtpdk;&rsm;/ tkyfcsKyfa&;ydkif;rsm;/ pD;yGm;a&;
taqmufttkHrsm;/ yk*~vdutodkif;t0dkif;rsm; ponfwdk‹wGif xdka-uG;a-umfoHrsm; [def;ae
awmh.? EdkifiHtkyfcsKyfonfh tawG;tac:±Sifwdk‹onf 'g0if0g'udk awG‹&Sda&G;cs,fvdkufjyD
jzpfojzifh/ 'g0if0g'jzef‹r+onf/ ynma&;rStp tEkynmtxd/ EdkifiHa&;rStp vl‹ordkif;
bmom&yfrsm;txd ysHŒESH‹tokH;jyK-uavonf? bmom&yfwdkif;udk 'g0iftawG;tac:ESifh
tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Dudk -udK;pm;I qufpyf-uavonf? tenf;qkH; 'g0iftawG;tac:.
tjrifESifh qufpyfawG;ac:-uavonf? aemufqkH;wGif/ 'g0if0g'udk rodbl;r-um;bl;
olwdk‹.b0ESifh ywf0ef;usifwGifyif/ 'g0ifu cef‹rSef;cJhaom vlr+tzGJ‹tpnf;ykHpHrsm; jzpf
ay:vmayonf?
'g0ifudk,fwdkifu ol.tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Dudk vlr+a&;odyH`bmom&yfrS udk,fusifh
w&m;qdkif&m oabmaygufr+rsm;ESifhywfoufI tajccHoabmw&m;tjzpfwnfaqmuf
&ef axmufcHajymqdkcJhayonf? tdyfcsfoD;vf (H. Thiel) xHodk‹ 1869 ckESpfwGif a&;ydk‹cJh
aompmwpfapmifwGif 'g0ifu atmufygtwdkif; a&;om;cJhavonf?
vl-uD;rif;uae/ u|Ekfyf.rsKd;pkrsm;.ajymif;vJr+ESifhywfoufI tokH;jyKaom ykHpHudk pdwf"gwf
a&;&musifh0wftydkif;ESifh vlr+a&;tydkif;wGif qifwl&dk;rSm;tjrifrsm;taejzifhtokH;csaeonfudk
u|Ekfyfrnfr#ESpfaxmif;tm;&pdwf0ifpm;pGm apmifh-unfhaeonfudk oHo,uif;pGm ,kH-unf
vdrfhrnf[k ar#mfvifhygonf?
4
22

23. obm0tavsmuf &kef;uefjydKifqdkifaejcif;udk vl‹obm0wGifvnf; vufcH-uo
jzifh/ vlrsdK;a&;yËdyuQrsm;/ zufqpf0g'/ uGefjrLepf0g'ESifh e,fcsJŒ0g'trnfrsm;jzifh/
olwdk‹u tm;enf;onfxifaomolwdk‹udk acsrkef;ypf&efrSm odyH`ta&jcKHI w&m;0ifap
avjyD? xdkodk‹&ufpuf-urf;-uKwfaomtkyfpkvdkufowfjzwfr+rsm;/ vlom;rsm;udk wd&pm>ef
rsm;yrm jyKusifhjcif;/ tjcm;vlrsm;udk olwdk‹. rsdK;&dk;ESifhvlrsdK;a&;a-umifhrkef;wD;jcif;/ jydKif
qdkifr+trnfjzifh vkyfief;i,frsm;udk ydwfypfjcif;/ qif;&Jom;rsm;udk ulnDapmifrjcif;wGif
jiif;qefjcif;/ ponfwdk‹udk wm;qD;ta&;,l&ef rjzpfEdkifawmhay? tb,fha-umifhqdkaomf
olwdk‹. xdkvkyf&yfrsm;tm;vkH;onf “odyH`enf;usaom” obm0ed,mrw&m;twdkif;
vkyfaqmifjcif;om jzpfoGm;aoma-umifhwnf;?
‚if;odyH`enf;usonf[k twif;,lq-uonfh vkyf&yfrsm;udk tajccHrltjzpf vrf;
jyaomtawG;tac:udk “vlr+a&; 'g0if0g'” "Social Dawinism" [k ac:wGif.?
u|Ekfyfwdk‹.acwf&Sd tDAdkvl;&Sif;odyH`ynm&Sifrsm;teuf TtcsufESifhywfoufI
yxrOD;qkH; vufcHolonf tar&duefvlrsdK; ausmufjzpf&kyf-uGif;ynm&Sifjzpfol pwDzif
a*s a*gvf jzpfayonf? 1859 xkwf “rsdK;pkwdk‹ pwifjzpfay:jcif;” pmtkyfudk ykHESdyfxkwf
a0jyD;onfhaemufwGif/ “aemufxyfqufvufI/ u|efjyKjcif;ta-umif;/ udkvdkeDe,fcsJŒt
a-umif;/ vlrsdK;a&;uGJjym;r+/ vlwef;pm;ta&;&kef;uefr+ESifh umr&m*udpPrsm; ponfwdk‹
tm;vkH;ESifhywfoufonfhaqG;aEG;jiif;ckHr+wdk‹onf/ tajccHtm;jzifh odyH`ynm[laomacgif;
pOfatmufodk‹ a&mufoGm;avonf?”5
[k a&;om;cJhavonf?
23

24. 24

25. Tae&mwGif tcsufwpfcsufudk owdxm;&efta&;w-uD;vdktyfygonf? vl‹o
rdkif;wav#mufvkH;wGif ppfrufjzpfyGm;jcif;/ &ufpuf-urf;-uKwfjcif;/ t-uifemw&m;uif;
rJhjcif;/ vlrsdK;a&;cGJjcm;r+&Sdjcif;/ yËdyuQjzpfjcif; ponfwdk‹ESifh jynfheufaecJhayonf?
odk‹aomfvnf; ,if;vkyf&yfrsm;onf rSm;,Gif;a-umif;ESifh jidrf;csrf;jcif;/ w&m;r#wjcif;/
at;csrf;om,mpGm aexdkifjcif;tjzpfodk‹a&mufatmif bmomw&m;rsm;u tjrJowday;
Ed+;aqmf zdwfac:cJhonfcsnf; jzpfcJhavonf? tb,fha-umifhqdkaomf vlom;wdk‹onf zef
qif;&Sif.omoemw&m;awmfudk od&Sd-uI/ rdrdwdk‹.vkyf&yfrsm;udk vGefu|Hjcif;r&Sd
atmif xdef;odrf;-uaoma-umifhjzpfayonf? odk‹aomfvnf;/ 19 &mpkESpfrSpI 'g0if0g'
u tjrwftpGef;twGuf&kef;uefjcif;ESifhrw&m;r+rsm;udk odyH`enf;usaom t*Fg&yfjzpf
onf[k w&m;0ifatmifjyKay;vdkufI/ xdkvkyf&yfrsm;onf/ vl‹obm0omv#ifjzpfonf/
25

26. vlom;rsm;u &ufpuf-urf;-uKwfjcif;/ -uL;ausmfapmfum;jcif;tusifhrsm;udk bdk;ab;
bDbifrsm;tm; tjypfykHcsvdkufaponf? xdkenf;wl/ wd&pm>efrsm;wGif tiftm;t-uD;qkH;
wdkuf&nfcdkuf&nft&SdqkH;taumifu qufvuftouf&SifaeEdkifjcif;udk vlom;twGuf
t-uKH;0ifatmif tokH;jyKvdkufonf? TtawG;tac:atmufwGif/ urBmwpf0Srf;vkH;
ppfrufjzpfyGm;jcif;/ 'kuQa&mufjcif;ESifh tkyfvdkuftpkvdkufowfjzwfjcif;rsm; jzpfay:vm
cJhavonf? 'g0if0g'u urBmay:wGif aoG;acsmif;pD;jcif;/ zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fjcif;jzpfaponfh
vkyf&yfrsm;ESifhv+yf&Sm;r+rsm;udk w&m;0ifapaom ausmaxmufaemufcHay;ojzifh vlwdk‹u
vufawG‹usifhokH;-uavonf? xdka-umufrufzG,faumif;aom tEW&m,ftawG;tac:
rsm;udk odyH`ynmu ausmaxmufaemufcHay;vdkufojzifh/ ae‹csif;ncsif;-uD;xGm; tif
tm;-uD;vmaoma-umifh/ 20 &mpkESpfudk “'kuQzdpD;aom&mpkESpf” [laomtrnfwHqdyf cyf
ESdyfay;vdkufavonf?
ordkif;ygarmuQ csuf bm&fZGef;u vuf&SdurBmwGif odyH`ynm/ vlr+qufqHa&;ESifh
,Ofaus;r+wdk‹a-umifh udk,fusifhw&m;tvGeftrif;ysufjym;aejcif;ESifhywfoufI 'g0if/
rm;ufP/ a0*fem [laompmtkyfwGif atmufygtwdkif; okH;oyfcsifhwGufxm;ayonf?
TurBmavmuwGif 'g0if0g'. -oZmv$rf;rdk;r+ESifhywfoufI bm&fZGef;. a0zefokH;oyf
csufonf tifrwefrSefuefvGef;vSayonf?
“==1870 ckESpfESifh 1914 ckESpf-um;umvESpfrsm;wGif Oa&mywcGifvkH;EdkifiHwdkif;Y/ vufeuf
wyfqifr+udkvdkvm;aomppftkyfpk/ oem;-uifemr+uif;rJhpGm jydKifqdkifjcif;udkvdkvm;aomtwW
0g'Dtkyfpk/ acwfaemufusaeaomvlwdk‹udk vufvGwfpy,fudkifwGifEdkifcGifh awmif;qdkonfh
e,fcsJŒtkyfpk/ tm%modrf;jcif;udkvkdvm;awmif;qdkaomqdk&S,fvpf0g'Dtkyfpk/ jynfwGif;&Sd
vlrsdK;jcm;tm;vkH;udk owfjzwfokwfoifypfcGifh awmif;qdkonfh vlrsdK;a&;0g'Dtkyfpk ponfwdk‹
r+dvdkaygufvmcJhonf? ‚if;wdk‹u trsm;vlxk. -udKufESpfoufr+udk qGJaqmifEdkifjcif;ESifh ‚if;
wdk‹.ausmf-um;r+*k%f-uufoa&awG usqif;vmonfESifhtr#/ pyifqmESifh'g0ifwdk‹udk pwif
udk;um;vm-uavonf? odyH`a,mifaqmifonfh 'kp&dkufrsm;[kyif qdk&ayrnf? ==vlrsdK;cGJ
jcm;a&;onf ZD0ed,mrjzpfoGm;.? vlr+a&;jzpfpOftjzpfom ,lq-uawmhonf? 'g0if0g'D
wdk‹.trltusifhESifh aqmif&Gufr+awGcsnf; jzpfayonf?6
'g0if/ rm;ufP/ a0*fem pmtkyfudk a&;ol
ygarmuQ csuf bm&fZGe;f.ykH
19 &mpkESpfwGif 'g0ifu ouf&Sdt&mrsm;udk zefqif;xm;jcif;r[kwf/ rawmfwq
ay:aygufvmI vlom;rsm;ESihfwd&pm>efrsm;onf wpfckwnf;aombdk;ab;rSqif;ouf
vmum rawmfwq-uKHItjrifhrm;qkH;zGH‹jzdK;r+jzpfay:cJhonf[k wifjyonfhtcsdefY/ vlt
rsm;tm;jzifh xdkwifjycsuf. aemufqufwGJtajzonf rnfodk‹jzpfvmvdrfhrnfudk rnfol
ur# rcef‹rSef;EdkifcJh-uacs? odk‹aomfvnf; 20 &mpkESpfukefydkif;wGif &&SdaomaemufqkH;
26

27. tajzrSm/ a-umufrufzG,faumif;aomb0oufwef;rsm;jzpfcJha-umif; awG‹&Sd-u&ay
onf? vlom;udk zGH‹jzdK;aomwd&pm>eftjzpfvufcH,kH-unfolwdk‹onf/ tiftm;csdeJ‹olwdk‹
.ausmudkeif;acsI jrifhaomtqifhodk‹wuf&ef 0efrav;-uacs? emzsm;rusef;olwdk‹ESifh
tiftm;csdeJ‹olwdk‹udk azsmufzsufypf&efESifh olwdk‹tjrifwGif tqifhedrfhonf[k xifaom
vlrsdK;rsm;udk tpkvdkufowfjzwfypf&ef enf;vrf;&Sm-uavonf? tb,fha-umifhqdkaomf
olwdk‹cH,l,kH-unfonfhodyH`rsufESmzkH;wyfxm;aomoDtdk&Du xdkuJhodk‹vkyfjcif;onf
“obm0ed,mr” w&m;jzpfonf[k oifay;xm;aoma-umifh jzpf.?
'g0if0g'u urBm-uD;odk‹,laqmifvmcJhaom ysufpD;jcif;'kuQtaygif;onf TuJh
odk‹pwifcJhI/ vsifjrefaomE+ef;jzifh/ wurBmvkH;odk‹ jyef‹ESH‹oGm;avawmhonf? 19 &mpkESpf
rsm;wGif/ bk&m;rJh0g'Dwdk‹onf/ 'g0if0g'.ulnDaxmufcHr+a-umifh -uD;xGm;vm-ujyD;jzpf
aomfvnf;/ vltrsm;pkrSm vlom;udk bk&m;oQifuzefqif;xm;I/ bk&m;ocifu zefqif;
ay;tyfxm;aom 0dnmOf&Sdjcif;a-umifh tjcm;owW0grsm;ESifh uGJjym;jcm;em;onf[k cH,l,Hk
-unf-uayonf? rnfonfhvlrsdK;udkrqdk/ bk&m;ocifuzefqif;xm;aom vlom;rsm;t
jzpf bk&m;ocif. aus;u|efrsm;tjzpf jrif-uayonf? a&S;,cifuwnf;u tarGquf
cHvmcJh-uI 'g0if0g'u tiftm;jznfhwif;ay;vdkufaom/ bmoma&;,kH-unfr+ uif;rJhol
wdk‹. vlr+todkif;t0dkif;tkyfpkwGifrlum;/ &ufpuf-urf;-uKwfpGmjydKifqdkifr+urBmhtjrifom
&Sdojzifh/ vlom;rsm;onf tjrifhqkH;wdk;wufzGH‹jzdK;aom wd&pm>efwpfrsdK;omv#if jzpfonf
[k ,kH-unfaoma-umifh ta&;-uD;onfh udk,fusifhw&m;xdef;odrf;ae&efrvdktyfacs?
bk&m;ocifudk jiif;y,faomvlwdk‹. ,Ofaus;r+wGif/ wpfudk,faumif;qefjcif;twW0g'
rSefor#onf w&m;0if.? TuJhodk‹aom ,Ofaus;r+rS 0g'trsKd;rsdK;ay:aygufcJhI/ ‚if;wdk‹
wpfckcsif;onfvnf; urBm-uD;ESifh vl‹avmutwGuf ab;'kuQuyfqdkufjcif;omv#if jzpf
ay:apayonf?
a&SŒwGifvmrnfh pmrsufESmrsm;wGif/ 'g0if0g'u w&m;0ifaponfh xdk0g'tawG;
tac:rsm; rnfuJhodk‹tcsif;csif;qufpyfae-uykH/ 'g0if0g'ESifh rnfodk‹oufqdkif qufpyf
aeykH ponfwdk‹tjyif/ olwdk‹. tcsif;csif;qufpyf,dkif;yif;r+a-umifh urBmavmu wcGif
rnfodk‹tusKd;,kwfcJhonfwdk‹udk qef;ppf-uygrnf?
27

