Leadership styles myanmar translation final edition18 jun2012
- 2. 2
aus;Zl;wifvTm
ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJwGif pdwftm;xufoefpGm yg0ifcJhMuonfh jynfwGif;tzGJUtpnf;rsm;rS acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh
'kwd,tqifh acgif;aqmifrsm;tm; zGHUjzdK;a&;r@dKiftzGJUrS vdIufvSJpGmaus;Zl;wif&Sdygonf/ okawoe tcsuf
tvufrsm;aumuf,l&mwGif tm;MudK;rmefwufaqmif&GufcJhonfh? &wemharwåmtzGJU? Knowledge Development
Network ? Gender Development Initiative ESifh Stetson University wdkYrS apwemh0efxrf;ulnDcJholrsm; tygt0if
okawoetzGJUwpfzGJUvHk;udkvnf; txl;yifaus;Zl;wif&Sdygonf/
þokawoerS awGU&Sdcsufrsm;onf jrefrmh&yf&GmtajcjyKvlrItzGJUtpnf;wGif;&Sd jynfwGif;tpdk;&r[kwfaom
tzGJUtpnf;rsm;ü usifhoHk;vsuf&Sdonfh acgif;aqmifrIyHkpHrsm;udk xif[yfvsuf&Sdygonf/ þpmwrf;wGif
azmfjyxm;onfh tMuHjyKcsufrsm;onf jrefrmEdkifiHü vlom;csif;pmemonfhvkyfief;rsm; aqmif&GufaeolwdkY tem*wf
acgif;aqmifrItavhtxrsm;tay: aumif;usKd;oufa&mufaprnf[k ,HkMunfrdygonf/
- 4. 4
rmwdum
aus;Zl;wifvTm.............................................................2
twkdaumufpmvHk;rsm;pm&if; ....................................................6
pmwrf;tusOf;csKyf ..........................................................8
1/ ed'gef;ESifhaemufcHtajctae .................................................12
1.1. ed'gef;...........................................................12
1.2. aemufcHtajctae ..................................................12
2/ okawoe enf;em .......................................................13
3/ t"du awGU&Sdcsufrsm; .....................................................15
3.1. avhvmrIwGif yg0ifcJhonfhtzGJUtpnf;rsm; tzGJUtpnf;qdkif&m tcsuftvufrsm; ............16
3.2. okawoewGifyg0ifcJhonfh tzGJUtpnf;rsm; tkyfcsKyfrIyHkpH...........................19
3.3. t&yfzufvlrItzGJUtpnf;rsm;rS acgif;aqmifrsm;tay:avhvmcsuf .....................20
3.4. t&yfzufvlrItzGJUtpnf;rsm;wGifawGU&Sd&onfh acgif;aqmifrIyHkpHrsm; (rdrdudk,fudkqef;ppfcsufESifh 0efxrf;
rsm;tjrifudk EdIif;,SOfavhvmjcif;) .............................................23
3.5. jynfwGif;tzGJUtpnf;rsm;twGuf pHerlemacgif;aqmifrIyHkpH ...........................29
3.6. EkdifiHawmfwnfaqmuf&mwGif vlrIa&;tzGJUtpnf;rsm;rS acgif;aqmifrsm; tcef;u@ .........30
4/ ed*Hk;csKyfESifh tMuHjyKcsufrsm; ..................................................32
4.1. tzGJUtpnf;tqifhwGif t&yfbufvlUtzGJtpnf;rS acgif;aqmifrsm;tcef;u@ .............32
4.2. EdkifiHawmfwnfaqmufa&;wGif t&yfbufvlUtzGJtpnf;rSacgif;aqmifrsm; tcef;u@ ........33
aemufqufwGJ 1 - ppfwrf;ar;cGef;vTmyHkpH (1) ESifh (2)....................................34
