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La scienza delle riviste di
scienza, e quella dei giornali


        Giuseppe Remuzzi


        Milano, 21 settembre 2009

1
TheLancet December 20/27, 2008

                                 Editorial


Oh, what a year it was a look back at
                   was:
medicine in 2008




2
PAPERS OF THE YEAR 2008
Ischemic stroke and alteplase   Colorectal cancer
New Engl J Med, 359:1317-29     N Engl J Med, 359: 1757-65


Stem-cell study                 Neonatal mortality
Cell, 134: 877-86               Lancet, 372: 1151-62



Trachea transplant              Ketogenic diet study
Lancet, 372: 2023-30            Lancet Neurol, 7: 500-06



Chronic obstructive             Perils of gardening
                                Case Report Lancet, 371: 2056
pulmonary disease
Lancet, 371: 2013-18
 3
4
GENERATION OF ISOGENIC PLURIPOTENT STEM CELLS




                                          Pluripotent cell types
                                          (can give rise to cells
          Fibroblasts                     of the body)




                                                                    Blastocyst
     Reprogramming*                                                 stage embryo
     by 4 factor:                    iPS cells        ES cells
        - Oct4
        - Sox2
        - Klf4
        - cMyc


      *   Retrovirus, highly risky for tumour
      induction, are used to deliver genes into the
      cells and to allow their integration into DNA
 5
6
7
5 marzo 2009




“Partendo dalle stesse cellule del paziente si potrà disporre
di staminali pluripotenti per rigenerare diversi tessuti
danneggiati da disordini metabolici o insulti traumatici

Pensiamo alle patologie connesse al diabete, all’infarto
miocardico, alle neurodegenerazioni o alle lesioni
dell’apparato osteoarticolare”
                                                Roberto Colombo
8
These systems are low efficient

To deliver genes for reprogramming
adult cells, Japanese researchers
performed gene transfection thousands
of times to get one cell expressing them

Clearly, such an approach has no
chances to be used in the clinical
practice
9
INDUCED PLURIPOTENT STEM CELLS GENERATED FROM
PATIENTS WITH ALS CAN BE DIFFERENTIATED INTO MOTOR
NEURONS
     Adult ALS patient with         Generation skin fibroblasts iPS
     L144F SoD1 mutation            cells from a 82-year-old woman
                    Transcription   diagnosed with a familial form of
                    factors         amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

       Human fibroblasts


      Human induced
      pluripotent stem cells




     Astrocytes   Motor neurons
10
                                                Dimos et al., Science, 2008
DISEASE-SPECIFIC INDUCED PLURIPOTENT STEM CELLS
 Disease                              Molecular defect                Donor cell
ADA + SCID                    GGG>AGG exon 7 and
                                   AGG,                                Fibroblast
                              Del(GAAGA exon 10, ADA gene
                                  GAAGA)

Gaucher disease type III      AAC>AGC, exon 9, G-insertion,
                                  >AGC,                                Fibroblast
                              nucleotide 84 of cDNA, GBA gene

Duchenne muscular dystrophy   Deletion of exon 45-52, dystrophin       Fibroblast
                              gene
Becker muscular dystrophy
                              Unidentified mutation in dystrophin      Fibroblast
Down syndrome
                              Trisomy 21                               Fibroblast
Parkinson disease
                              Multifactorial                           Fibroblast
Juvenile diabetes mellitus
                              Multifactorial                           Fibroblast
Huntington disease
                              72 CAG repeats hungtinton gene
                                     repeats,                          Fibroblast
Lesch-Nyhan syndrome
(carrier)
 11                           Heterozygosity of HPRT1           Park etFibroblast
                                                                        al., Cell, 2008
Our study illustrates the promise of iPSC
technology for gaining new insights into human
disease pathogenesis and treatment
12
Quelli che li leggono i giornali, cosa
leggono di più?
La cronaca nera

E poi?

Le notizie sulla salute e quello che
c’è sui giornali influenzano i
comportamenti
13
Negli Stati Uniti l’impiego di
 ormoni per attenuare i sintomi
 della menopausa è calato in modo
 impressionante dopo che si è
 scoperto che possono far male al
 cuore

 Merito dei giornali (400 articoli)

 Ma non è sempre così
14
Corriere della Sera             4 APRILE      2002

Padova, cuore riparato con cellule
staminali

Oltre 600 milioni di cellule staminali sono stato iniettate nel
cuore di un uomo di settant’anni con l’obiettivo di curare i
danni provocati dall’infarto. L’intervento, il primo del
                               .
genere in Italia, è avvenuto la settimana scorsa

15                            * Comunicato dal chirurgo che ha fatto l’intervento
la Repubblica 2 settembre 2003


Cuore, no al trapianto salvati dalle
staminali

Gli esperimenti condotti negli ultimi anni promettevano
molto. Ieri è stato annunciato il primo successo clinico.