28. 28

29. 'g0if. &if;ESD;aom rdwfaqGjzpfonfh ygarmuQ tm'rf quf0dufonf/
'g0if.tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Da-umifh aemiftem*wfwGif oufa&mufrnfhtEW&m,fudk awG;
jrifrdolrsm;teuf wpfOD;jzpfayonf? 'g0ifa&;om;aom rsdK;pkwdk‹ pwifjzpfay:jcif;
pmtkyfudk zwf±+jyD;onfhaemuf/ Todk‹rSwfcsufcscJhavonf? “Tpmtkyfudk trsm;vlxk
u vufcH-uv#if/ vlom;avmuodk‹ ,QifurawG‹rjrifcJhbl;aom &ufpuf-urf;-uKwf
r+rsm; ,laqmifvm-uvdrfhrnf?”7
trSefwu,fvnf; quf0dufu
oHo,jzpfcJhjcif;rSm rSefuefa-umif; ouf
aoxlvdkufavjyD? 20 &mpkESpfonf vl‹o
rdkif;wGif vlwdk‹onf vlrsdK;rwljcif;wpfck
wnf;a-umifh tcsif;csif;owfjzwf-uonfh
tarSmifacwfjzpfcJhavjyD?
trSefrSm 'g0ifrwdkifrD ESpfaygif;
ajrmufjrm;pGmuwnf;u/ vl‹ordkif;wGif cGJ
jcm;r+ESifh rsKd;jzKwfzsufqD;r+rsm; &SdcJhjyD;jzpf
ayonf? odk‹aomfvnf;/ 'g0ifu xdkcGJjcm;
r+rsm;udk odyH`enf;usonfhrSefuefjcif;t
jzpf em;oGif;vdkufjcif;rSm tifrwefrSm;
,Gif;aomtcsufyif jzpf.?
“vufa&G;pOf vlrsdK;rsm;udk xdef;odrf;jcif;==”
u|Ekfyfwdk‹.acwf&Sd 'g0if0g'Dwdk‹u/ 'g0ifudk,fwdkifonf vlrsdK;a&;orm;r[kwf/
vlrsKd;a&;cGJjcm;r+ESifhywfoufI a0zefokH;oyfolwdk‹u olwdk‹.vdk&m udk,fydkiftjrifudk
taxmuftuljyKap&ef bufvdkufI a&;om;-ujcif;omjzpfonf[k qdk-uonf? “vuf
a&G;pOf(vlrsdK;)rsdK;EG,frsm;udk xdef;odrf;jcif;” [laomrsdK;pkwdk‹pwifjzpfay:jcif; pmtkyfwGif
yg&Sdonfhtcef;onf wd&pm>efrsm;ESifhom oufqdkifygonf[k wifjy-u.? odk‹aomf
vnf;/ xdkodk‹wifjyolwdk‹onf/ 'g0ifu ol.pmtkyfwGif vlom;rsm;ta-umif;a&;om;
xm;onfudk vpfvsL±+xm;jcif;omv#if jzpfayonf?
'g0ifu ol.pmtkyfwGifwifjyaomtjrift&/ vlom;wdk‹onf tDAdkvl;&Sif;tqifh
trsdK;rsdK;udk ausmfvGefI zGH‹jzdK;wdk;wufvmcJh-uonf[kqdkonf? xdkodk‹ajymif;vJwdk;wuf
vm&mwGif/ vlrsdK;tcsKdŒwdk‹onf tjcm;vlrsdK;rsm;xuf ydkrdkIzGH‹jzdK;wdk;wuf-uonf[kqdk
onf? tcsdKŒvlrsdK;rsm;rSm arsmufrsm;.tqifhavmufwGifomv#if usef&pfae-uao;
onf[kvnf; qdk.?
“touf&Sifa&;twGuf wdkufcdkuf-u&onf” [laomtcsufonfvnf;/ vlom;
rsm;ESifhywfoufI tokH;jyKxm;avonf? “vufa&G;pOfvlrsdK;rsm;”onf xdk&kef;uef
wdkufcdkufjcif;rS ay:aygufvmonf[k wifjyxm;ayonf? 'g0if.tqdkt& vufa&G;pOf
vlrsdK;rsm;rSm/ Oa&mywdkufom;rsm;jzpfonf? tm&Swdkufom;rsm;ESifh tmz&duwdkufom;
rsm;rSm/ xdktouf&Sifa&;wdkufyGJwGif ±+H;edrfhusef&pfolrsm;jzpfonf[k qdkxm;onf? xdk‹
29

30. aemuf/ xdkvlrsdK;rsm;onf urBmwpf0Srf;vkH;wGif ,if;touf&Sifa&;wdkufyGJY vkH;0±+H;edrfh
oGm;jyD; aemufqkH;wGif vkH;0aysmufuG,foGm;-urnfjzpfonf[k xyfuGef‹tqdkjyKxm;ay
onf?
a&SŒvmrnfh &mpkESpftenf;i,ftwGif;/ ,Ofaus;aomvlrsdK;rsm;onf/ &dkif;pdkif;vsuf&Sdaeao;
aomvlrsdK;rsm;udk wurBmvkH;twdkif;twmjzifh rsdK;jzKwfypf &Sif;vif;ypfvdrfhrnf? xdktcsdef
wGif tif-wdKydkrdkzwf arsmuf0Hrsm;onfvnf; vkH;0aysmufuG,foGm;rnfrSm rvGJra&Smifom jzpf
ayonf? vlom;ESifh ol.teD;qkH;aqGrsdK;owW0gt-um; cGJxGufjcif; uGmjcm;csufonfvnf;
ydkrdkus,f0ef;oGm;ayawmhrnf? tb,fha-umifhqdkaomf/ obm0u ydkrdk,Ofaus;aomtqifhodk‹
a&mufatmif ydk‹aqmifrnfjzpf.? aumhuqyfvlrsdK;rsm;ESifh bmbGef;uJhodk‹aom tedrfhqkH;
arsmuf0Hwdk‹t-um; uGmjcm;csufuJhodk‹/ vuf&Sd eD*&dk;vlrsdK;rsm; odk‹r[kwf -opaw;vsvlrsdK;
rsm;ESifh a*:&Dvmarsmuf0Ht-um;uGmjcm;csufxuf ydkvdrfhrnf?
8
rsdK;pkwdk‹ pwifjzpfay:jcif; pmtkyfaemufwpfae&mwGif tqifhedrfhaom vlrsdK;rsm;
aysmufuG,foGm;&efvdktyfa-umif;/ zGH‹jzdK;jyD;aom vlrsdK;rsm;onfvnf; xdkvlrsdK;rsm;udk
qufvuftouf&Sifae-u&ef tumtuG,fay;ae&ef rvdktyfa-umif;/ a&;om;xm;ay
onf? ol.tqdkudk vlrsm;u wd&pm>efarG;jrLaomtcg aumif;aomtrsdK;udkom csef
xm;I nHhaomtaumifrsm;udk rsdK;tjzpfrxm;bJ owfjzwfypfonfhtavhtxESifh E+dif;
,SOfxm;avonf?
udk,fcE<modk‹r[kwf pdwf"gwft& tm;enf;olwdk‹aysmufuG,foGm;-uonfESifhtr#/ touf
qufvuf&Sifaeolwdk‹vnf; tm;rmefwuf-uGaom usef;rma&;tajctaeudk az:jy-uay
vdrfhrnf? ,Ofaus;aomu|Efkyfwdk‹onf/ xdkuJhodk‹aom rsdK;jzKwfjzpfpOfudk twwfEdkifqkH;-unfh
±+ppfaq;apmifha&Smuf-u&rnf? &l;oGyfpdwfrESH‹olrsm;/ emzsm;rusef;jzpfolrsm;ESifh rpGrf;roef
olrsm;twGuf cdkvkH&mXmersm;udk aqmufvkyfI olwdk‹aemufqkH;touf±SLonftxd apmifh
a&Smuf-uayrnf? a&m*gumuG,fa&; aq;xdk;jcif;onf axmifaygif;ajrmufjrm;pGmaom
vlwdk‹.toufudk u,fwifEdkifa-umif; ,kH-unf&ayonf? trSefrSm xdktqifhedrfhonfh udk,f
cE<mESifh Om%ftajctaewGif&Sdolwdk‹onf umuG,fa&;aq;rxdk;ay;ygu aoa-uukef-u
rnfom jzpfayonf? xdkuJhodk‹ edrfhusolrsm;.toufu,f&ef umuG,fa&;aq;rsm; xdk;ay;
jcif;onfvnf;/ ,Ofaus;aomvlrsdK;rsm;xJrS pdwf"gwfaysmhnHholwdk‹. vkyf&yfomv#if
jzpfayonf? xdkodk‹jyKvkyfjcif;onf vlom;avmutwGufrnfr#epfemapEdkifonfudk wd&pm>ef
arG;jrLa&;oifwef;wufbl;olrsm;u aumif;pGmoabmayguf-urnf jzpf.?
9
'g0ifu ol. rsdK;pkrsm; pwifjzpfay:jcif;pmtkyfwGif/ -opaw;vsEdkifiHwdkif;&if;
om;rsm;ESifh eD*&dk;vlrsdK;rsm;udk a*:&Dvmarsmuf0Htqifhom&Sdonf/ ‚if;vlrsdK;wdk‹onf
urBmavmurS aysmufuG,foGm;vdrfhrnf[k wifjyxm;onfudk awG‹&Sd&ayonf?
'g0iftaeESifh “tqifhedrfhonf”[k owfrSwfxm;aomtjcm;vlrsdK;rsm;udkvnf;
vlOD;a&xyfrHwdk;yGm;vmapjcif;r&Sdatmif [ef‹wm;xm;&rnf/ ‚if;wdk‹urBmay:rS aysmuf
uG,foGm;atmifvnf; aqmif&Guf&rnf[k qdkxm;onf? ,Qifuwnf;u &SdvmcJhaom
vlrsdK;a&;cGJjcm;r+rsm;ESifh u|Efkyfwdk‹.acwfwGif jzpfay:IawG‹jrifae&aom tjzpfrsm;udk 'g
0iftaejzifh rSefuefw&m;0ifa-umif; Tenf;jzifhb0ifawG‹awG‹ axmufcHvdkufayonf?
'g0if.tawG;tac:t&/ “,Ofaus;jyD;aomvl”wdk‹.wm0efrSm xdktDAdkvl;&Sif;
ajymif;vJr+udk tenf;i,fxyfrHjrefqefoGm;atmif ulnDay;&efjzpfa-umif;udk a&SŒvm
rnfhtydkif;rsm;wGif ydkrdktao;pdwf zwf±+&ygrnf? ,QKvuf&Sdtajctaet&/ xdkvlrsdK;
rsm;udk azsmufzsufypf&ef vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;udk “odyH`ynmydkif;rS”rnfodk‹r# wm;jrpfjcif;
r&Sd-uao;acs?
30