aemufqufwGJ 2 - FGD ESifh IDI vrf;nTefrsm;.........................................42
- 6. 6
twkdaumufpmvHk;rsm;pm&if;
BOD 'g½dkufwmtzGJU
CBO &yf&GmtajcjyKtzGJUtpnf;
CSO t&yfbufvlrItzGJUtpnf;
EC tvkyftrIaqmiftzGJU
EQ pdwfcHpm;rIÓPf&nf
FGD OD;wnftkyfpkESifhaqG;aEG;jcif;
HSE usef;rma&;? ab;uif;vHkjcHKa&;ESifh ywf0ef;usifa&;&m
IQ ÓPf&nf
JD tvkyfwm0efazmfjycsuf
KII t"duusonfh owif;tcsuftvufay;Ekdifolrsm;ESifh awGUqHkaqG;aEG;jcif;
LNGO jynfwGif; tpdk;&r[kwfaom tzGJUtpnf;^ jynfwGif;vlrItzGJUtpnf;
NGO tpdk;&r[kwfaom tzGJUtpnf;^ vlrItzGJUtpnf;
PwD roefpGrf;olrsm;
SMT tBuD;wef;pDrHcefYcGJa&;tzGJU
- 8. 8
pmwrf;tusOf;csKyf
tzGJUtpnf;wpfck atmifjrifrIESifh a&&SnfwnfwHhrIonf acgif;aqmifrIyHkpHay:wGif rlwnfaeygonf/
jrefrmEkdifiH 'Drdkua&pDtoGiful;ajymif;a&;jzpfpOfü acgif;aqmifrsm;tcef;u@rSm tvGefta&;ygygonf/
txl;ojzifh? 'Drdkua&pDpepfjzpfxGef;vmatmif taxmuftuljyKrnfh &yf&GmtajcjyK vlrItodkif;t0dkif;wpf&yf
yDjyifpGmay:aygufvma&;twGuf rsm;pGmta&;ygygonf/ odkYaomf? jrefrmEdkifiH &yf&GmtajcjyK vlrItzGJUtpnf;
rsm;wGif usifhoHk;aeonfhacgif;aqmifrIyHkpHrsm;udk pepfwusavhvmxm;jcif;r&Sdao;yg/ xdkYaMumifh? jrefrmh &yf&Gm
tajcjyK vlrItzGJUtpnf;rsm;wGif usihfoHk;aeonfh acgif;aqmifrIyHkpHtrsKd;rsKd;udkavhvm&efESifh? jrefrmEdkifiH
&yf&GmtajcjyK vlrIttodkif;t0kdif;wpf&yfvHk; ydkrdkzGHUjzdK;pnfyifvmapa&;twGuf vlrItzGJUtpnf;rsm;rS acgif;aqmif
rsm;ESifh oufqdkifonfhtzGJUtpnf;rsm;tm; tMuHjyKcsufrsm;ay;&eftvdkYiSm þokawoeudkjyKvkyfcJhjcif;jzpfonf/
okawoe yxrydkif;ü tpdk;&t[kwfonfhtzGJUtpnf;rsm;? ,HkMunfrItajcjyKtzGJUtpnf;rsm;ESifh &yf&Gm
tajcjyKtzGJUtpnf;rsm; (CBO) pHkvifpGmyg0ifonfh t&yfbufvlrItzGJUtpnf; 32 ckrS acgif;aqmifrsm;tm;
zdwfac:í ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJwpfck jyKvkyfum ppfwrf;aumuf,lcJhygonf/ ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJwGif aumuf,l&&SdcJhonfh
tcsuftvufrsm;tm; twnfjyKEdkif&ef? acgif;aqmifrIqdkif&mudpörsm;ESifh ywfoufítawGUtMuHK &ifhusufolrsm;ESifh
wpfOD;csif; awGUqHkaqG;aEG;rIrsm; (KII) jyKvkyfjyD;? jynfwGif;tzJGUtpnf; 17 zGJUrS 'kwd,tqifhacgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh
tkyfpkvkduf aqG;aEG;yGJrsm; (FGD) jyKvkyfcJhygonf/
t"duawGU&Sdcsufrsm;
tzGJUtpnf;qdkif&m tcsuftvufrsm;
tzGJUtpnf;qkdif&m tcsuftvufrsm; today;ajymMum;onfh tzGJUtpnf; 20 teuf wpf0ufrSm 2000
ckESpfrS 2008 ckESpftwGif; pwifzGJUpnf;cJhjcif;jzpfonf/ tcsKdUrSmrl 1948 ckESpfESifh 1999 ckESpfMum;wGif
pwifay:aygufvmcJhjyD;? 1948 ckESpfrwdkifrDuwnf;u pwifxlaxmifcJhonfh tzGJUtpnf;tcsKdUvnf;&Sdygonf/
þokawoewGifyg0ifonfh ,HkMunfrItajcjyKtzGJUtpnf;rsm;qdkvQif 1948 ckESpfrwdkifrDuwnf;u pwifxlaxmif