Quattro pazienti malati di cuore sono guariti grazie alle
cellule staminali prelevate dal midollo osseo

16             * comunicato al congresso della Società Europea di Cardiologia
NATURE, VOL 428, 29 APRIL   2004




17
Many scientists say that they
are reluctant to undertake
further large clinical trials of the
technique until they hear more
definitive answers about the
risks and benefits of adult stem-
cell therapies
18
The NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL of MEDICINE, SEPTEMBER 21,   2006


        Cardiac Cell Therapy - Mixed
            Results from Mixed Cells
                      Anthony Rosenzweig M.D.
                              Rosenzweig,




19
Overview of clinical trials of stem-cell or progenitor-cell delivery to the heart
     Cell type         Study          Patients      Follow-up     Ejection fraction
                       design           (n)          (months)    versus control (%)
 Bone marrow           R-SB              60            12              + 7.0
 mononuclear           R-SB              51             3              + 4.1
                       R-SB              66             3              + 3.0
                       R-SB             204            12                mortality
                       R-DB              67             4              + 1.2
                       R-SB             100             6              - 3.0
                       R-SB              60            18              + 2.8
                       R-SB              36             3              + 4.0
                       R-SB             204             4              + 2.5
                       R-SB              36             3              + 7.0

 Circulating           Cohorts           54             6              + 6.0
 progenitor            Cohorts           73             6              + 2.8
                       R-SB              47             3              + 0.8
                       R                 82             6              - 0.2
                       Cohorts           70             6              + 5.5

 CD133+
 20                    Cohorts           55             6              + 6.3
21
In a mouse model of myocardial infarction,
infused bone marrow stem cells differentiated
only into blood cells, not cardiac myocytes,
and they failed to contribute to myocardial
regeneration

The results of all studies do not promote the
use of intracoronary infusions of autologous
bone marrow to improve ventricular function

                        Schwartz, N Engl J Med, 2006
22
Purity of cells?

Number?

Whether they have to be differentiated into
cardiomyocytes before transplantation?

Is this procedure safe in the long term?

To which extent these cells are retained into
myocardial tissue?

Is spatial distribution important?
23
Amniotic fluid-derived stem cells are pluripotent stem
cells capable of giving rise to multiple lineages

Amniotic fluid-derived stem cells hold potential for a
variety of therapeutic applications

24
CORRIERE DELLA SERA   LUNEDI’ 8 GENNAIO 2007

     Cellule staminali nel liquido
     amniotico
     Una scoperta italo-americana salva embrione.
                        americana



     LA REPUBBLICA   LUNEDI’ 8 GENNAIO 2007

     Miniera di staminali nel liquido
     amniotico
     Potrebbero far superare le questioni etiche.
25
26
“Come sono queste cellule?”

“Crescono poco, pochissimo”

“E poi?”

“E poi non sono clonate C’è voluto un anno,
                  clonate.
forse più perché si riuscisse a clonarle.
Insomma non lo so come sono queste cellule,
vedremo”
                                Dicembre 2007
27
Amniotic fluid
                       (10 ml)                     Fluid-derived         50,000 - 100,000 cells
                                                   cells

                           Immunoselection
                           for c-kit+ cells

                                                   Multipotential              500 cells
                                                   c-kit+ cells

  16-20 weeks              Clonal expansion
  of pregnancy
                                                   Clonal amniotic               1 cell
                                                   fluid stem cells*
                                                   Positive for:
                                                   embryonic markers
                                                     - Oct4
                                                     - SSEA-4
                                                     - Nanog
                                                   mesenchymal markers
                                                     - CD44
                                                     - CD73
                                                     - CD105
* Intermediate between embryonic and adult stem
                                                     - CD90
cells that have stable caryotype and do not form
teratomas in vivo
 28
Il pubblico ha un forte desiderio per le
 novità di medicina

 I congressi sono l’occasione per
 averne, e i giornalisti ci aggiungono
 qualcosa di loro per fare notizia

 Così quasi ogni giorno tanti ammalati
 sperano di poter guarire, ma non è
 vero (quasi mai)
29
Si    può evitare?      Tre    regoline    ci
     sarebbero

1 - Non fidarsi dei dati preliminari e
    non basarsi su modifiche di
    parametri di laboratorio

2 - Far riferimento ai numeri assoluti

 3 - Discutere quanto c’è di nuovo in
     uno studio, ma anche i limiti, tutti gli
30   studi ne hanno
Regole per i giornalisti?