31. 'g0if.vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;tydkif;udk ol.a&;om;csufrsm;ESifh avhvmcsufrsm;wGif ydk
rdkxif&Sm;ayonf? Oyrm/ ol.&Snfvsm; -umjrifhaom 1871 ckESpfrS yifv,fc&D;pOf
twGif; awG‹jrifcJh&onfh wD,m&m'Jvf zl*dk t&yfrS wdkif;&if;om;rsm;ta-umif; a&;om;
az:jyxm;csufwGif ol.vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;pdwf"gwfudk yGifhvif;pGmyif az:jyxm;ayonf?
xdkwdkif;&if;om;rsm;onf “udk,fwkH;vkH;ae-uI/ ta&mifrsdK;pkHqdk;xm;-uonf? wd&pm>ef
rsm;uJhodk‹ awG‹&mtm;vkH;pm;-uonf? tkyfxdef;r+r&Sd-uacs? olwdk‹vlrsdK;r[kwfoltm;vkH;
udk &ufpuf-uonf? &efoludk ESdyfpuf&mY aysmfjrL;-uonf? aoG;jzifh,pfylaZmf-uonf?
cav;oli,frsm;udk owfjzwf-uonf? olwdk‹.ZeD;r,m;rsm;udk ESdyfpufuvljyK-uonf?
rzG,fr&maom t,loD;jcif;ESifh jynfheufvsuf&Sdonf?”[k a&;xm;onf? xdka'oodk‹
'g0ifra&mufrD 10 ESpftvsifuoGm;a&mufcJhaomokawoeynm&Sif W.P.Snow ('AvsL
yD pEdk;). a&;om;csufESifh wjcm;pDjzpfaeayonf? pEdk;.az:jycsuft&/ wD,m&m 'Jvf
zl*dk t&yfom;rsm;onf/ awmifhwif;cef‹jim;olrsm;jzpf-uonf? olwdk‹. cav;oli,frsm;
udk cspfcifwwf-u.? olwdk‹.tokH;taqmifypPnf;rsm;onf vuf&majrmufayonf?
ypPnf;ydkifqdkifr+qdkif&mxkH;"avhtcsdKŒvnf;&Sd.? ouf-uD;0g-uD; trsdK;orD;rsm;. -oZm
tm%mudk av;pm;vufcH-uayonf?10
TO"g[&kefrsm;t&/ 'g0ifonf vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;orm; tjynfht0jzpfayonf?
What Darwin Really Said [laompmtkyfudk a&;om;onfh bif*srif zg&ifwefu 'g0if
a&;om;onfh The Descent of Man pmtkyfrS “xif&Sm;aom vlrsdK;rsm;t-um; ydkrdkus,f
0ef;aomjcm;em;csufrsm;”[laomtcef;ESifh ywfoufI tus,fw0ifh a0zefokH;oyfxm;
ayonf?11
31

32. xdk‹xufydkonfhtcsufrSm/ 'g0if.oDtdk&Donf xm0&bk&m;ocifudkjiif;y,fxm;
ojzifh/ 'g0ifoDtdk&Da-umifh xm0&bk&m;ocifu vlom;rsm;tm;vkH;udk wef;wltqifh
tjzpfzefqif;xm;onf[k vlwdk‹u rjrif-uawmhacs? Tonfuyif/ vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;0g'
-uD;xGm;vmcJhjcif;ESifh ,if;0g'udk wurBmvkH;wGif t&Sdeft[kef-uD;pGmjzifh vufcHvm-u
jcif;.ta-umif;&if;wpfck jzpfayonf? tar&duefvlrsdK; odyH`ynm&Sif *sdrf;pf zg*lqef
u vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;0g' -uD;xGm;vmcJhjcif;ESifh zefqif;jcif;,kH-unfcsufudk ypfy,fjcif;wdk‹
wdkuf&dkufqufEG,faea-umif;udk atmufygtwdkif; a-unmxm;avonf?
aemifrsm;r-umrDtwGif;/ rEkaA'opfonfvnf; vlom;rsm;.tprlvblw ESifhywfouf
I tjrifcsif;qef‹usifbufjzpfaomtkyfpkESpfckwdk‹. tajccHjzpfvmavonf? “{uADZ0g'”
ac: vlom;rsm;tm;vkH;onf tom;ta&mifESifh tjcm;t*Fg&yfrsm;rwl-uaomfvnf; rsdK;ADZ
wpfckwnf;rS qif;oufvmonf[k ,kH-unfaomtkyfpkonf/ vlom;wdk‹.tprlvblwonf
yxrvlom; tm'rfrSqif;oufvmI xm0&bk&m;ocif.zefqif;jcif;tvkyfjzpfonf[k
,kH-unf-uonf? Ttkyfpkonf oufwef;ydkI-umanmif;jyDjzpfI ydkItajccdkifaomtkyfpk
jzpfonf? {uADZ0g'udk c&pf,mefomoemtzGJ‹rSjy@mef;I/ tawG;tac:t&-oZmanmif;
onfhtDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Du qef‹usifbuftwdkuftcHjzpfaom“A[kADZ0g'”udk rD;xdk;ay;onfh
tcsdefrwdkifrD 18 &mpkESpftxd wurBmvkH;vufcH,kH-unfcJh-uavonf? tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&D
onf rwlnDaomvlrsdK;pkwdk‹onf rwlnDaomrsdK;ADZrSajymif;vJ ay:aygufvmonf[k
qdkonf?
12
tdENd,vlrsdK; rEkaA'ynm&Sif vmvdwm Ad'D,mwDonf/ 'g0if.tDAdkvl;&Sif;
oDtdk&Du vlr+a&;odyH`wGif vlrsKd;cGJjcm;a&;tawG;tac:udk rnfodk‹rnfykHvufcHoGm;atmif
a&SŒaqmifoGm;ykHudk &Sif;jyxm;ayonf?
xdkacwfu vlr+a&;odyH`ynm&Sifrsm;u 'g0if. tiftm;t-uD;qkH;toifhawmfqkH;olu quf
vuftouf&Sifonf [laomtawG;tac:udk vSKdufvSKdufvSJvSJ-udKqdkvufcH-uavonf? vl
om;rsm;onf tqifhqifhajymif;vJr+tDAdkvl;&Sif;ajrmufjrm;pGmudk ausmfvGefvmcJh-u&m/ tom;
jzLrsm;.,Ofaus;r+onf txGwftxdyfa&mufonf[k ,kH-unf-uavonf? wpf q,fhudk;
&mpkESpf'kwd,ydkif;rSpI vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;udk trSefw&m;jzpfonf[k taemufEdkifiHom; odyH`
ynm&Siftrsm;pkwdk‹u vufcH-uavonf?
13
'g0if0g'Dwdk‹onf 'g0if.aemufrSay:vmolrsm;jzpf-uonfESifhtnD/ 'g0if.
vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;0g'rSefuefa-umif;/ oufaoxl&ef tifrwef-udK;yrf;-uayonf? xdkuJh
odk‹-udK;yrf;-u&mwGif odyH`ynmt&rnDrnGwfuGJvGJaomtqdkrsm;ESifh wrifvkyf-uH vdrf
vnfonfhtqdkrsm;udk&SmazGwifoGif;-u&mY olwdk‹.udk,fusifhw&m;oduQmrsm;udkyif iJh
n‡mEkdifjcif;r&Sd-uawmhacs? xdkuJhodk‹ vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;0g'onf rSefuefIw&m;0ifa-umif;
oufaoxlEdkifygu/ olwdk‹. “tqifhjrifh”r+ESifh zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fjcif;/ udkvdkeDe,fcsJ‹jcif;/
vdktyfygu tjcm;vlrsdK;rsm;udk ajzmufzsufokwfoifypfjcif; ponfwdk‹udkyg rSefuefI
w&m;0ifa-umif; oufaoxl&musonf[k ,lq-uayonf?
pwDzif a*s a*gvf'fa&;om;aom The Mismeasure of Man (vlom;.rSm;,Gif;
aomwdkif;wmr+) pmtkyf. wwd,tcef;wGif/ rEkaA'ynm&Sifwdk‹onfvnf; xdkuJhodk‹
awG‹&Sdcsufrsm;udk vdrfvnf-u&mwGif tjypfruif;-uay? a*gvf'f. tqdkt&/ ‚if;wdk‹
u vdrfvnfaomtydkif;onf trsm;tm;jzifh olwdk‹awG‹&SdcJhaomausmufjzpf&kyf-uGif;rsm;.
OD;aESmuft&G,ftpm;jzpfayonf? OD;aESmuft&G,fonf Om%fxufjrufjcif;ESifhywfouf
onf[k ,kH-unf-uojzifh/ rEkaA'ynm&Siftrsm;tm;jzifh aumhau&SefvlrsdK;(vljzL)
32

33. rsm;.OD;aESmuft&G,ftpm;udk t±SdxufydkIaz:jy-uI/ vlrJESifhtdEdN,vlrsdK;rsm;.
OD;aESmuft&G,ftpm;rsm;udkrl t±Sdxuf ydkrdkao;i,fatmif az:jyavh&Sd-uayonf?14
a*gvf'fa&;om;aom Ever Since Darwin [laompmtkyfwGif 'g0if0g'Drsm;u t
csdKŒaomvlrsdK;rsm;onf tqifhedrfhaomvlom;rsm;jzpfonf[k az:jyEdkif&efr,kH-unfEdkif
avmufatmif wifjy-ujcif;udk &Sif;jyxm;ayonf?
a[u,fvfESifhol.taygif;ygrsm;vnf;/ ajrmufydkif;Oa&mywdkufom; vljzLrsm;
onf vlrsdK;t&tqifhjrifha-umif;twnfjyK-u&efwpfa-umhjyefIawmif;qdkcJh-uavonf?
vlom;wdk‹.cE<mudk,fwnfaqmufykHtpdwftydkif;rsm;ESifhtrltusifhrsm;rStaxmuftxm;
jzpfzG,f&mrsm;udk OD;aESmufrStp 0rf;ydkuf&Sdcsuftxd &Edkifor#tao;pdwfvdkufvH&SmazG
-uonf? [m;bwfpyifqmu “,Ofaus;r+ r&Sdao;aomvlrsdK;wdk‹.todOm%fonf
===,Ofaus;jyD;aomvlrsdK; uav;oli,frsm;wGif awG‹&Sd&ayonf?”[k a&;om;xm;av
onf? um;vfAdk‹*fu 1864 ckESpfwGif/ “t&G,fa&mufjyD;aom eD*&dk;wpfa,muf. tod
Om%fydkif;onf uav;oli,frsm;ESifhqifwlayonf?==tcsKdŒaomvlrsdK;rsm;rSm/ xl;qef;
aomtzGJ‹tpnf;tkyfcsKyfykHrsm;jzifh wdkif;EdkifiHrsm;wnfaxmif-u.? odk‹aomfvnf; usefvl
rsm;udkyg xnfhpOf;pm;rnfqkdv#if/ vlrsdK;wpfrsdK;vkH;onf twdwfwGifaomfvnf;aumif;/
ypPKy`efwGifaomfvnf;aumif;/ vlom;avmutwGuf wdk;wufzGH‹jzdK;aprnfhvkyfaqmif
33

34. csufwpfckwpfavr#r&Sday? odk‹r[kwfolwdk‹udk vl‹avmuwGif qufvufxdef;odrf;xm;
avmufatmif wefbdk;r&Sday?15
[k jyif;jyif;xef xefa&;om;xm;.?
jyifopfvlrsdK; aq;ynmqdkif&m cE<maAynm&Sif tDwD,Hqm&ufu vlrJa,mufsm;
rsm;.csufu atmufydkif;a&mufvGef;aeojzifh ‚if;wdk‹onf urBmOD;vlrsm;twdkif;&Sdae
ao;onf[k tjyif;txefjiif;cHkcJhavonf?
'g0ifESifh wpfacwfwnf;ay:cJhaom tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'D [JAfavmh(cf)tJvpfu tqifh
jrifhaomvlrsdK;ESifh tqifhedrfhaomvlrsdK;wdk‹ uGmjcm;-ua-umif; “odyH`enf;us”onf[laom
&Sif;vif;csufrsm;udk atmufygtwdkif;ay;xm;avonf?
tmz&duvlrsdK;uav;rsm;onf/ Oa&myvlrsdK;cav;rsm;xuf Om%fxufjrufr+ enf;jcif;udk
&Sm;&Sm;yg;yg;awG‹&ayonf? odk‹aomfvnf; xdkuav;rsm;u -uD;jyif;vmaomtcgwGifrl/ xkH
xdkif;EkHtjcif;/ &dk;&dk;ae&dk;&dk;pm;b0udkomodjcif;jzpfvmayonf? Oa&mywdkufom;rsm;wGif
olwdk‹.uav;b0rSjrL;wl;aysmf&GifwwfaomADZudk qufvufI&Sdjcif;udkawG‹&Sd&ayonf?
16
jyifopfvlrsdK;rEkaA'ynm&Sif Agcsm 'D vmaygufu yg&DjrdK‹wGif 1909 ckESpf
wGif&dkufxkwfaom Race et Milin Social Essais d'Anthroposociologie (Paris 1909)
wGif/ vljzLr[kwfolwdk‹onf vl&dkif;rsm;rSqif;oufvm-uolrsm;jzpfI/ ,Ofaus;r+udk
oif,lwwfajrmufjcif;r&SdcJh-uolrsm;jzpf-uonf? odk‹r[kwf aoG;a&mIaygufzGm;vmol
rsm;u aemifwGifqkwf,kwfoGm;cJholrsm;jzpf-uonf? ol.tqdkudk axmufcH&ef yg&DjrdKŒ
&Sd txufwef;v$mESifh atmufwef;v$mwdk‹. ocsõKif;rsm;rS OD;acgif;cGHrsm;udk wdkif;wmjcif;
jzifh oufaoxlavonf? ol.avhvmcsuft&/ “vlwdk‹.OD;aESmufcGHtwdkif;twmay: rl
wnfI/ tcsdKŒaomvlwdk‹onf -uG,f0csrf;omjcif;/ rdrdudk,fudk ,kH-unfr+&Sdjcif;/ vGwfvyf
pGmawG;ac:jcif; &Sd-u.? tjcm;olwdk‹rSmrlum;/ r,kwfrvGefjzpfI a&S;qef-ujcif;/ &o
r# &Sdor#ESifh wif;wdrfEdkif-ujcif;/ aumif;aomtapcHt&nftcsif;tm;vkH;ESifh jynfhpkHjcif;/
&Sd-uonf? vlwef;pm;onf vlr+a&;t& a&G;cs,fr+jzifh jzpfay:vmjcif;jzpfonf? vl‹tzGJ‹
tpnf;.txufwef;v$monf tqifhjrifhaomvlrsdK;rsm;rSqif;oufvm-uI/ olwdk‹.
OpPm"e-uG,f0r+twdkif;twmonf OD;acgif;cGHtwdkif;twmay:rlwnfaeayonf?” vm
aygufu/ Todk‹ a[mudef;xkwfxm;cJhavonf? “aemifvmrnfhESpfrsm;wGif vlwdk‹onf
olwdk‹. OD;acgif;rsm; vkH;0dkif;jcif; c|efjcif;wdk‹a-umifh tcsif;csif;owfjzwf-uvdrfhrnf”[k
qdk.?17
Ta[mudef;onfvnf; rSefuefcJhayonf? aemufvmrnfh pmrsufESmrsm;wGif/
20 &mpkESpftwGif; vlrsdK;a&;a-umifh tkyfpkvdkufowfjzwf-uonfudk zwf±+&ygvdrfhrnf?
rEkaA'ynm±Sifrsm;omv#ifr[kwf/ ydk;r$m;aA'ynm±Sifrsm;onfvnf;/ a&yef;
pm;aeaom 'g0if.vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;0g'twdkif; ydk;r$m;rsm;ESifhywfoufI r,kH-unfEdkif
avmufaomtqdkrsm;udktcGifhta&;rv$wfbJ wifjycJh-uayonf? Oyrm/ 1861 ckESpf
wGif t*FvdyfvlrsdK;ydk;r$m;aA'ynm±SifwpfOD;onf/ urBmay:&Sd vlrsdK;toD;oD;wdk‹.oef;
rsm;udk pkaqmif;avhvm-unfh&mwGif vlrsdK;wpfrsdK;.oef;onf tjcm;vlrsdK;.aoG;udk
rpkwfa-umif;awG‹&Sd&onf[kqdkonf? trSefrSm odyH`ynmt& ,if;tqdkonf t"dy`g,f
uif;rJhaomtqdkomv#ifjzpfayonf?18
odyH`ynm&Siftqifh&Sdolrsm;uyif xdkodk‹a-unm
ygu/ xufatmufpOf;pm;qifjcifjcif;uif;rJhol/ wpf,loefvlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;orm;iwkH;
rsm;. “eD*&dk;oef;u eD*&dk;bJjzpfonf”[laom qifjcifwkHw&m;uif;rJhI t"dy`g,fuif;
rJhonfh 0g'jzef‹a-uG;a-umfoHonfvnf; tHh-op&mr&Sdawmhacs?
tcsKyftm;jzifh 'g0ifoDtdk&D. vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;tydkif;onf 19 &mpkESpf'kwd,ydkif;
wGif tifrwefaumif;rGefaom tajccHudk &±Sdavawmhonf? tb,fha-umifhqdkaomf/ xdk
34