cJhjcif;jzpfonf/
þokawoewGifyg0ifcJhonfh jynfwGif;tzGJUtpnf;pkpkaygif; 85 &mcdkifEIef;rSm &efukeftajcpdkuf tzGJU
tpnf;rsm;jzpfaomaMumifh ¤if;wdkY pDrHudef;trsm;pkrSmvnf; &efukefwdkif;a'oMuD;twGif;wGif &Sdygonf/ 'kwd,
pDrHudef;trsm;qHk;a'orSm {&m0wDwdkif;a'oMuD;jzpfjyD; jynfwGif;tzGJUtpnf;rsm; 65 &mcdkifEIef;cefYyif þa'owGif;
ü pDrHudef;rsm; taumiftxnfazmfvsuf&Sdygonf/ onfhaemufwGifrS &Srf;jynfe,f? rEÅav;wkdif;a'oMuD;ESifh
yJcl;wdkif;a'oMuD;wdkYu pDrHudef;ta&twGuf trsm;rStenf;odkY tpDtpOftwdkif; &SdMuygonf/ ¤if;tzGJU 20 teuf
85 &mckdifEIef;wGif tzGJU zGJUpnf;yHktajccHpnf;rsOf;&SdjyD;? 25 &mcdkifEIef;aom tzGJUrsm;rSmrl pDrHudef;udktajccHí
zGJUpnf;xm;jcif;jzpfaMumif; ¤if;wdkY tzGJUtpnf;qkdif&mtcsuftvufrsm;t& od&Sd&ygonf/ jynfwGif;tzGJUtpnf;
tm;vHk;ü b@ma&;ESifhpDrHcefYcGJrIXmersm;&Sdygonf/
acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifhywfoufonfh tcsuftvufrsm;
&yf&GmtajcjyK vlrItzGJUtpnf;rsm;wGif acgif;aqmifvkyfaeoltrsm;pkrSm bGJU&rsm; odkYr[kwf r[mbGJU
&jyD;olrsm; jzpfMuygonf/ jynfwGif;tzGJUtpnf; 60 &mcdkifEIef;cefY tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJUrsm;wGif trsKd;orD;
acgif;aqmifrsm;yg0ifaMumif; awGU&Sd&aomfvnf;? qHkjzwfcsufcs&mü ¤if;wdkYrnfonfhtwdkif;twmxd yg0ifonfudkrl
þokawoeu ravhvmEdkifcJhyg/
- 9. 9
jynfwGif;vlrItzGJUtpnf;rsm;tm; pwifxlaxmifcJholtrsm;pkonf xdkpOftcsdefrSpí ,aeYwdkif acgif;aqmif
&mxl;rsm; ,lxm;qJjzpfygonf/ c&pf,meftzGJUtpnf;rsm;ü rJqE´aumuf,ljyD; acgif;aqmifajr§mufaomfvnf;?
(bkef;MuD; ausmif;ESifhyl;wGJxm;onfh) Ak'¨bmom tzGJUtpnf;rsm;wGifrl ausmif;xdkifq&mawmfu ysHvGefawmfrlcsdefxd
tkyfcsKyfavh&Sdygonf/ q&mawmfysHvGefonfhtcg ¤if;&mxl;udk vufaxmufq&mawmfu tvdktavsmuf
cH,lygonf/
t&yfbufvlrItzGJUtpnf;rsm;wGif usihfoHk;aeonfh acgif;aqmifrIyHkpHrsm;
jrefrmt&yfbufvlrItzGJUtpnf;rsm;wGif t"duusifhoHk;vsuf&SdonfrSm 0efxrf;tm;vHk;oabmjzifh pDrHcefYcGJ
onfh acgif;aqmifrIyHkpHjzpfonf[k ppfwrf;aumuf,lcsuft& od&Sd&aomfvnf;? jrefrmEdkifiH&Sd jynfwGif;tzGJUtpnf;
tawmfrsm;rsm;rSm acgif;aqmifwpfOD; wpfudk,fawmf OD;aqmifrIatmufwGif vnfywfaejcif;jzpfaMumif;?
&yf&GmtajcjyKvlrItzGJUtpnf;rsm; (CBO) ESifh tpdk;&t[kwfaom tzGJUtpnf; (NGO) tawmfrsm;rsm;rSm aumif;pGm
rzGHUjzdK;ao;jcif;aMumifh qHk;jzwfp&m udpörSeforQ acgif;aqmif wpfa,mufwnf;u 'dkifcHqHk;jzwfae&jcif;jzpfaMumif;
tao;pdwfaqG;aEG;rI&v'frsm;u nTefjyaeygonf/
xdkYaMumifh jrefrmt&yfbufvlrItzGJUtpnf;rsm;ü wpfOD;wnf;oabmjzifh tkyfcsKyfonfhyHkpHudk trsm;tjym;
awGU&Sd&onf[k 0g&ifhjynfwGif;tMuHay;yk*¾dKvfwpfOD;u qdkygonf/ xdkodkYaom acgif;aqmifrsm;onf rdrdod&Sdxm;onfh
tcsuftvufrsm;udk tjcm;0efxrf;rsm;tm; todray;vdkMuyg/ ¤if;wdkYonf rdrd0efxrf;rsm; tvkyftm;rtm;?