Certo, ma valgono, e ben di più,
per medici, ricercatori, società
scientifiche

Che       invece     organizzano
conferenze-stampa
            stampa   prima    del
tempo e danno quasi sempre i dati
in percentuale
31
E poi dovrebbero essere loro, i medici
e gli scienziati, ad anticipare i limiti
della loro ricerca

“Questo farmaco è un passo avanti
rispetto a quanto c’era prima, ma c’è
un vecchio farmaco che fa già molto”

“Altri chirurghi utilizzano tecniche
analoghe, noi abbiamo solo contribuito
a perfezionarle”
32
Ma medici e ricercatori non lo fanno
quasi mai ed i giornalisti stanno al
gioco, e la gente è confusa

Se il pubblico ha “appetito” per le
notizie di medicina, gli ammalati hanno
“fame” di notizie e ancora di più di
buone notizie

Fargli credere che guariranno, se non è
vero è come tradire la loro buona fede,
un po’ per giorno
33
Il Giornale, 22 settembre 2005
     Il diabete sconfitto con le cellule
     staminali


                  la Repubblica, 22 settembre 2005

     Le staminali battono il diabete,
     riuscito il trapianto di cellule
34
La conoscenza scientifica è frutto di
     un lavoro lungo e faticoso

     Il giornalista è invece sempre alla
     ricerca di notizie da comunicare in
     tempi brevi e ha scarso interesse a
     ritrattare notizie che si siano poi
     rivelate false nel tempo
35
By Gina Kolata
     May 3, 1998




36
The    Memorial    Sloan-Ketterin
     Cancer Center in New York City
     was “flooded with calls” says its
     presidents, Paul Marks
     “We even had patients calling us
     to say they didn’t want to start
     their chemotherapy - that they
     wanted to wait for the new drugs”
37
AT A         DINNER       LAST     MARCH…
1998

     Gina Kolata, a veteran Times reporter,
     turned to Watson during dinner and asked
     something like ‘what’s new and important in
     cancer research?’


     Watson said ‘Judah is going to cure cancer
     in two years’
38
May 4, 1998
To the Editors of the New York Times
The cancer research of Judah Folkman and his colleagues (as reported by Gina Kolata, Sunday,
May 3) is a remarkable step forward. But we shall not know whether angiostatin and endostatin will
cure human cancers until they are tested in human beings.
The history of cancer research is littered with promised treatments that raised people’s hopes, only
for them to be dashed when treatments were put to the test.
In the May 3 New York Times article, Ms. Kolata reported that I predicted that Judah Folkman would
cure cancer in two years.

My recollection of the conversation to which she refers,
however, is quite different. What I told Ms. Kolata, at a dinner
party six weeks ago, was that endostatin and angiostatin
should be in clinical trials by the end of this year, and that we
would know about one year after that whether they were
effective
This is the most exciting cancer research of my lifetime, and it gives us hope that a world without
cancer may yet be attainable.
Sincerely,
James D. Watson

 39
President
Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
AFTER WATSON’S LETTER
     Few days after articles debunking the notion
     of an imminent cancer cure appeared in the
     Los Angeles Times, the Boston Globe and
     the Washington Post

     The Times declined to publish a correction,
     but ran a carefully negotiated letter from
     Watson on 7 May, in which the Nobelist
     wrote that ‘my recollection of the
     conversation [with Kolata]… is quite
     different’ from the printed version
40
NATURE BIOTECHNOLOGY JUNE 2009



     Bubela et al.