35. tcsdefumvrsm;wGif Oa&mywdkufom; “vljzL”wdk‹onf/ olwdk‹usL;vGef-uaom jypfr+rsm;
udk w&m;0ifaprnfh oDtdk&Dudkom apmifhar#mfae-uaom tcdsefjzpfaoma-umifhwnf;?
jAdwdo#udkvdkeDe,fcsJŒ0g'ESifh 'g0if0g'
'g0if.oDtdk&Da-umifh tjrwftrsm;qkH;xkwfEdkifcJhaom EdkifiHonf ol.arG;Zmwd
EdkifiH jAdwdo#EdkifiHawmfyifjzpfavonf? 'g0ifu ol.oDtdk&Dudkwifjyonfhtcsdefumv
onf/ jAdwdo#EdkifiHu urBmay:wGif udkvdkeDe,fcsJŒtifyg,mt-uD;qkH; wnfaqmufae
onfhtcsdef jzpfayonf? tdEdN,rSvufwiftar&duwdkuftxd&Sd o,HZmwypPnf;rsm;udk
jAdwdo#tifyg,mu vuf0g;-uD;tkyfacgif;ykHjzwfaeaomtcsdefjzpfonf? “vljzL-uD;”u
urBmudk ol.tusdK;tjrwftwGuf t"rRvk,uf,laeayonf?
odk‹aomfvnf;/ jAdwdefEdkifiHrStp rnfonfhudkvkdeDe,fcsJŒwdkif;jynfurS/ rdrdwdk‹udk
o,HZmwypPnf;rsm;“vk,uf,lol”tjzpfrjrifapcsif-uonfhtjyif/ ordkif;vnf;rwGif
apvdk-uacs? xdk‹a-umifh olwdk‹.vkyf&yfonf rSefuefa-umif; w&m;0ifa-umif; jyEdkifrnfh
&Sif;vif;csufudk &Smae-uayonf? xdkodk‹aom &Sif;vif;csufonf udkvdkeDEdkifiHom;rsm;
udk “urBmOD;vlom;rsm;” odk‹r[kwf “wd&pm>efESifhwlaom ouf&SdowW0grsm;”tjzpf jyo
&ef jzpfayonf? Todk‹jzifh olwdk‹u tkyfpkvdkufowfjzwfaeolrsm;ESifh vlrqefaom
vkyf&yfrsm;jzifh zdESdyfcHae&olrsm;udk vlom;rsm;tjzpfrjrifapbJ/ wd&pm>efwpf0uf vlom;
wpf0ufjzpfaomowW0grsm;tjzpfjyojcif;jzifh olwdk‹.&ufpuf-urf;-uKwfaomvkyf&yf
rsm;udk jypfr+usL;vGefjcif;r[kwf[k jrifapvdkjcif;jzpfayonf?
trSefrSm/ xdkuJhodk‹&SmazGaecJhjcif;onf topftqef;r[kwfacs? 15 &mpkESpfESifh
16 &mpkESpfrsm;uwnf;u jzpfayonf? vlrsdK;tcsdKŒudk vlwpf0ufwd&pm>efwpf0uftjzpf
yxrqkH;wifjyolonf tar&duwdkufodk‹c&D;qef‹cJhaom c&pPwdkzg udkvrfbwfyifjzpfav
onf? ol.wifjycsuft&/ tar&duwdkufwdkif;&if;om;rsm;onf/ vltppfr[kwf-ubJ/
vlwpf0ufwd&pm>efwpf0ufjzpfaom owW0grsm;jzpfonf[l.? Todk‹jzifh e,fcsJŒpydefvl
rsdK;wdk‹.u|eftjzpf tvkyftau|;jyKapcJhavonf?
&kyf&SifZmwfum;rsm;wGif udkvrfbwfu tar&duwdkufudk awG‹&SdcJhpOfu wdkif;&if;
om;rsm;udk rnfr#jyLjyLiSmiSmt-uifemw&m;&SdpGmqufqHykH jyoaomfvnf;/ trSefpifppf
udkvrfbwfu xdkwdkif;&if;om;rsm;udk vlom;rsm;tjzpf rowfrSwfcJhacs?19
c&pPwdkzg udkvrfbwfonf -uD;us,faomtkyfpkvdkufowfjzwfr+t&Sdefudk pwif
cJholjzpfonf? udkvrfbwfonf olawG‹&Sdaome,fajrrsm;udk udkvdkeDe,fajrrsm;tjzpf zef
wD;jyD;/ wdkif;&if;om;rsm;udk u|efjyKum u|efa&mif;0,fjcif;udk yxrOD;qkH;pwifcJhol jzpf
.? 16 &mpkESpftwGif; rufpDudkESifh yD&l;EdkifiHrsm;udk wdkufcdkufodrf;ydkufcJh-uonfh uGefuGD
pwda'gpydefwyfrsm;onf/ udkvrfbwftokH;jyKaom zdESdyfr+ESifhu|efjyKjcif;ay:vDpDudk
awG‹jyD; ‚if;wdk‹u qufvufjyKusifh-uavonf? tkyfpkvdkufowfjzwfr+onfvnf; r,kH
-unfEdkifavmufaomtwdkif;twmtxd a&mufcJhavonf? Oyrm/ u|ef;wpfu|ef;wGif
udkvrfbwf yxrOD;qkH;a&mufpOfu 200000 cef‹&Sdaomwdkif;&if;om; vlOD;a&onf/
ESpf20 twGif; 50000 omv#ifusefawmhonf? 1540 ckESpfwGifrl vlaygif;wpfaxmif
om usef&pfavonf? 1519 ckESpfwGif pydefvlrsdK; aumwuftrnf&Sd uGefuGDpwda'gu
rufpDudkodk‹yxrOD;qkH;ajccscsdefwGif/ pkpkaygif;wdkif;&if;om;vlOD;a& 25 oef;&SdcJhaomf
vnf;/ 1605 ckESpfa&mufaomtcg wpfoef;txdavsmhoGm;cJhonf? [pfygeDtdkvmu|ef;
wGif 1492 ckESpfwGif vlOD;a& 7=8 oef;cef‹&SdcJhaomfvnf;/ 1496 ckESpfwGif 4 oef;om
35

36. usef&pfcJhavonf? 1570 ckESpfwGifrl wdkif;&if;om; 125 a,mufomusefawmhonf?
ordkif;q&mrsm;.tqdkt&/ udkvrfbwf tar&duwdkufodk‹ajccsonfhtcsdefrSpI udkvdkeD
e,fcsJŒrsm; wdkufESpfwdkufpvkH;&SdvlOD;a&aygif; 95 oef;txdowfjzwfcJhonf[k qdk.?
udkvrfbwftar&duwdkufwGif yxrqkH;ajccspOf vlOD;a& oef;30 &SdaomvlrsdK;wpfrsdK;rSm
,ae‹ 2 oef;eD;yg;omusef&pfojzifh/ aysmufuG,foGm;aomvlrsdK;[kyif ac:-uayonf?
Tr#avmuf oem;-uifemjcif;uif;rJhpGmaom twdkif;twmtxd owfjzwfcJhjcif;
ta-umif;&if;rSm/ xdkwdkif;&if;om;rsm;udk vlom;tjzpfrjrifbJ wd&pm>efrsm;tjzpfjrif-u
jcif;a-umifhjzpfayonf?
odk‹aomfvnf; xdkudkvdkeDe,fcsJŒwdk‹.tqdkudkaxmufcHol tvGefenf;yg;cJhonf?
Oa&mywdkufY/ xdktcsdefxdkacwfwGif vlwdk‹udk bk&m;ocifu wef;wlnDwlzefqif;xm;
onf/ vlom;tm;vkH;onf urBmhyxrOD;qkH;bcif tm'rfrSarG;zGm;qif;oufvmonf[k
,kH-unf-uayonf? txl;ojzifh umaomvpfc&pf,mefomoem0ifrsm;u xdkuJhodk‹zsuf
qD;vk,ufr+rsm;udk yGifhyGifhvif;vif; qef‹usifcJh-uavonf? udkvrfbwfESifhtwl urBm
opfodk‹a&mufcJhaom csD,mywfrSbda&Smh bmwdkvkrf; 'Dvm umqyfu udkvdkeDe,fcsJŒorm;
rsm;.wifjycsufjzpfaom “wdkif;&if;om;rsm;onf wd&pm>efwpfrsdK;jzpfonf”[laomt
csufudk acsycJhayonf? 1537 ckESpfwGif wwd,ajrmufykyf&[ef;rif;-uD;aygvfu/ xdk
,kwf&if;-urf;wrf;&ufpuf-urf;-uKwfonfhtvkyfudkvkyfaqmifolrsm;tm; -udrfqJI/ xdk
wdkif;&if;om;rsm;onf/ c&pf,mefomoemudk vufcH,kH-unfxdkufonfh vlom;ppfppfrsm;
jzpf-ua-umif; a-unmcJhavonf?20
odk‹aomfvnf;/ 19 &mpkESpfwGifrl/ tajctaeu ajymif;vJoGm;avonf? vl‹tzGJ‹
tpnf;twGif; &kyf0g'tawG;tac:jyef‹yGm;oGm;onfESifhtr# vlxkuvnf; bmoma&;rS
a0;uGmoGm;-uonf? xm0&bk&m;ocif(tv†m[ft&Sifjrwf)u vlom;rsm;udk zefqif;
xm;onf[laomtrSefw&m;udk jiif;y,fpjyK-uavjyD? txufpmrsufESmrsm;wGif az:jy
cJhonfh vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;0g' -uD;xGm;vmcsdefESifh wpfcsdefwnf;jzpfcJhavonf?
19 &mpkESpfwGif 'g0if0g'ESifh&kyf0g'tawG;tac: tiftm;-uD;vmonfESifhtwl/
‚if;-uD;xGm;r+u Oa&mywdkuf. e,fcsJŒpepfudk txl;taxmuftuljyKcJhavonf?
atmufpzdk‹'fwuUodkvf/ pwef;zdk‹'fwuUodkvfESifh [m;AwfwuUodkvfwdk‹wGif ,ae‹
txd jyXmef;oif-um;vsuf&SdI/ xdkwuUodkvfrsm;wGif ESpf&Snfvrsm; oif-um;cJhonfh
ordkif;ygarmuQ *sdrf;pf *sdK;vf. 1870 ckaemufydkif;Oa&mywdkuf (Europe Since 1870)
[laompmtkyfwGif/ 'g0if0g'/ e,fcsJŒ0g'ESifh vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;0g'wdk‹t-um;qufpyfr+t
a-umif;udk atmufygtwdkif; az:jyxm;ayonf?
e,fcsJŒ0g'cH,lcsuftay: -oZmoufa&mufonfh tawG;tac:tkyfpkrsm;wGif/ “vlr+a&; 'g0if
0g'”onf/ txif&Sm;qkH;jzpfayonf? vlr+a&;'g0if0g'onf/ EdkifiHawmftpdk;&rsm;t-um;
wGif touf&Sifaea&;twGuf tpOfwpdkufwdkufcdkuf &kef;uefae&ojzifh/ xdkodk‹aom &kef;uef
r+twGif; tDAdkvl;&Sif;jzpfpOft& tcsdKŒvlrsdK;rsm;onf tjcm;vlrsdK;rsm;xuf ydkItqifhjrifhonf
[k cH,l&if;/ tjcm;vlrsdK;rsm;. a-umuf&GHŒav;pm;vufcHjcif;udk &&Sd&efvnf; aqmif&Guf-u
.?
t*FvdyfvlrsdK; obm0avmuynm&Sif csm;vfpf'g0if. 1859ckESpfxkwf rsdK;pkwdk‹ pwifjzpf
ay:jcif;pmtkyfESifh aemufydkif; 1871ckESpfxkwf vlom;rsm;qif;oufvm ykH (The Descent of
Man) pmtkyfESpftkyfu/ Oa&mywdkuf&SdtawG;tac:tajrmuftjrm;udk xdcdkufaponfh tjiif;
yGm;p&mtcsufudk pwifjzef‹jzL;cJhavonf? 'g0ifESifhtwl olESifhwpfacwfwnf;rS t*Fvdyf
36