vkyfEdkifpGrf;&Sdr&Sd ppfaq;ar;jref;jcif;rjyKbJ aemufqHk;tcsdefwGifuyfí nTefMum;csufrsm; ay;avh&Sdygonf/
¤if;wdkYonf ½Hk;wGif;rS t"du wm0efrsm;xuf ½Hk;jyifyvkyfief;rsm;tm; vkyfudkif&onfudk ydkíESpfoufwwfygonf/
&v'fum; atmufajc0efxrf;rsm; vkyfief;tcsdefrDjyD;pD;atmif raqmif&GufEdkifjcif;yif jzpfygonf/ xdkYjyif? tpdk;&
r[kwfaom tzGJUtpnf;rsm;rS acgif;aqmiftrsm;pkrSm txdef;tuGyfavsmh&Jjcif;udk tzGJU0ifrsm;oabmus pDrH
tkyfcsKyfjcif;[k rSm;,Gif;rSwf,laeMuaMumif; tqdkygtMuHay;yk*¾dKvfuyif axmufjyygonf/
jrefrm t&yfbufvlrItzGJUtpnf;rsm;u arQmfrSef;xm;onfhacgif;aqmifrIyHkpH
jynfwGif;tzGJUtpnf;rsm;rSvli,f0efxrf;rsm;u ]awmf}onfhacgif;aqmif(vlawmf)xuf ]aumif;}onfh
acgif;aqmif(vlaumif;) atmufwGiftvkyfvkyfvdkMuonf/ wpfcsKdUaom awmfonfhacgif;aqmifrsm;onf
tzGJUtpnf;twGuf trSefwu,fESpfjr§KyfvkyfudkifrIr&SdaMumif;? wpfcgwpf&Hü tzGJUpdwf"mwfudkyif ysufjym;ap
wwfaMumif; jynfwGif;tzGJUrsm;u axmufjyMuonf/ jynfwGif;tzGJUtpnf;rsm;ESifh ydkíoifhawmfonfrSm
aumif;onfhacgif;aqmifrsm;jzpfonf/ taMumif;rSm ¤if;wdkYonftzGJUtpnf;ESifhywfoufí em;vnfrIydk&SdjyD;? tusKd;
cHpm;cGifh&Sdolrsm; vdktyfcsufa&m? tzGJUaumif;usKd;twGufyg ydkíjznfhqnf;ay;EdkifaomaMumifhjzpfonf/ jynfwGif;
tpdk;&r[kwfaomtzGJUtpnf;trsm;pkonf tzGJUrl0g'ESifhvkyfxHk;vkyfenf;rsm; csrSwf&mwGif tm;enf;Muonf/
acgif;aqmifajymif;vQif tzGJUpepfvnf; ajymif;oGm;wwfonf/ tajymif;tvJrsm; rMumcPjzpfvQif 0efxrf;rsm;
pdwfaxGjym;jyD;? vHkjcHKpdwfcs&rIr&SdouJhodkY cHpm;vm&Edkifonf/
jrefrmt&yfbufvlrItzGJUtpnf;rsm;rS 0efxrf;rsm;u acgif;aqmifaumif;qdkonfrSm aemufvkdufaumif;
vnf; jzpf&rnf[kqdkMuonf/ taMumif;rSm tzGJUpepftwdkif; aumif;pGmvdkufemaqmif&GufwwfrSom
acgif;aqmifaumif;jzpfEdkifonf[k ,lqMuaomaMumifhjzpfonf/ rsKd;qufopf0efxrf;rsm;u acgif;aqmifaumif;
qdkonfrSm ½dk;om;&rnf? tzGJUtay: yGifhvif;rI&Sd&rnf[kqdkygonf/ acgif;aqmifonf rdrdvufatmufcH 0efxrf;
rsm;tm; ,HkMunfpdwfcspGmwm0efcGJa0ay;jcif;jzifh ¤if;wdkYpGrf;&nfrsm; jrifhwufvmapoifhygonf/
- 10. 10
tMuHjyKcsufrsm;
tzGJUtpnf;tqifhwGif t&yfbufvlrItzGJUtpnf;rsm;rS acgif;aqmifrsm;tcef;u@
EdkifiHawmf tkyfcsKyfa&;pepfudk 'Drdkua&pDtoGifodkY ul;ajymif;aecsdefü t&yfbufvlrItzGJUtpnf;rsm;rS
acgif;aqmifrsm;uvnf; 'Drdkua&pDqefaom acgif;aqmifrIyHkpHudk udkifpGJjcif;jzifh wpfzufwpfvrf;rS taxmuftul
jyKEdkifygonf/ acgif;aqmifrsm;onf tzGGJUtpnf;&nfrSef;csufrsm; jynfh0atmifaqmif&Guf&mü jynfolvlxk
vdktyfcsufrsm;udk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;oifhygonf/