      The media not only influence public perceptions but also
      shape and reflect the policy debate

      Few decision are made by policymakers               and
41    stakeholders without the media in mind
THE LANCET, 2002


 The doctor’s role in advocacy
 Richard Horton


 Doctor cannot assume that they have either
 the trust of the public or the support of
 governments unless they are willing to take
 part in the public debate about what kind of
 society they want

42
43
44
We politicians - concluded Hillary
Clinton - we absolutely need you.
What     we      also     need  are
partnerships        between     the
government and academic and
research institutions But you
            institutions.
scientists have to raise your voice
and stand up for science, you
should participate in the debate
personally
45
These slides are belonging to
            Giuseppe Remuzzi M.D.
                     Remuzzi,
       Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological
              Research, Bergamo, Italy.

     Using these slides is only authorized by
     mentioning the source



46

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Remuzzi Gruppo 2003 Insieme Per La Ricerca Milano 21 Settembre

  • 1. La scienza delle riviste di scienza, e quella dei giornali Giuseppe Remuzzi Milano, 21 settembre 2009 1
  • 2. TheLancet December 20/27, 2008 Editorial Oh, what a year it was a look back at was: medicine in 2008 2
  • 3. PAPERS OF THE YEAR 2008 Ischemic stroke and alteplase Colorectal cancer New Engl J Med, 359:1317-29 N Engl J Med, 359: 1757-65 Stem-cell study Neonatal mortality Cell, 134: 877-86 Lancet, 372: 1151-62 Trachea transplant Ketogenic diet study Lancet, 372: 2023-30 Lancet Neurol, 7: 500-06 Chronic obstructive Perils of gardening Case Report Lancet, 371: 2056 pulmonary disease Lancet, 371: 2013-18 3
  • 4. 4
  • 5. GENERATION OF ISOGENIC PLURIPOTENT STEM CELLS Pluripotent cell types (can give rise to cells Fibroblasts of the body) Blastocyst Reprogramming* stage embryo by 4 factor: iPS cells ES cells - Oct4 - Sox2 - Klf4 - cMyc * Retrovirus, highly risky for tumour induction, are used to deliver genes into the cells and to allow their integration into DNA 5
  • 6. 6
  • 7. 7
  • 8. 5 marzo 2009 “Partendo dalle stesse cellule del paziente si potrà disporre di staminali pluripotenti per rigenerare diversi tessuti danneggiati da disordini metabolici o insulti traumatici Pensiamo alle patologie connesse al diabete, all’infarto miocardico, alle neurodegenerazioni o alle lesioni dell’apparato osteoarticolare” Roberto Colombo 8
  • 9. These systems are low efficient To deliver genes for reprogramming adult cells, Japanese researchers performed gene transfection thousands of times to get one cell expressing them Clearly, such an approach has no chances to be used in the clinical practice 9
  • 10. INDUCED PLURIPOTENT STEM CELLS GENERATED FROM PATIENTS WITH ALS CAN BE DIFFERENTIATED INTO MOTOR NEURONS Adult ALS patient with Generation skin fibroblasts iPS L144F SoD1 mutation cells from a 82-year-old woman Transcription diagnosed with a familial form of factors amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Human fibroblasts Human induced pluripotent stem cells Astrocytes Motor neurons 10 Dimos et al., Science, 2008
  • 11. DISEASE-SPECIFIC INDUCED PLURIPOTENT STEM CELLS Disease Molecular defect Donor cell ADA + SCID GGG>AGG exon 7 and AGG, Fibroblast Del(GAAGA exon 10, ADA gene GAAGA) Gaucher disease type III AAC>AGC, exon 9, G-insertion, >AGC, Fibroblast nucleotide 84 of cDNA, GBA gene Duchenne muscular dystrophy Deletion of exon 45-52, dystrophin Fibroblast gene Becker muscular dystrophy Unidentified mutation in dystrophin Fibroblast Down syndrome Trisomy 21 Fibroblast Parkinson disease Multifactorial Fibroblast Juvenile diabetes mellitus Multifactorial Fibroblast Huntington disease 72 CAG repeats hungtinton gene repeats, Fibroblast Lesch-Nyhan syndrome (carrier) 11 Heterozygosity of HPRT1 Park etFibroblast al., Cell, 2008
  • 12. Our study illustrates the promise of iPSC technology for gaining new insights into human disease pathogenesis and treatment 12
  • 13. Quelli che li leggono i giornali, cosa leggono di più? La cronaca nera E poi? Le notizie sulla salute e quello che c’è sui giornali influenzano i comportamenti 13