37. tawG;tac:ynm&Sif [m;bwf pyifpm wdk‹u/ avmavmvwfvwfawG‹-uHKae&onfh odyH`
ynmtqifhxufausmfvGefaomjyemrsm;wGif tokH;jyK-uonf? vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;wdk;wufzGH‹
jzdK;a&;wGiftokH;csEdkifqkH;jzpfaom'g0if0g'.t"dutc&mtcsufrSm/ ydkv#HvGef;aom urBmh
vlOD;a&onf xdkr#aomvlOD;a&udk au|;arG;Edkifaomobm0tpGrf;r&Sdjcif;a-umifh/ tquf
rjywfwdkufcdkuf&kef;uef-u&rnf/ xdkwdkfufcdkuf&kef;uefjcif;wGif tiftm;-uD;olvufa&G;pOf
vlrsdK;u tEdkif&vdrfhrnf/ [laomtcsufjzpfayonf? Ttcsufonfyif xdkacwfu vlr+a&;
tawG;tac:ynm&Sifwdk‹udk/ vufa&G;pOfvlrsdK;a&;oabmxm;udkaxmufcH&ef 0efrav;ap
awmhay? xdkvufa&G;pOfvlrsdK;wdk‹onfvnf;/ trSefwu,f qufvufoufqdk;&SnfEdkif-u
&mwGif/ &oifh&xdkufaomtcGifhta&;tjzpf vdyfjymoef‹oef‹ aeEdkifapavonf?
xdk‹a-umifh/ obm0.a&G;cs,fr+tawG;tac:onf/ jyifopfpma&;q&m aumifh *sKd;Zuftmom
*dkbifEsLu 1853 ckESpfwGifa&;om;aom vlrsdK;rsm;t-um; uGmjcm;r+pmwrf;wGifaz:jyxm;
onfh aemufxyftawG;tac:wpfckESifh vG,fulpGmqufpyfoGm;avonf? *dkbifEsLu/ vl
om;wdk‹.wdk;wufr+twGuf ta&;-uD;qkH;t*Fg&yfrSm/ vlrsdK;rsm;jzpfonf[k qdkxm;onf?
tqifhjrifhusefaeaomvlrsdK;rsm;onf/ rdrdwdk‹.vlrsdK;aoG;udk oef‹pifatmif xdef;odrf;xm;Edkif
aoma-umifh jzpfonf[kqdk.? *dkbifEsLt& tm&d,mefvlrsdK;rsm;onf taumif;qkH;toef‹
qkH;vlrsdK;jzpfonf? a[mhpwGef pwD;0g'f csrfbmvdefu xdkxufydkIxyfrHuGef‹vdkufjyefonf?
xdk‹a-umifh [pfwvm udk,fwdkifu pma&;q&mcsrfbmvdeftm; txl;tr$rf;wifcsD;-uL;cJh
ojzifh/ 1927 ckESpfwGif [pfwvmaocgeD;tdyf&mem;odk‹ csrfbmvdefudk vma&mufawG‹qkH;cGifh
ay;&if; tpDtpOftjynfh jzifh-udKqdkcJhavonf?
21
txufwGifaz:jycJhonfhtwdkif;/ 'g0ifrSpI vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;tawG;tac:±Sifrsm;ESifh
e,fcJsŒwdk‹t-um;qufEG,fr+onf [pfwvmtxd&SdcJhavonf? 'g0if0g'onf 19
&mpkESpfwGif urBmudk aoG;jyifwGifepfjrKyfapcJhaome,fcsJŒ0g'ESifh 20 &mpkESpfwGif urBm
37

38. -uD;udk xdkenf;ESifESif aoG;jyifwGif epfjrKyfapcJhaom emZD0g'ESpfrsdK;pvkH;. tawG;tac:
tajccH jzpfayonf?
0dwdk&d,bk&ifracwf jAdwdefEdkifiHonfvnf;/ 'g0if0g'wGif “odyH`enf;usonf[l
aomtajccH”udk awG‹&SdcJhayonf? jAdwdefEdkifiHonf udkvdkeDpepfa-umifh-uD;rm;aom
tjrwftpGef;&&SdcJh.? xdk‹a-umifh rdrd.tusdK;tjrwftwGuf olwdk‹.udkvdkeDe,fcsJŒpepf
vufatmufwGif&Sdonfhvlxktay: ysufpD;jcif;ab;'kuQrsdK;pkHudk csrSwfay;&ef 0efrav;
acs? jAdwdefEdkifiH.npfywfaomEdkifiHa&;ay:vDpDrsm;teuf wpfckudkjyrnfqdkv#if/ w&kwf
jynfESifhjzpfcJhaom“bdef;ppf”onf Oyrmaumif;wpfckjzpfayonf? jAdwdo#tpdk;&onf 19
&mpkESpfapmapmydkif;rSpI ‚if;wdk‹u tdENd,wGifpdkufysdK;aombdef;udk w&kwfEdkifiHodk‹ cdk;oGif;
cJhavonf? EdkifiHjcm;ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;vdkaiGudk jznfhwif;&ef xdkbdef;arSmifcdkvkyfief;
udk ydkrdkjrefqef-uD;xGm;apcJh.? w&kwfEdkifiHodk‹bdef;ukef0ifa&mufvmjcif;a-umifh w&kwf
tpdk;&. rdrde,fajrtwGif; -oZmtm%mv$rf;rdk;r+avsmhenf;vmavonf? w&kwfvlrsdK;
wdk‹. vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf; ysufpD;,dk,Gif;jcif;onfvnf; pdk;&drfzG,faumif;aomtajctaeodk‹
a&mufaeavjyD? w&kwftpdk;&onfvnf; ESpfaygif;tawmfrsm;rsm; csDwkHcswkefjzpfaecJh
&mu aemufqkH;wGif bdef;ukeful;jcif;ESifh bdef;±SLjcif;udk wm;jrpf&awmhonf? xdkodk‹
bdef;wm;jrpfjcif;a-umifh 1842 ckESpfwGif yxrbdef;ppf jzpfcJh&avonf? xdkbdef;ppfu
w&kwfEdkifiHtpdk;udkrGJjymusapawmhonf? ppfrsufESmwdkif;rSm wdkif;wpfyg; ppfwyfudk
&ifqdkifwdkufcdkufEdkifonfh tiftm;r&Sdawmhacs? aemufqkH;wGif
w&kwftpdk;&u acgif;ikH‹t±+H;cHvdkuf&jyD; xdkEdkifiHjcm;ppfwyf
wdk‹. rqkH;Edkifaomawmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk rcsdwifuJ vdkuf
avsm&ayawmhonf? 1842 ckESpfrSpI taemufEdkifiHom;rsm;
onf tajccs&mXmersm;zGifh-uavonf? w&kwfvlrsdK;rsm;xHrS
qdyfurf;tem;&SdajruGuftajrmuftjrm;udk ,lvdkuf-uonf?
w&kwfwdk‹. v,f,majrrsm;udk iSm;&rf;-uonf? w&kwfEdkif
iHudk olwdk‹twGuftusdK;tjrwftrsm;qkH; &&SdrnfhykHpHtwdkif;
jyifyurBmodk‹ wHcg;zGifh&ef awmif;qdk-uonf? aemufqkH;wGif/
wdkif;oljynfom;rsm; qif;&JEGrf;yg;jcif;/ tpdk;&. tkyfcsKyfa&;
tiftm;aysmhnHhjcif;/ v,f,majrESifh pD;yGm;a&; t"duae&m
rsm;udk vufv$wf-u&jcif;/ ponfwdk‹a-umifh jynfolvlxku
ykefuefx-uG-uavonf?
0dwdk&d,bk&ifrESifh tkyfpkvdkufowfjzwfr+
t"duw&m;cH pydefvlrsdK; aumwufwdk‹.ykH
w&kwfEdkifiHrStawG‹t-uKHonf/ jAdwdo#ay:vDpDa-umifh xdcdkufepfemr+rsm;teufrS
wpfckomv#ifjzpf.? 19 &mpkESpfwav#mufvkH;wGif jAdwdo#e,fcsJŒatmufwGif awmiftm
z&du/ tdEdN,ESifh -opawvswdkufponfh e,fajrrsm;wGif tifrwefem-unf;bG,faumif;
aom zdESdyfr+cHcJh-u&onf?
38

39. yifha'gif;vlOD;acgif;twkvkyfjcif;
jAdwdo#e,fcsJŒ0g'udk -oZmoufa&mufaphaqmfcJhaom pdwf0ifpm;zG,faumif;onfh vuQ
%mwpfckrSm/ yifha'gif;vlac: ausmufjzpf&kyf-uGif;ESifhywfoufaomrausmfaumif;r-um;
aumif; &SufzG,faumif;onfh vdrfvnfr+twkvkyfjcif;jzpfayonf?
1912=ckESpfwGif t*FvefEdkifiH yifha'gif;t&yfY xl;qef;aomOD;acgif;cGHwpfvkH;udk awG‹&Sd
cJhavonf? xdkOD;acgif;cGHudkawG‹&Sdonfh csm;vfpf a':qefESifhtzGJ‹u/ xdkOD;acgif;cGHonf
arsmuf0Hwpf0uf=vlwpf0ufjzpfaomowW0gOD;acgif;jzpfonf[k a-unm-uavonf?
tvGefausmf-um;aom tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'D cE<maA'ynm&Sif tmomupfu xdkOD;acgif;cGHudk
ppfaq;I twnfjyKcJhavonf?
odk‹aomfvnf;/ a':qefESifhupfwdk‹u ta&;-uD;onfhtcsufwpfcsufudk txl;jyK az:jy-u
onf? xdkOD;acgif;cGH.OD;aESmufae&monf acwfopfvlom;rsm;.OD;aESmufavmuf -uD;
rm;onf[kqdkonf? csufcsif;vufiif;yif yifha'gif;vl.OD;acgif;cGHonfvnf; jAdwdo#vl
rsdK;rsm;twGuf *k%f,lp&mtcsufjzpfoGm;avonf? t*FvefEdkifiHwGif awG‹&Sdojzifh t*F
vdyfvlrsdK;wdk‹. bdk;ab;yifjzpf&ayrnf? jAdwdo#vlrsdK;rsm;.tqdkt&/ xdkausmufjzpf
&kyf-uGif;OD;acgif;cGH. OD;aESmufyrm% ydk-uD;jcif;onf/ jAdwdo#vlrsdK;rsm;onf tjcm;vl
rsdK;rsm;xuftv#ifOD;I vljzpfvmcJhcsdefapmojzifh ydkrdkI tqifhjrifhayonf?
xdk‹a-umifh yifha'gif;vlOD;acgif;udk awG‹&Sdjcif;a-umifh t*FvefEdkifiHwGif tvGefpdwf"gwf
wuf-uG-uavonf? owif;pmacgif;pD;rsm;wGif az:jy-uI/ vlxkuvnf; tkH;tkH;-uGuf
-uGufatmifyGJcHtcef;tem;rsm; usif;y-uavonf? jAdwdo#tpdk;&uvnf; tmomupf
udk qmbGJ‹csD;jr‡ifhvdkufavonf? emrnfausmf-um;aom tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'D ausmufjzpf&kyf
-uGif;ynm±Sif 'Gef *sdK[efqefu yifha'gif;OD;acgif;cGHESifh e,fcsJŒ0g' t-um;qufpyfykHudk
az:jy xm;ayonf?
yifha'gif;awG‹&Sdcsufonf Oa&myom;rsm;udk A[dkjyKausmf-um;apjcif;tm;oef
aeonf? xdkausmufjzpf&kyf-uGif;OD;acgif;cGHomv#if xl;jcm;aejcif;r[kwfbJ t*F
vdyfvlrsdK;rsm;onfvnf; xl;jcm;pGmxl;c|efonf[k jyqdkaejcif;jzpfonf? (Don
Johanson, In Search of Human Origins, 1994 WGBH Educational
Foundation).
yifha'gif;vlausmufjzpf&kyf-uGif;OD;acgif;cGHrS t*Fvdyfwdk‹&&SdcJhaom pdwf"gwfwuf-uGjcif;
aphaqmfr+onf 1953 ckESpftxdom oufqdk;&SnfcJhavonf? uif;euf tkwfuavqdkol
odyH`ynm&Sifu xdkausmufjzpf&kyf-uGif;. trSefw&m;udk tao;pdwf az:xkwfvdkufav
onf? 20 &mpkESpfrSt-uD;us,fqkH; vdrfvnftwkvkyfr+jzpfayonf? ‚if;ausmufjzpf&kyf
-uGif;rSm vlOD;acgif;cGHwGif O&efOwefarsmuf0Har;&dk;wyfxm;aom OD;acgif;cGHomv#if jzpf
ayonf?
39