a&S;OD;pGm? acgif;aqmifonf rdrdacgif;aqmifrIyHkpHrSm rnfonfhyHkpHrsKd;jzpfonf? þyHkpHü rnfonfh
tm;enf;csuf? tm;omcsuffrsm;&Sdonfudk od&Sdxm;&rnfjzpfonf/ odkYrSom? rdrd acgif;aqmifrIyHkpHudk ydkrdkaumif;
rGefatmif jyKjyifEdkifrnfjzpfonf/ jrefrmh]pH} t&qdkaomf acgif;aqmifaumif;wpfa,mufwGif&Sdtyfonfh yifudk,f
t&nftcsif; 6 &yf&Sdygonf/ ¤if;wdkYrSm- (1) udk,fydkiftpGrf;tp (2) Edk;Mum;wuf<urI (3) pmemwwfrI (4) pdwf&Snf
onf;cHwwfrI (5) w&m;rQwjyD; n§mwmaxmufxm;wwfrIESifh (6) tajr§mftjrif&SdrI wdkYyifjzpfonf/ (]]xMuG? Edk;Mum;?
oem;? oD;cH? a0zef? axmuf&I þajcmufck? BuD;olwdkU0efwm}} [laom em,u*kPfajcmufyg;tm; &nfnTef;onf/)
jrefrmt&yfbufvlrItzGJUtpnf;rS acgif;aqmifrsm;taejzifh txufazmfjyyg t&nftaoG;rsm;ESifh jynfhpHkatmif
MudK;pm;jcif;jzifh rdrdtzGJU&Sd0efxrf;rsm;twGufa&m? tusKd;cHpm;cGifh&Sdonfh jynfolvlxkxHrSyg ½dkao av;pm;jcif;?
,HkMunfjcif;rsm;udk &&Sdrnfjzpfonf/ 0g&ifhtMuHay;yk*¾dKvftqdkt&? acgif;aqmifÓPf&nfonf tvGefYtvGef
rjrifhrm;onfhwdkif aemufvdkufrsm;xufawmh omzdkYvdkonf/ xdkYtwl? ol^olr pdwfcHpm;rI? pdwfydkif;qdkif&mESifh
½kyfydkif;qdkif&m ÓPf&nfrsm;vnf; olwumxuf omae&rnfjzpfonf/ tqdkygt&nftaoG;rsm;ESifh jynfhpHkonfh
acgif;aqmifonf tjcm;olrsm;tm; trdefYtmPmoHk;p&mrvdkbJ t&nftcsif;ESifh vTrf;rdk;Edkifrnfjzpfygonf/
acgif;aqmifonf tod^twwfynm topfrsm;oif,lavhvmvdkpdwf&Sd&rnfjzpfonf/
EdkifiHawmfwnfaqmufa&;wGif t&yfbufvlrItzGJUtpnf;rS acgif;aqmifrsm;tcef;u@
'Drkdua&pDtoGif ul;ajymif;&mü? t&yfbufvlrItzGJUtpnf;rsm;rSacgif;aqmifrsm;onf toif;tzGJUrsm;
cdkifrmpGmjzpfxGef;vmatmif? vlrIa&;pnf;vHk;rI ydkrdk&&Sdvmatmif vlxkudktultnDay;&mwGif ta&;ygaom
tcef;u@rS yg0ifaeygonf/
tmPmydkifrsm; tcGifhtmPmudktvGJoHk;pm; jyKvkyfjcif;r&SdaMumif;? 'Drdkua&pDenf;vrf;usonfhtkyfcsKyfyHk
tavhtxrsm; ydkrdkjzpfxGef;vmaprnfhpepfwpf&yfodkY ul;ajymif;aeaMumif;? t&yfbufvlrItzGJUtpnf;rsm;rS
acgif;aqmifrsm;u aocsmatmifapmifhMunfh&ygrnf/ EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifrsm;? tpdk;&t&m&Sdrsm; vkyfykdif
cGifhtmPmudk apmifhMunfh? ppfaq;? xdef;uGyfEdkifrnfhenf;vrf;rsm;udkvnf; &SmazGMu&ygrnf/ tmPm
tvGJoHk;pm;jyKvkyfrIrsm;tm; jynfolvlxku od&SdowdjyKrdvmatmifvnf; EdI;aqmf&ygrnf/
acgif;aqmifonf? owif;tcsuftvufrsm;tm; vGwfvyfpGmod&SdcGifh&&Sda&;twGuf aqmfMopnf;½Hk;onfh
twwfESifhvnf; jynfhpHk&rnfjzpfonf/
'Drdkua&pDenf;vrf;us yg0ifaqmif&Gufjcif;onf rdrdukd,fudkrdrd od&Sdem;vnfapEdkif? zGHUjzdK;wdk;wuf
apEdkifonfh enf;vrf;aumif;wpfckjzpfygonf/ t&yfbufvlrItzGJUtpnf;rsm;rS acgif;aqmifrsm;onf