  • 14. Negli Stati Uniti l’impiego di ormoni per attenuare i sintomi della menopausa è calato in modo impressionante dopo che si è scoperto che possono far male al cuore Merito dei giornali (400 articoli) Ma non è sempre così 14
  • 15. Corriere della Sera 4 APRILE 2002 Padova, cuore riparato con cellule staminali Oltre 600 milioni di cellule staminali sono stato iniettate nel cuore di un uomo di settant’anni con l’obiettivo di curare i danni provocati dall’infarto. L’intervento, il primo del . genere in Italia, è avvenuto la settimana scorsa 15 * Comunicato dal chirurgo che ha fatto l’intervento
  • 16. la Repubblica 2 settembre 2003 Cuore, no al trapianto salvati dalle staminali Gli esperimenti condotti negli ultimi anni promettevano molto. Ieri è stato annunciato il primo successo clinico. Quattro pazienti malati di cuore sono guariti grazie alle cellule staminali prelevate dal midollo osseo 16 * comunicato al congresso della Società Europea di Cardiologia
  • 17. NATURE, VOL 428, 29 APRIL 2004 17
  • 18. Many scientists say that they are reluctant to undertake further large clinical trials of the technique until they hear more definitive answers about the risks and benefits of adult stem- cell therapies 18
  • 19. The NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL of MEDICINE, SEPTEMBER 21, 2006 Cardiac Cell Therapy - Mixed Results from Mixed Cells Anthony Rosenzweig M.D. Rosenzweig, 19
  • 20. Overview of clinical trials of stem-cell or progenitor-cell delivery to the heart Cell type Study Patients Follow-up Ejection fraction design (n) (months) versus control (%) Bone marrow R-SB 60 12 + 7.0 mononuclear R-SB 51 3 + 4.1 R-SB 66 3 + 3.0 R-SB 204 12 mortality R-DB 67 4 + 1.2 R-SB 100 6 - 3.0 R-SB 60 18 + 2.8 R-SB 36 3 + 4.0 R-SB 204 4 + 2.5 R-SB 36 3 + 7.0 Circulating Cohorts 54 6 + 6.0 progenitor Cohorts 73 6 + 2.8 R-SB 47 3 + 0.8 R 82 6 - 0.2 Cohorts 70 6 + 5.5 CD133+ 20 Cohorts 55 6 + 6.3
  • 21. 21
  • 22. In a mouse model of myocardial infarction, infused bone marrow stem cells differentiated only into blood cells, not cardiac myocytes, and they failed to contribute to myocardial regeneration The results of all studies do not promote the use of intracoronary infusions of autologous bone marrow to improve ventricular function Schwartz, N Engl J Med, 2006 22
  • 23. Purity of cells? Number? Whether they have to be differentiated into cardiomyocytes before transplantation? Is this procedure safe in the long term? To which extent these cells are retained into myocardial tissue? Is spatial distribution important? 23
  • 24. Amniotic fluid-derived stem cells are pluripotent stem cells capable of giving rise to multiple lineages Amniotic fluid-derived stem cells hold potential for a variety of therapeutic applications 24
  • 25. CORRIERE DELLA SERA LUNEDI’ 8 GENNAIO 2007 Cellule staminali nel liquido amniotico Una scoperta italo-americana salva embrione. americana LA REPUBBLICA LUNEDI’ 8 GENNAIO 2007 Miniera di staminali nel liquido amniotico Potrebbero far superare le questioni etiche. 25
  • 26. 26
  • 27. “Come sono queste cellule?” “Crescono poco, pochissimo” “E poi?” “E poi non sono clonate C’è voluto un anno, clonate. forse più perché si riuscisse a clonarle. Insomma non lo so come sono queste cellule, vedremo” Dicembre 2007 27
  • 28. Amniotic fluid (10 ml) Fluid-derived 50,000 - 100,000 cells cells Immunoselection for c-kit+ cells Multipotential 500 cells c-kit+ cells 16-20 weeks Clonal expansion of pregnancy Clonal amniotic 1 cell fluid stem cells* Positive for: embryonic markers - Oct4 - SSEA-4 - Nanog mesenchymal markers - CD44 - CD73 - CD105 * Intermediate between embryonic and adult stem - CD90 cells that have stable caryotype and do not form teratomas in vivo 28
  • 29. Il pubblico ha un forte desiderio per le novità di medicina I congressi sono l’occasione per averne, e i giornalisti ci aggiungono qualcosa di loro per fare notizia Così quasi ogni giorno tanti ammalati sperano di poter guarire, ma non è vero (quasi mai) 29
  • 30. Si può evitare? Tre regoline ci sarebbero 1 - Non fidarsi dei dati preliminari e non basarsi su modifiche di parametri di laboratorio 2 - Far riferimento ai numeri assoluti 3 - Discutere quanto c’è di nuovo in uno studio, ma anche i limiti, tutti gli 30 studi ne hanno