40. jAdwdefEdkifiH. xdkuJhodk‹aom zdESdyfr+rsm;udk w&m;0ifatmif aqmif&Guf&efrSm/ jAdwd
o#vlrsdK; vlr+a&;ynm&Sifrsm;ESifh odyH`ynm&Sifwdk‹. wm0efjzpfavonf? ‚if;ynm&Sif
rsm;teuf csm;vfpf'g0ifonf ta&;t-uD;qkH;ESifh txda&mufqkH;yk*~dKvfjzpfayonf?
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vlrsdK;”rsm;ay:aygufcJhI/ “vljzLrsm;”onf xdktqifhjrifhvufa&G;pifvlrsdK;rsm;jzpfa-umif;
xdkvljzLrsm;u tjcm;vlrsdK;rsm;udk zdEdSyfjcif;onf “obm0ed,mr”omv#ifjzpfa-umif;
tqdk jyKcJhayonf?
e,fcsJŒudkvdkeDvlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;udk 'g0ifu w&m;0ifatmifjyKay;vdkufjcif;a-umifh/
'g0ifudk “pD;yGm;a&;jydKifqdkifr+(z&D;x&dwf)trnfESifh toifhawmfqkH;vufa&G;pOftwGuf
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0dwdk&d,acwfrS oduQm&SdodyH`ynm&Sif”22
[k ausmf-um;onfh Swiss Federal Institute of
Technology rS p0pfvlrsdK;odyH`ynm±Sif yx0D0ifXmerSL;jzpfol uif;euf a*s ql; u
orkwfxm;avonf?
'g0if. wl&uDvlrsdK;wdk‹udk rkef;wD;r+
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reftifyg,mjzpf.?
xdkacwfumvwGif tdkwdkreftifyg,monf ,DrifEdkifiHrS abmhpfeD,m;=
[maZ*dkADemtxdus,f0ef;aom e,fajrudktkyfcsKyfaecsdefjzpfayonf? odk‹aomfvnf;
jidrf0yfydjym;pGmtkyfcsKyfEdkifpGrf;r&Sdawmhacs? c&pf,mefvlenf;pkwdk‹u vGwfvyfa&;trnf
jzifh x-uGykefuef-uavonf? ppftiftm;-uD;EdkifiHjzpfonfh &k&Sm;EdkifiHuvnf; tdkwdkref
tifyg,mudk csdef;ajcmufvsuf&Sdavonf?
xdk&mpkESpfaemufqkH;ydkif;wGif/ jAdwdefEdkifiHESifh jyifopfEdkifiHwdk‹u yl;aygif;I tdkwdk
reftifyg,mudk csdef;ajcmufavonf? jAdwdo#u tdkwdkreftifyg,m. awmifydkif;EdkifiH
rsm;udk rsufpdusvsuf&Sdonf? 1878 ckESpfwGif csKyfqdkaom bmvifpmcsKyfonf Oa&my
udkvdkeDe,fcsJŒwdk‹u tdkwdkreftifyg,mudk cGJjcrf;vdkonfh tcsufrsm;yg0ifaeonf? aemif
5 ESpft-umwGif/ tdkwdkreftifyg,mwGif;&Sd tD*spfEdkifiHudk jAdwdo#wdk‹0ifa&mufodrf;ydkuf
vdkufonf? jAdwdo#udkvdkeDe,fcsJŒu tdkwdkreftifyg,mwGif;&Sd ta±SŒtv,fydkif;a'orsm;
udk qufvufodrf;ydkuf&ef pDrHudef;csjyefonf?
jAdwdefEdkifiHtaejzifh/ xdkudkvdkeDe,fcsJŒay:vDpDtm;vkH;udk tpOfojzifh vlrsdK;cGJjcm;
a&;tay: tajccHxm;ayonf? jAdwdo#tpdk;&u tdkwdkreftifyg,m. A[dktcsuftcsm
vnf;jzpfaom tdkwdkrefwl&uDEdkifiHom;rsm;udk “acwfaemufus”olrsm;tjzpf az:jyavh
&Sdavonf?
jAdwdo#0ef-uD;csKyf 0DvD,rf tD0gwf *vufpwkH;u wl&uDvlrsdK;rsm;onf vlom;
r[kwfao;aomowW0grsm;twGuf taumif;qkH;Oyrmjzpfonf/ olwdk‹. ,Ofaus;r+t
wGuf tm&Swdkufodk‹wGef;ydk‹ypfI temwdkvD,mrS tjyD;ydkifazsmufzsufypf&rnf[k yGifhyGifh
vif;vif;ajymcJh.?23
tdkwdkrefrsm;udk ±+wfcs0g'jzef‹&mwGif txufygpum;rsm;udk pdwfa&mudk,fyg t
okH;jyK-uayonf? wl&uDEdkifiHonf acwfaemufusaomEdkifiHjzpfaoma-umifh ydkrdkwdk;
40

41. wuf tqifhjrifhaomOa&myvlrsdK;rsm;udk acgif;ikH‹t±+H;ay;&rnfhEdkifiHjzpfonf[k jAdwdo#
tpdk;&u az:jyavh&Sdavonf?
xdk0g'jzef‹r+. “odyH`ynmtajccH”onfvnf; csm;vfpf 'g0ifyifjzpf.?
T0g'jzef‹csuftwGuf 'g0if. wl&uDEdkifiHESifhywfoufonfh a0zefcsufrsm;udk
1888 ckESpfxkwf csm;vfpf 'g0if.b0ESifhay;pmrsm; (The Life and Letters of Charles
Darwin)[laompmtkyfwGif awG‹&Sd&ayonf? “acwfaemufusaomvlrsdK;rsm;”udk azsmuf
zsufypfjcif;jzifh/ obm0.a&G;cs,fr+onf ,Ofaus;r+acwfwdk;wufzGH‹jzdK;a&;wGif wu¾
yg0ifaqmif&Gufvdrfhrnf[k 'g0ifu tqdkjyK.? aemufydkif;wGif xdkodk‹azsmuf zsufypf&
rnfhacwfaemufusaomvlrsdK;rSm wl&uDEdkifiHom;rsm;jzpfonf[k twdtuspGyfpGJav
onf?
obm0.a&G;cs,fr+jzifh ,Ofaus;r+wdk;wuf-uD;xGm;r+wGif wkdufcdkuf-ujcif;&Sdonfhtcsufudk
toifwdk‹0efcHvdkonfxufydkI vufawG‹jyEdkifygonf? vGefcJhonfh &mpkESpftenf;i,fwkef;
u wl&uDvlrsdK;rsm;u Oa&myEdkifiHrsm;udk wdkufcdkufodrf;,lcJhonfudk owd&-uyg? ,QKtcsdef
wGif xdkuJhodk‹aomtjzpftysuftwGuf rnfr#&,fp&maumif;ygoenf;? ydkrdk,Ofaus;aom
aumhauqyfvlrsdK;rsm;u twGif;Y Avmewˆdtacgif;om&Sdaom wl&uDEdkifiH.touf quf
vuf&Sifoefa&;twGuf &kef;uefjcif;tjzpf wdkufcdkufodrf;,lvdkuf&rnf? TurBmavmu
wcGifvkH;wGif aemifvmrnfhwdkawmif;aomtcsdeftwGif;/ tqifhjrifhaomvlrsdK;rsm;u/ ra&
rwGufEdkifavmufonfh edrfhusaomvlrsdK;rsm;udk z,f&Sm;ypfvdkufEdkifawmhrnf?
24
41

42. T'g0if. t"dy`g,fuif;rJhonfhtqdkonf tdkwdkreftifyg,mudk zsufqD;ypf&ef jAdwdef
EdkifiHtwGuf 0g'jzef‹axmufcHcsuf vufeufjzpfcJh.? trSefrSmvnf; xdk0g'jzef‹vuf
eufonfvnf; xda&mufcJhayonf? 'g0if. “wl&uDEdkifiHonf r-umrDtwGif; jydKysuf
oGm;vdrfhrnf/ Tum; tDAdkvl;&Sif;ed,mryifjzpf.?”[laom pum;vkH;wdk‹onf/ jAdwdefEdkif
iHtwGif; wl&uDvlrsdK;rkef;wD;a&; 0g'jzef‹r+twGuf olwdk‹tajymt&odyH`enf;usaom
axmufcHcsufjzpfcJhayonf?
jAdwdefEdkifiH. 'g0ifa[mudef;udkvufawG‹usifhokH;vdkufjcif;onf tajccHtm;jzifh
yxrurBmppfwGif taumiftxnfpaz:cJhonf? xdkurBmppf-uD;onf 1914 ckESpfwGif
pwifcJhI/ *smr%D/ -op-wD;,m=[efa*&Dwdk‹uwpfzuf/ r[mrdwfjzpfonfh jAdwdefEdkifiH/
jyifopf ESifh &k&Sm;EdkifiHwdk‹uwpfzuf yËdyuQjzpfaomppfyGJjzpfonf? odk‹aomfvnf;/ xdkppf
yGJ-uD;.t"du&nf&G,fcsufrSm/ tdkwdkreftifyg,mudk tjcrf;jcrf;cGJypf&efwGufudef; csxm;
jcif;jzpfayonf?
jAdwdefu tdkwdkreftifyg,mudk ppfrsufESmESpfzufrS pwifwdkufcdkufcJhavonf?
yxrppfrsufESmrSm ta&SŒtv,fydkif;a'o tdkwdkreftifyg,mjzpfonfh ygvufpwdkif;ESifh
tD&ufe,fajrbufrS pwifwdkufcdkufavonf? 'kwd,rSm *gvDydkvDppfrsufESmjzpfonf?
*gvDydkvDppfrsufESmonf yxrurBmppfrS t-uD;us,fqkH; aoG;tdkifcJhaomppfyGJjzpfav
onf? wl&uDppfwyfonf umeufumave,f *gvDydkvDwdkufyGJwGif jAdwdo# ppfwyfudk
cHwdkufcJh&m/ ppfom;aygif; 250000 txdtoufqkH;±+H;cJhavonf? jAdwdo#uvnf;
jAdwdo#tdEdN,ppfwyfESifh -opaw;vsESifh e,l;ZDvefEdkifiHrsm;rS wdkif;&if;om;ppfom;rsm;
udk pkaqmif;zGJ‹pnf;xm;aom tefZufppfwyfrsm;udk ydk‹I wdkufcJh.? xdkppfom;rsm;udkrl
tom;jzLvlrsdK;rsm;r[kwfojzifh jAdwdo#taejzifh tom;jzLppfom;rsm;xuf tqifhedrfh
aomvlrsdK;rsm;tjzpf owfrSwfxm;onf?
'g0if. wl&uDvlrsdK;rsm;tay: &ufpufpGmt-urf;zufvdkonfha-uG;ausmfoHonf
yxrurBmppfjyD;onfhaemufwGifyif [def;usefaeao;onf? ,QKacwfOa&mywdkufwGif
wl&uDvlrsdK;rsm;tm; wdkufcdkuf-uonfh eDtdkemZDtzGJ‹u 'g0if.t"dy`g,f uif;rJhonfh
wl&uDEdkifiHtay:rkef;wD;r+udk tajccHrltjzpf cH,lae-uqJjzpfonf? wl&uDvlrsdK;rsm;udk
&efoltjzpf rkef;wD;onfh0g'jzef‹r+rsm;udk tifwmeufpmrsufESmrsm;wGif awG‹jrifEdkifyg
ao;onf? (aoG;acsmif;pD;apaom 'g0ifESifh[pfwvmwdk‹t-um;r[mrdwf tcef;wGif t
ao;pdwfzwf±+yg?)
42