'Drdkua&pD EdkifiHom;rsm;tcGifhta&;ESifhwm0efudkod&Sdem;vnfxm;&ygrnf/ MuHKawGUcHpm;ae&onfh jyóem
wlolcsif; twlyl;aygif;í ajz&Sif;wwfvmatmif? rl0g'a&;&mESifh vlxkjyóem jiif;cHkaqG;aEG;yGJrsm;ü
rdrdtjrifudkwifjywwfvmatmifvnf; EdkifiHom;rsm;tm; pGrf;&nfjr§ifhwifay;&ygrnf/
- 12. 12
1/ ed'gef;ESifhaemufcHtajctae
1.1. ed'gef;
EdkifiHawmfor®wMuD; OD;odef;pdef? rwfv 1 &ufaeYu EdkifiHokdYrdefYcGef;a>c&mü? 2010 taxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJ
tjyD;wGif tmPm&&Sdvmonfh tpdk;&tzGJUopf wpfESpfwmtwGif; aqmif&GufjyD;pD;rItESpfcsKyfudk jynfolodkY
wifjycJhonf/ tqdkygrdefYcGef;ü EdkifiH vlrIa&;? pD;yGm;a&;tajctaersm; wdk;wufatmifaqmif&Guf&mwGif
t&yfbufvlrItzGJUtpnf;rsm;tcef;u@rSm tvGefta&;ygaMumif; xyfwvJvJ xnfhoGif;ajymMum;oGm;cJhonf/
þonfrSm jynfwGif;vlrItzGJUtpnf;rsm;rS acgif;aqmifrsm;twGuf tvGefyiftcgtcGifhoifhonfh todtrSwfjyK
cH&rIESifh tm;ay;rIwpfckyif jzpfygonf/
jrefrmht&yfbufvlrItzGJUtpnf;tm; OD;aqmifOD;&GufjyKaeolrsm; tcef;u@rSm tvGefyifta&;MuD;
vSygonf/ ¤if;wdkYonf jrefrmht&yfbufvlrItzGJUtpnf; zGHUjzdK;pnfyifa&;ESifh a&&SnfwnfwHha&;twGuf tvGef
ta&;ygonfh vkyfief;tjrif^ vrf;aMumif; csrSwfay;aeolrsm;jzpfygonf/ t&yfbufvlrItzGJUtpnf;vIyf&Sm;rIMuD;
a&SUodkYcsDwufEdkifa&;twGuf vdktyfvSonfh tajymif;tvJazmfaqmifrnfhacgif;aqmifrI ay;aeolrsm;vnf; jzpfyg
onf/
1.2. aemufcHtajctae
jrefrmht&yfbufvlrItzGJUtpnf; acgif;aqmifrIyHkpHrsm;udk avhvmonfhtcg? ]]vlrItzGJUtpnf;rsm;rS
acgif;aqmifrsm; t"duusihfoHk;aeonfh acgif;aqmifrIyHkpHrsm;rSmtb,fenf;}} qdkonfhar;cGef;udk xkwfcJhygonff/
xdktar;udk ajzqdkEdkifzdkY&m? a&G;cs,fusifhoHk;Edkifonfh acgif;aqmifrIyHkpHtrsKd;rsKd;&SdaMumif;? acgif;aqmifwpfa,muf
yDyDjyifjyif jzpfxGef;vmap&ef yHkpHtrsKd;rsKd;jzifhtkyfcsKyfwwf&rnfjzpfaMumif; em;vnfxm;zdkYvdkonf/ tajctaeay:
rlwnfí yHkpHtrsKd;rsKd;jzifh tkyfcsKyfEdkifonf/ nTefMum;csufay;yHk? vkyfief;tpDtpOfrsm;tm; taumiftxnfazmfyHkESifh
0efxrf;rsm; pdwf"mwfwuf<uatmifEdI;aqmfonfhyHkpHrsm;u vlwpfa,mufacgif;aqmifrIyHkpHudk yHkazmfay;ygonf/
yHkrSeftm;jzifh acgif;aqmifrIyHkpHtay: oufa&mufrI&Sdonfh tcsufav;csuf&Sdygonf/ ¤if;wddkYrSm (1) acgif;aqmif
yifudkp½dkuf (2) 0efxrf;rsm;yifudkp½dkuf (3) tvkyfwm0eftrsKd;tpm;ESifh (4) ywf0ef;usiftajctaewdkYyif
jzpfonf/ þokawoe &nf&G,fcsufrSm jrefrmEdkifiH&Sdt&yfbufvlUabmif (civil society)
1
rS acgif;aqmifrsm;
usihfoHk;aeonfh acgif;aqmifrIyHkpHtrsKd;rsKd;udk avhvm&efjzpfygonf/ acgif;aqmifrIyHkpH trsKd;rsKd; tm;omcsuf?