  • 31. Regole per i giornalisti? Certo, ma valgono, e ben di più, per medici, ricercatori, società scientifiche Che invece organizzano conferenze-stampa stampa prima del tempo e danno quasi sempre i dati in percentuale 31
  • 32. E poi dovrebbero essere loro, i medici e gli scienziati, ad anticipare i limiti della loro ricerca “Questo farmaco è un passo avanti rispetto a quanto c’era prima, ma c’è un vecchio farmaco che fa già molto” “Altri chirurghi utilizzano tecniche analoghe, noi abbiamo solo contribuito a perfezionarle” 32
  • 33. Ma medici e ricercatori non lo fanno quasi mai ed i giornalisti stanno al gioco, e la gente è confusa Se il pubblico ha “appetito” per le notizie di medicina, gli ammalati hanno “fame” di notizie e ancora di più di buone notizie Fargli credere che guariranno, se non è vero è come tradire la loro buona fede, un po’ per giorno 33
  • 34. Il Giornale, 22 settembre 2005 Il diabete sconfitto con le cellule staminali la Repubblica, 22 settembre 2005 Le staminali battono il diabete, riuscito il trapianto di cellule 34
  • 35. La conoscenza scientifica è frutto di un lavoro lungo e faticoso Il giornalista è invece sempre alla ricerca di notizie da comunicare in tempi brevi e ha scarso interesse a ritrattare notizie che si siano poi rivelate false nel tempo 35
  • 36. By Gina Kolata May 3, 1998 36
  • 37. The Memorial Sloan-Ketterin Cancer Center in New York City was “flooded with calls” says its presidents, Paul Marks “We even had patients calling us to say they didn’t want to start their chemotherapy - that they wanted to wait for the new drugs” 37
  • 38. AT A DINNER LAST MARCH… 1998 Gina Kolata, a veteran Times reporter, turned to Watson during dinner and asked something like ‘what’s new and important in cancer research?’ Watson said ‘Judah is going to cure cancer in two years’ 38
  • 39. May 4, 1998 To the Editors of the New York Times The cancer research of Judah Folkman and his colleagues (as reported by Gina Kolata, Sunday, May 3) is a remarkable step forward. But we shall not know whether angiostatin and endostatin will cure human cancers until they are tested in human beings. The history of cancer research is littered with promised treatments that raised people’s hopes, only for them to be dashed when treatments were put to the test. In the May 3 New York Times article, Ms. Kolata reported that I predicted that Judah Folkman would cure cancer in two years. My recollection of the conversation to which she refers, however, is quite different. What I told Ms. Kolata, at a dinner party six weeks ago, was that endostatin and angiostatin should be in clinical trials by the end of this year, and that we would know about one year after that whether they were effective This is the most exciting cancer research of my lifetime, and it gives us hope that a world without cancer may yet be attainable. Sincerely, James D. Watson 39 President Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
  • 40. AFTER WATSON’S LETTER Few days after articles debunking the notion of an imminent cancer cure appeared in the Los Angeles Times, the Boston Globe and the Washington Post The Times declined to publish a correction, but ran a carefully negotiated letter from Watson on 7 May, in which the Nobelist wrote that ‘my recollection of the conversation [with Kolata]… is quite different’ from the printed version 40
  • 41. NATURE BIOTECHNOLOGY JUNE 2009 Bubela et al. The media not only influence public perceptions but also shape and reflect the policy debate Few decision are made by policymakers and 41 stakeholders without the media in mind
  • 42. THE LANCET, 2002 The doctor’s role in advocacy Richard Horton Doctor cannot assume that they have either the trust of the public or the support of governments unless they are willing to take part in the public debate about what kind of society they want 42
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  • 45. We politicians - concluded Hillary Clinton - we absolutely need you. What we also need are partnerships between the government and academic and research institutions But you institutions. scientists have to raise your voice and stand up for science, you should participate in the debate personally 45
  • 46. These slides are belonging to Giuseppe Remuzzi M.D. Remuzzi, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Bergamo, Italy. Using these slides is only authorized by mentioning the source 46