43. tar&duefEdkifiHrS vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;0g'ESifh vlr+a&;'g0if0g'
vlr+a&;'g0if0g'onf/ jAdwdefEdkifiHwGifomr[kwfbJ tjcm;EdkifiHawGrSmvnf; vl
rsdK;cGJjcm;a&;0g'Drsm;ESifh e,fcsJŒorm;rsm;udk taxmuftuljyKayonf? xdk‹a-umifh w
urBmvkH;odk‹ tvGefvsifjrefpGm ysHŒESH‹oGm;cJh.? xdkoDtdk&Dudk vufcHudk;uG,folrsm;.
acgif;aqmifwpfOD;rSm tar&duefEdkifiHorw oDtdk'dk &l;pAJhjzpfayonf? &l;pAJhonf/
tar&duef wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;udk/ jyefvnfae&mcsxm;a&;tpDtpOftrnfjzifh/ rsdK;
jzKwftpDtpOfudk yxrOD;qkH;usifhokH;oljzpfayonf? “taemufzufe,frsm;udk atmifEdkif
jcif;” (The Winning of the West) pmtkyfwGif/ &l;pAJhu vltkyfvdkufowfjzwfjcif;
tawG;tac:udk wnfaqmufcJhavonf? xdkpmtkyfwGif/ tif'D,ef(tar&duwdkuf wdkif;
&if;om;rsm;)udk tjyD;ydkifvlrsdK;jzKwfypf&efta-umif;onf rvGJra&Smifomaomta-umif;
wpf&yfjzpf.25
[k a&;om;xm;.? xdkwdkif;&if;om;rsm;udk acwfaemufusaom owW0g
rsdK;pkwpfcktjzpf olutqdkjyKEdkifatmif 'g0if0g'u usm;cHay;xm;ayonf?
&l;pAJhu -udKwifwGufxm;onfhtwdkif;/ xdktar&duefwdkif;&if;om;rsm;ESifh csKyfqdk
xm;cJhaom pmcsKyfrsm;udk wpfckwpfavr#yif tav;xm;*&kpdkufaep&mrvdkawmhacs?
,if;onfvnf; “acwfaemufusaomvlrsdK;”[laomtawG;tac:u ay;tyfonfh rSm;
,Gif;aomw&m;0ifjzpfapjcif;a-umifhjzpfayonf? 1871 ckESpfwGif tar&duefuGef*&uf
u tar&duefwdkif;&if;om;rsm;ESifh csKyfqdkcJhaom pmcsKyftm;vkH;udk zsufodrf;ypfjyD;/
olwdk‹udk aorif;e,fajrodk‹ aorif;udkapmifhqdkif;&ef ydk‹vdkuf&efqkH;jzwfcsufcsavonf?
wpfbufu ‚if;wdkif;&if;om;rsm;udk vlom;tjzpfvufcHjcif;r&Sdygu/ olwdk‹ESifh csKyfqdk
xm;aom pmcsKyfwdk‹onfvnf; rnfodk‹w&m;0ifawmhrnfenf;?
&l;pAJhu xdkvlrsdK;a&;ppfonf/ t*Fvdyfpum;ajymaomvlrsdK;(t*Fvdk=qufZefvl
rsdK;)rsm;wurBmvkH;ysHŒESH‹jcif;. tjrifhrm;qkH;atmifjrifr+jzpfonf[k wifoGif;cJh.?26
xdkt*Fvdk=qufZefvlrsdK;a&;tqdkudk yxrOD;qkH;axmufcHolrSm tar&duefvlrsdK;
tDAdkvl;&Sif;orm;w&m;"rRq&m *sdKqD,m pxa&mif;jzpfI ‚if;tawG;tac:udk wdkuf&dkuf
tokH;jyKcJh.? oluatmufygtwdkif; a&;om;xm;ayonf?
xdktcsdefwGifrlum;/ urBm-uD;onf ordkif;wGif u¾opfodk‹a&muf&Sdrnf jzpf.? ,if;
u¾onf vlrsdK;a&;jydKifqdkifr+wGif/ t*FvdkqufZefvlrsdK;rsm;udkom a&G;cs,fvdkufjcif;yif jzpf
.? Ttiftm;-uD;aomvlrsdK;onf rufpDudktxdvnf;aumif;/ tar&dutv,fydkif;rS
awmiftar&dutxdvnf;aumif;/ yifv,fork'N&mtwGif;&Sdu|ef;-uD;u|ef;i,frStp tmz&d
uwdkufvGefI jyef‹yGm;a&mufoGm;-uvdrfhrnf[k a[mudef;xkwfxm;yg&ap? TaemufqkH;
tajzonf/ “toifhawmfqkH;vufa&G;pif.&Sifoefa&;”r[kwf[k rnfolu oHo,±SdOD;
rnfenf;?
27
vlr+a&;'g0if0g'udk olwdk‹.vkyf&yfrsm; w&m;0ifjzpfonf[k ta-umif;jy&eft
wGuf a&S;OD;pGmtokH;csolwdk‹rSm/ vlrJrsm;. &efolrsm;jzpfayonf? vljzLrsm;onf
tqifhtjrifhqkH;jzpfI vlrJrsm;onf urBmOD;vleD;eD;tqifhtedrfhqkH;jzpfonf[k owfrSwf
aom olwdk‹.vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;tawG;tac:onf tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Dudk csufcsif;yif tm;&
0rf;ompGm vufcHaxG;ydkufvdkufayonf?28
TtawG;tac:t& vlrJrsm;onf vlom;r[kwf-uacs? 1962 ckESpfxkwf vlrsdK;
rsm;.tp (The Origin of Race) pmtkyfwGif vlodrsm;aom tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'DvlrsdK;cGJjcm;
a&;orm; umvufwGefuGef;u vljzLESifhvlrJrsm;onf [dkrdktD&ufwyfpfvufxufwGif ESpf
43

44. rsdK;cGJxGufvmcJhaom uGJjym;onfhrsdK;pdwfrsm;jzpfonf[k a&;xm;.? uGef;.tqdkt&
vljzLrsm;onf xdkuJhodk‹cGJxGufvmonfhtcsdefrSpI tDAdkvl;&Sif;ydkrdkajymif;vJvmcJh-uonf
[l.? vlrJrsm;tm; cGJjcm;onfhpdwf"gwfudk axmufcHtm;ay;onfhtkyfpku TodyH`enf;
usonf[lonfh &Sif;vif;csufudk tcsdefumv-umjrifhpGmtokH;cscJh-uavonf?
tar&duefEdkifiH orw&l;pAJhu
ola&;om;aom The Winning of
the West pmtkyfwGif/ vlrsdK;cGJjcm;
a&;t& tkyfpkvdkufowfjzwfr+udk
pwif tajccHwnfaqmufI aemif
wGif vufawG‹usifhokH;cJh.?
vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;0g'udk axmufcH
tm;ay;aomoDtdk&D&Sdaejcif;a-umifh tar&d
uefEdkifiHwGif vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&; -uD;xGm;vm
cJhavonf? vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;udk qef‹usifcJh
onfh W.E. Dubois u/ “ESpfq,f&mpkESpf
.jyemonf vlrsdK;tom;ta&mifcGJjcm;
r+jyemjzpfonf?”[ka&;om;cJh.? u|ef
pepfudkzsufodrf;jcif;wpfckwnf;u vljzL
ESifhvlrJrsm;t-um; nDtpfudkpdwf"gwfjzpf
ay:vmap&ef rvkHavmufacs? wdkawmif;
onfhtcsdeftwGif; csrSwfcJhaom cGJjcm;r+u
Oya't& u|Ekfyfwdk‹. acwfrSmvnf; xdk
odk‹aomjyKrlcsufrsm;twGufta-umif;
jycsufaumif;wpfck jzpfaeao;onf?30
19&mpkESpfukefydkif;ESifh 20&mpkESpfOD;ydkif;wGif
tar&duefEdkifiHY vljzLrsm;u vlrJrsm;udk &uf
puf-urf;-uKwfpGm zdESdyfcJh-u.? Oya'ESifh
vufawG‹usifhokH;r+rsm;u vlrJrsm;udk vlom;
tjzpfrowfrSwf-ua-umif; az:jyaeayonf?
vljzLrsm;u -uG,f0csrf;omaomb0wGif &Sdae
-uaomfvnf; vlrJrsm;rSm vlrqefavmuf
atmif jyKusifhjcif;udk cHcJh-u&.?
44

45. tar&duefEdkifiHwGif yxrOD;qkH;jyXmef;aom "Jim Crow Laws" (Jim Crow qdk
aom pum;vkH;rSm vlrJwdk‹udk ESdrfaompum;wpfvkH;jzpfonf?) Oya'onf ,ae‹u|Efkyf
wdk‹.acwfwdkifatmif &Sdaeao;onf? vlrJrsm;udk vlom;uJhodk‹rqufqH-uacs? olwdk‹
udk tjrJwef;&GH&Smrkef;wD;-uonfhtjyif/ ae&mwumwGif txifao;-uonf? xdkuJhodk‹
jzpfjcif;onf yk*~dKvftcsdKŒ.vkyf&yfomr[kwfay? tar&duefEdkifiH.Oya't& jyXmef;
xm;aomtjyKtrljzpfayonf? wufeufpDjynfe,fY 1875=ckESpfwGif rD;&xm;ESifh "gwf
&xm;rsm;wGif vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;Oya'udk yxrOD;qkH;jyXmef;vdkufonfESifh wjydKifwnf;
awmifydkif;e,frsm;tm;vkH;wGif rD;&xm;rsm;Y vlrsdK;t&cJGjcm;owfrSwfjcif;jyKvkyf-uav
onf? “vljzLrsm;om”[laomqdkif;bkwfum;csyfrsm;/ “vlrJrsm;twGuf”[laomqdkif;
bkwfum;csyfrsm;/ ae&mwumwdkif; awG‹jrif&avonf? ‚if;wdk‹tm;vkH;rSm eudk&SdaejyD;
jzpfaom tajctaeudk Oya't& w&m;0ifatmif jyKvkyfjcif;omv#if jzpfayonf? Oy
a't& vljzLvlrJcGJjcm;&efrSm aq;&kH/ tusOf;axmifESifh ocsõKif;rsm;wGif rvkyfrae& udpP
jzpfonf? odk‹aomfvnf;/ vufawG‹wGif/ a[mfw,f/ Zmwf&kH/ pmzwfcef;/ "gwfavScg;ESifh
bk&m;&Sdcdk;ausmif;rsm;wGifvnf; usifhokH;-u.? ausmif;rsm;wGif xdkuJhodk‹ tom;ta&mif
cGJjcm;r+a-umifh trsm;qkH;xdcdkufepfemr+cHpm;&ayonf? ‚if;onf vlrJrsm;twGuf txd
cdkufqkH;tcsufjzpfI/ olwdk‹. ,Ofaus;r+zGHŒjzdK;a&;twGuf t-uD;qkH;aom t[ef‹twm;
jzpfaeayonf?
45

46. vlrsdK;a&;cGJjcm;r+pwifuwnf;upI t"du&k%f;ajrmufjrm;pGm vdkufvmawmh
onf? vlrJrsm;udk vltkyfjzifh w&m;vufv$wfowfjzwfr+rsm; ae‹csif;ncsif;wdk;vmav
onf? 1890 ckESpfrS 1901 ESpftxd vlrJOD;a&aygif; 1300cef‹ w&m;vufv$wftowf
cH&onf? xdk‹a-umifh jynfe,ftajrmuftjrm;wGif vlrJrsm; x-uGykefuefavonf?
TumvtwGif;Y vlrsdK;a&;tawG;tac:ESifh oDtdk&Drsm;jzifh jynfheufvsuf&Sd.?
r-umrD/ tar&duwdkufopfodk‹ xdef;odrf;jcif;uif;rJhaom vl0ifr+udk umuG,f&ef[k ,
r,f&SmI tm&fbDbif;.OD;acgif;cGHwdkif;wmenf;jzpfaom tar&duefvlrsdK;a&;qefonfh
ZD0aA'ay:aygufcJhjyefonf? Tonfvnf; tar&duefwdk‹. vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;vkyf&yfwGif
xl;jcm;csufwpfckjzpfayonf? 1916 ckESpfxkwf r,f'Dqef *&ef‹. The Passing of the
Great Race pmtkyfwGif vlrsdK;ESpfrsdK;pyf,Sufaygif;pyfjcif;jzifh eudktqifhedrfhaeaomvl
rsdK;xuftqifhedrfhaomvlrsdK;wpfrsdK; xyfay:vmvdrfhrnf[k a&;om;xm;onf? ol‹tae
ESifh rwlaomvlrsdK;csif; vufxyfjcif;udk Oya't& wm;jrpfapvdkjcif;jzpfonf?31
tar&duefEdkifiHwGif/ vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;0g'onf 'g0ifray:rDuwnf;u &SdjyD;om;
jzpfonf? odk‹aomfvnf;/ txufu u|Efkyfwdk‹az:jycJhjyD;onfhtwdkif;/ 'g0if0g'onf 19
&mpkESpf'kwd,ydkif;wGif vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;tjrifESifh ay:vDpDrsm;udk axmufcHtm;ay;a-umif;
xif&Sm;ayonf? Oyrm/ Ttcef;wGifaz:jyonfh vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;0g'Drsm;u olwdk‹.t
jrifudk a&SŒwef;wifwdkif; 'g0if0g'udk 0g'jzef‹a-uG;ausmfoHtjzpf tokH;jyK-uonf? 'g
0ifrwdkifrDacwfrsm;wGif &ufpuf-urf;-uKwfonf[k,lqcJhaom tawG;tac:rsm;onf/
,cktcsdefwGif obm0w&m;omv#ifjzpfonf[k vufcH-uavjyD?
'g0if0g'Dwdk‹. vlrqefaom ay:vDpDrsm;
tabmf&D*sif;vlrsdK;rsm;udk rsdK;okOf;owfjzwfjcif;
-opaw;vsEdkifiHrS wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;udk tabmf&D*sif;[kac:-uonf? T
vlrsdK;rsm;onf -opaw;vswdkufwGif ESpfaygif;axmifESifhcsDI aexdkifcJh-uolrsm;jzpfonf?
olwdk‹onf Oa&mywdkufom;rsm; -opaw;vswdkufodk‹ 0ifa&muftajccsaexdkifuwnf;u
pI urBmhordkif;wGif t-uD;us,fqkH;aom vlrsKd;a&;okwfoifowfjzwfjcif;cHcJh-u&.?
xdkowfjzwfr+-uD;. tajccHtawG;tac:rSm 'g0if0g'jzpfayonf? TvlrsdK;wdk‹cHpm;cJh&
onfh &ufpuf-urf;-uKwfr+.t"duta-umif;&if;rSm/ 'g0if0g'DtawG;tac:&Sifwdk‹.
tabmf&D*sif;vlrsdK;rsm;tay:&Sdonfh tjrifa-umifhjzpfonf?
1870 ckESpfwGif vef'efrEkaA'&DjAL;rS rEkaA'ynm&Sif rufpfrlv†monf
vlom;rsm;udk trsdK;tpm;aygif; ckepfrsdK;cGJxm;avonf? tabmf&D*sif;vlrsdK;rsm;udk
atmufqkH;wGifxm;I/ vljzLrsm;jzpfaom tm&d,efvlrsdK;rsm;udk xdyfqkH;wGif xm;onf?
1876 ckESpfwGif trnfausmf-um;aom vlr+a&;'g0if0g'Du atmufygtwdkif; qdkxm;ay
onf?
tiftm;t-uD;qkH;vufa&G;piftrsdK;. qufvuftouf&SifEdkifjcif;[lonf tiftm;-uD;ol
u w&m;onf[kqdkvdkonf? xdk‹a-umifh u|Ekfyfwdk‹onf -opaw;vsvlrsdK;rsm;ESifh armf&DvlrsdK;
rsm;udkvlrsdK;okOf;atmif oem;-uifemjcif;uif;rJhpGm owfjzwfokwfoifjcif;onf vGJa&SmifI
r&aom obm0w&m;udk wdkifwnfjznfhpGufae-ujcif;om jzpfayonf?
32
1890 ckESpfwGif/ wyfprmeD,mjynfe,f &kd,,fvfqdkqdkifwD. 'kwd,OuUXjzpfol
*sdrf;pfbm;em'fu “rsdK;jzKwfjcif;onf tdAdkvl;&Sif;ed,mr. &Sif;jyp&mrvdkaom trSefw
46