tm;enf;csufrsm;ESifh tzGJUtpnf;rsm; vkyfief;aqmif&Gufcsufrsm; xda&mufatmifjrifrI? uRrf;usifrIESifh a&&Snf
wnfwHhEdkifrItay: pDrHcefYcGJrIyHkpH? tkyfcsKyfrIyHkpHESifh tzGJUtpnf;wGif;,Ofaus;rI ponfwdkY tusKd;oufa&mufyHkudk
ppfwrf;aumuf,lavhvmcJhjcif;jzpfygonf/
þokawoe &nfrSef;csufrsm;rSm –
jrefrmEdkifiH&Sd t&yfbufvlrItzGJUtpnf;tcsKdUwGif usifhoHk;vsuf&Sdonfh acgif;aqmifrIyHkpHrsm;udk azmfxkwf&ef/
1
okawoetzGJUtpnf;MuD; tawmfrsm;rsm;u zGifhqdkxm;onfh civil society t"dyÜg,fudk urÇmhbPfu vufcHoHk;pGJvsuf &Sdygonf/
]]Civil society (t&yfbufvlUabmif) qdkonfrSm vlrItodkif;t0dkif;wpfck usifh0wf? ,Ofaus;rI? EdkifiHa&;? odyÜH? bmoma&; odkYr[kwf
y&[dwtav;xm;rIrsm;wGiftajccHí jzpfxGef;vmaom qE´ESifhwefzdk;xm;rIrsm;udkazmfjyvsuf vlxkMum;wGif vkyfudkifaeonfh
tpdk;&r[kwfaom? tjrwftpGef;twGufr[kwfaom tzGJUtpnf;rsm;jzpfonf/ t&yfbufvlrItzGJUtpnf; (Civil society
organizations) qdkonfrSm &yf&GmwGif;rStzGJUtpnf;rsm;? tpdk;&r[kwfaom tzGJUtpnf;rsm;? tvkyform;tzGJUtpnf;rsm;?