47. &m;jzpfI oifhavsmfawmifhwif;qkH;vufa&G;pOfjzpfol. qufvuf&Sifoefa&;jzpfonf?”
[k a&;om;cJh.? xdk‹a-umifh/ ol‹taejzifh/ xdkuJhodk‹-opaw;vswdkuf tabmf&D*sif;rsm;udk
owfjzwfqkH;±+H;aponfh &mZ0wfr+twGuf “tjypfwifcHxdkufaom vpfvsL±+kjcif;r[kwf”
[kta-umif;jycJhavonf?33
Todk‹aom 'g0if
u pwifysdK;axmifcJhaom
vlrqefonfh&ufpuf-urf;
-uKwfonfh vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;
a-umifh/ a-umufrufzG,f
aumif;onfh tabmf&D*sif;
rsdK;jzwfa&; pwifcJhjcif;jzpf
ayonf? tabmf&D*sif; OD;
acgif;cGHrsm;udk rD;&xm;bl
wm&kHwHcg;rsm;Y qGJcsdwfjy
oxm;-uavonf? -op
aw;vswdkufwpfcGifvkH; ae
&mwumwGif tabmf&D*sif;
rsm;tajccsaexdkifaom &yf
&Gmrsm;onf xdkodk‹aom&uf
pufpGmowfjzwfr+a-umifh
ESpfaygif;50twGif; aysmuf
uG,foGm;cJhavonf?34
tabmf&D*sif;rsm;udk
rsdK;jzKwfowfjzwfjcif;
tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'Dwdk‹onf -op
awvswdkuf wdkif;&if;om;t
abmf&D*sif;wdk‹udk vlom;t
jzpf tjynfht0zGH‹jzdK;jcif;r&Sd
ao;aom owW0grsm;jzpf
onf[kqdkI owfjzwfcJh-u
.?
tabmf&D*sif;wdk‹udk &nf&G,faomay:vDpDrsm;onf/ rsdK;jzKwfowfjzwfjcif;jzifhom
rjyD;ao;acs? tabmf&D*sif;vlOD;a&aygif;tajrmuftjrm;udk wd&pm>efuJhodk‹ odyH`ynmprf;
oyfr+twGuf tokH;jyKcJh-u.? 0g±Sifwef'DpDrS prpfqdkeD,HtifpwD-uL;onf urBmay:&Sd
47

48. vlrsdK;aygif;pkH. &kyftavmif;aygif; 15,000 ±Sd.? jAdwdo#jywdkuftwGuf/ wd&pm>ef
(arsmuf0H)rsm;ESifh vlom;rsm;t-um;wGif “aysmufaeaomtquf”udk &SmazG&eftwGuf
-opaw;vstabmf&D*sif;aygif; 10000udk oabFmjzifh wifydk‹cJh-uonf?
jywdkufrsm;onf/ t&kd;pkrsm;udkom pdwf0ifpm;onfr[kwf? tabm&D*sif;wdk‹.
OD;aESmufudkvnf; "gwfcGJcef;prf;oyf&eftwGuf aps;aumif;aumif;jzifh a&mif;cscJh-u.?
-opaw;vswdkufwdkif;&if;om;tabmf&D*sif;wdk‹udk odyH`prf;oyfcsuftwGuf "gwfcGJcef;
wGif owfjzwf-ua-umif;vnf; oufaotaxmuftxm;&Sdayonf? atmufygtcsuf
rsm;u xdkodk‹aom&ufpuf-urf;-uKwfr+twGuf oufaoom"ursm; jzpfayonf?
1866 ckESpfwGif/ uGif;pvifjynfe,f bdk;0if;jrdKŒawmf0efu/ oludk,fwdkif tabmf&D*sif;rsm;udk
1865 ckESpfwkef;u odyH`prf;oyfcsuftwGuf olrnfuJhodk‹ taygiftvufrsm; wpfppDzsufcJh
ykHudk olaocgeD;wGif uGufuGufuGif;uGif;jrifEdkifavmufatmif &Sif;jycJhavonf?
1874 ckESpfrSpI ESpfaygif;20 txd qpf'eDjrKdŒ&Sd -opaw;vsjywdkufr+;tjzpf tr+xrf;cJhaom
tuf'Gwf&rfaqonf xdkvkyfief;wGif trsm;qkH;yg0ifcJholjzpfonf? olonf jywdkuftdyf
aqmifpmtkyfudk &dkufxkwf&mY/ tabmf&D*sif;rsm;ta-umif;ESifh ywfoufaomtcef;wGif “-o
paw;vs wd&pm>efrsm;”[laom acgif;pOfwyfxm;avonf? ocsdKif;rsm;wGif t&dk;pktwGuf
tavmif;rsm;udk cdk;,lenf;rsm;tjyif/ “odyH`prf;oyfcef;twGuf” vwfvwfqwfqwf ypf
owfI&,laom tabmf&D*sif;tavmif;&Sd usnfpH'%f&mudk rnfuJhodk‹ydwf&rnfhenf;udkyg
a&;om;xm;ayonf?
*smrefvlrsdK;tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'D (vlrJwdk‹.aorif;wrefewforD;[ktrnf&aom)trmvD 'D
,ufx&pfonf/ jywdkufrsm;wGif &kyfvkH;oGif;jyoxm;&ef tabmf&D*sif;rsm;udk ypfowfay;
&ef -opaw;vsblwm&kHydkif&Sifrsm;udk iSm;&ef;cJhavonf? r-umrD olrtm; -opaw;vsEdkifiH
rS ESifxkwfjcif;cH&aomfvnf;/ tenf;qkH; oltvdk&Sdaom"gwfcGJcef;erlemwpfck olESifhtyg,l
oGm;EdkifcJhavonf?
e,l;aqmufa0;jynfe,frS omoemjyKwpfOD;u/ jrif;pD;ykvdwfrsm;u tabmf&D*sif;vlrsdK;
a,mufsm; rdef;r cav;rsm;tygt0if tajrmuftjrm;udk vdkufvHypfowfonfudk awG‹&SdI t
vGefxdwfvef‹oGm;cJhavonf? OD;acgif;tvkH; 40 udktdk;-uD;wGif xnfhjyKwfI taumif;qkH;
10 vkH;udka&G;,lum aocsmpGmxkyfI EdkifiHjcm;odk‹ ydk‹-uonf?
35
tabmf&D*sif;rsm;udk rsdK;jzKwfonfhvkyf&yfonf 20 &mpkESpfwGif qufvufaqmif
&Guf-uonf? rsdK;jzKwfenf;rsdK;pkHtokH;jyK-uonfhteuf/ wpfenf;rSm tabmf&D*sif;cav;
rsm;udk olwdk‹.rdbrsm;vufxJrS vk,ljcif;jzpfonf? 1997 ckESpf {jyDv 28&ufae‹xkwf
zDvm'JvfzD;,m;ae‹pOfowif;pmwGif tmvifaomef[D;vfa&;om;aom owif;aqmif;
yg;wpfyk'fygcJh.?
tabmf&D*sif;tdrfaxmifpkuzrf;qD;jcif;udk
tao;pdwfjyefajymjyonf
atyDowif;/ = /-opaw;vsEdkifiH taemufajrmufydkif;oJuEWm&wGif aexdkif-uaom
tabmf&D*sif;wdk‹onf/ olwdk‹.cav;rsm;udk rD;aoG;r+ef‹jzifh wpfudk,fvkH;vdrf;xm;I tpdk;&
vlr+zlvkHa&;t&m&Sdrsm;u zrf;qD;oGm;jcif;rS vGwfajrmuf&ef vkHjcKHonfhae&mrsm;Y0Sufxm;-u
onf? “vlr+zlvkHa&;vkyfom;rsm;u awG‹wJhae&mrSm zrf;vdkuf-uw,f?”[k tzrf;cH&aom
cav;wpfa,mufu aemifESpfaygif;rsm;pGm-umjrihfjyD;aemufwGif jyefvnfajymjy.? “u|Ekfyf
wdk‹&JhrdbaqGrsdK;wdk‹u/ rD;aoG;awGvdrf;jyD; 0Sufxm;avh&Sd-uw,f?” [kajymjyayonf?
i,f&G,fpOfb0wGif tcdk;cHcJh&aom EGm;arG;jrLa&;jcHtvkyform;wpfa,mufu/ “us
aemhudk rlvmblvfvmudk ac:oGm;-uw,f? usaemfwdk‹tm;vkH; touf 5ESpf 6ESpfavmufbJ
48

49. &Sd-uao;w,f?”[k jyefajymjyonf? ol‹tjzpfrSm/ “tcdk;cHcJh-u&aomvl‹oufwef;”pkHprf;a&;
tpDtpOft&/ -opaw;vs vl‹tcGifhta&;ESifhwef;wlcGifhaumfrD&Sifu -um;emcJh&onfha-u
uGJbG,ftjzpftysufaygif; axmifaygi;frsm;pGmteufrS wpfckomjzpfayonf? 1920 ckESpfrS
pI 1970 ckESpftxd tabmf&D*sif;cav;aygif; 100000 ausmf olwdk‹.rdbrsm; vufxJrS
cdk;,lvk,ljcif;cHcJh-u&onf? tom;ta&mif azsmhonfhcav;rsm;udk vljzLtdrfaxmifpkrsm;
odk‹arG;pm;&eftyfESH-uI/ tom;rJaomcav;rsm;udkrl rdbrJha*[mwGif xm;-uonf?
36
,QKtcsdefwGifyif/ aumfrD&Sif. “olwdk‹udk tdrfodk‹jyefac:vmcJhjcif;”[laomtpD&if
cHpmwGif/ oufaocHolwdk‹u rdrdwdk‹. trnf&if;udkaz:rjy0ef‹avmufatmif/ em-unf;
r+u &Sdaeao;onf? ukvor*~.owfrSwfcsuft&/ tpdk;&tm%mydkifwdk‹.vkyf&yf
onf/ vlrsdK;jzKwfpDrHudef;tqifh&Sdonf[k aumfrD&Sifuqdkonf? xdktwif;zrf;,lcdk;0Suf
jcif;cH&aomcav;rsm;twGuf oufqdkifolwdk‹u avsmfa-u;aiGrsm; ay;aqmifEdkif&ef ckH&kH;
tzGJ‹ zGJ‹pnf;I ppfaq;&ef aumfrD&Sifuawmif;qdkaomfvnf;/ tpdk;&u jiif;y,fxm;ay
onf?
u|Efkyfwdk‹odcJh-ujyD;onfhtwdkif;/ xdkuJhodk‹aom vlrqefonfhvkyf&yfrsm;/ tkyfpk
vdkufowfjzwfr+rsm;/ &ufpufr+/ &dkif;pdkif;r+ESifh rsdK;jzKwfr+rsm;udk 'g0if0g'pmwrf;rsm;u
“obm0.a&G;cs,fr+”/ “touf&Sifjcif;twGuf wdkufcdkufr+”ESifh “toifhawmfqkH;
vufa&G;pOf. &Sifoefr+twGuf”ponfhtqdkrsm;jzifh w&m;0ifjyKay;xm;onf?
,if;uJhodk‹ -opawvswdkuf wdkif;&if;om;rsm; cHpm;cJhcHpm;ae-u&aom ysufpD;
jcif;ab;'kuQtaygif;wdk‹onf/ 'g0if0g'u wurBmvkH;odk‹,laqmifvmaom ysufpD;,dk
,Gif;jcif;ab;'kuQtaygif;. tenf;i,faom tydkif;r#om±Sdaeao;onf?
tdkwmbif*g
'g0ifu ola&;aom rsdK;pkrsm;pwifay:aygufjcif; pmtkyfwGif/ vlom;rsm;onf
arsmufrsm;rSqif;oufzGH‹jzdK;vmonf[k wifjyonfhae‹rSpI/ xdkZmwfvrf;udk axmufcH
rnfh ausmufjzpf&kyf-uGif;udk &SmazGonfhvkyfief;onfvnf; pwifcJhavonf? odk‹aomf
vnf; tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'DtcsdKŒu ausmufjzpf&kyf-uGif;omr[kwfbJ “arsmufwpf0uf vlwpf
0uf”owW0grsm;onfvnf;/ urBmhae&ma'otajrmuftjrm;wGif toufxif&Sm;&SdaeOD;
rnf[k ,kH-unf-u.? 20 &mpkESpftpOD;ydkif;wGif “-um;wGifaysmufaeaomtquft
pyf”udk &SmazGjcif;u ajrmufjrm;pGmaom ±kdif;pdkif;onfh vkyf&yfrsm;. ta-umif;&if;
jzpfcJhayonf? ‚if;wdk‹teuf ypf*rDvlrsdK; tdkwmbif*g. Zmwfvrf;onf wpfcktyg
t0ifjzpf.?
tdkwmbif*gudk 1904 ckESpfwGif qJjrL&,f Agemac:aom
tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'D okawoeynm±SifwpfOD;u uGef*dkEkdifiHwGif zrf;
qD;cJhjcif;jzpfonf? Ttmz&duwdkif;&if;om;.trnf tdkwmbif
*gonf olwdk‹.pum;t& “rdwfaqG”[laomt"dy`g,f&I/ cav;
ESpfa,muf&Sdaom tdrfaxmifonfwpfa,mufjzpf.? odk‹aomf
vnf; ol‹udkwd&pm>efrsm;uJhodk‹ avSmifcsdKifhwGif;Y oH-udK;ESifhcsnf
xm;um tar&duefEdkifiHodk‹ydk‹vdkufonf? tar&duefEdkifiHodk‹
a&mufaomtcg/ tDAdkvl;&Sif;odyH`ynm&Sifwdk‹u pdef‹vl0pfurBmhjyyGJ
wGif “vlom;rsm;ESifh teD;qkH;tquftpyf”tjzpf jyoxm;onf?
xdk‹aemuf ESpfESpf-umaomtcg e,l;a,mufjrdKŒ&Sdb&Gef‹Zl;ac: wd&
tdkwmbif*g
49