a'ocHwkdif;&if;om;tzGJUrsm;? ukodkvfjzpftzGJUtpnf;rsm;? ,HkMunfrIudktajccHonfh tzGJUtpnf;rsm;? twwfynm&SiftzGJUtpnf;rsm;ESifh
azmifa';&Sif;rsm;udk qdkvdkygonf/}}
- 13. 13
jrefrmht&yfbufvlUabmifudk OD;aqmifOD;&GufjyKaeolrsm; t"duusifhoHk;vsuf&Sdonfh acgif;aqmifrIyHkpH
rsm;udk avhvm&ef/
tjcm; acgif;aqmifrIyHkpHrsm;tm; toHk;csEdkifrnfhenf;vrf;rsm; &SmazGazmfxkwf&ef/
acgif;aqmifrIyHkpHtrsKd;rsKd; tm;omcsuf? tm;enf;csufrsm;ESifh? tzGJUtpnf;wdk;wufrItay: acgif;aqmifrI
yHkpHtrsKd;rsKd; tusKd;oufa&mufyHkudk pdppfavhvm&ef/
2/ okawoe enf;em
þokawoetm; ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJtoGifjzifh jyKvkyfcJhjyD;? OD;wnftkyfpkESifhaqG;aEG;jcif; (FGD)ESifh t"du
usonfh owif;tcsuftvufay;Ekdifolrsm;ESifh awGUqHkaqG;aEG;jcif; (KII) rsm; jyKvkyfcJhygonf/ okawoe yxrydkif;
tjzpf? vlrItzGJUtpnf;rsm;? ,HkMunfrItajcjyKtzGJUtpnf;rsm;ESifh &yf&GmtajcjyKtzGJUtpnf;rsm; (CBO) pHkvifpGm
yg0ifonfh t&yfbufvlUabmiftzGJUtpnf; 32 ckrS acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJwpfckudk zGHUNzdK;a&;r@dKiftzGJUrS
OD;aqmifusif;ycJhygonf/ ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJudk acgif;aqmifrItaMumif; twdkcsKyfa[majymwifjyrIjzifh pwifcJhonf/
a[majymrItjyD;ü ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJodkY wufa&mufvmolrsm;tm; acgif;aqmifrIyHkpHudk ppfwrf;aumuf,lonfh
ar;cGef;vTmESpfapmif ajzqdkcdkif;cJhonf/
tqdkyg ppfwrf;ar;cGef;vTmrsm;udk toHk;jyKí jrefrmht&yfbufvlrItzGJUtpnf;rsm;tm; OD;aqmifOD;&Guf
jyKaeolrsm; acgif;aqmifrIyHkpHrsm;udk rdk',f (model) ESpfckjzifhavhvmcJhonf/ yxr rdk',fudktoHk;jyKí t"du
acgif;aqmifrI yHkpHoHk;rsKd;udk cGJjcm;avhvmcJhonf/ ¤if;wdkYrSm -
1. tmPm&Sifqefaom acgif;aqmifrIyHkpH
2. 0efxrf;tm;vHk;oabmjzifh pDrHcefYcGJonfh acgif;aqmifrIyHkpH
3. wm0efcGJa0ay;onfh acgif;aqmifrIyHkpH
'kwd,rdk',fudktoHk;jyKí tzGJUtpnf;acgif;aqmifrsm;tm; trsKd;tpm; 5 rsKd;cGJjcm;avhvmcJhygonf/
¤if;wdkYrSm -
1. tmPm&Sifqefaomacgif;aqmif - vkyfief;aqmif&GufrItydkif;wGif tm;oefaomfvnf;? 0efxrf;
rsm;tm; udkifwG,fqufqH&mwGif tm;enf;onfhacgif;aqmif/
2. trsm;ESifhoifhjrwfaomfvnf; vkyfief;ydkif;ütm;enf;aomacgif;aqmif - 0efxrf;rsm;ESifh xdawGU
qufqH&mwGif tqifacsmaomfvnf;? vkyfief;aqmif&GufrItydkif;wGif tm;enf;onfhacgif;aqmif/
3. bufpHktm;enf;aomacgif;aqmif - vkyfief;ydkif;a&m? qufqHa&;yg nHhzsif;onfhacgif;aqmif
4. acgif;aqmifaumif; - vkyfief;ydkif;a&m? 0efxrf;rsm;ESifh qufqHa&;yg xl;cRefaumif;rGefonfh
acgif;aqmif
5. tv,ftvwf acgif;aqmif
ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJ jyKvkyfpOfumvtwGif;? wufa&mufvmMuonfh tzGJUacgif;aqmifrsm;onf okawoe
ar;cGef;vTmyg tcsuftvufrsm;udkajzqkdjyD; rdrdwkdYacgif;aqmifrIyHkpHudk udk,fwdkifqef;ppfcJhMuonf/ ppfwrf;
aumuf,l&&Sdonfh tcsuftvufrsm;tm; twnfjyKEdkif&ef acgif;aqmifrItawGUtMuHK &ifhusufol ESpfOD;ESifh KII
ESpfMudrfjyKvkyfcJhonf/ xdkYjyif? jynfwGif;rlrItzGJUtpnf; 17 zGJUrS 'kwd,tqifhacgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh tkyfpkvdkufaqG;aEG;yGJ
ESpfMudrf jyKvkyfcJhygonf/
- 16. 16
3/ t"du awGU&Sdcsufrsm;
3.1. avhvmrIwGif yg0ifcJhonfhtzGJUtpnf;rsm; tzGJUtpnf;qdkif&m tcsuftvufrsm;
avhvmrIwGifyg0ifcJhonfhtzGJUtpnf;rsm; pwifwnfaxmifcJhonfhckESpf tzGJUtpnf; &mcdkifEIef;
1948 rwdkifrD 10%
1948 ESifh 1999 ckESpfMum; 30%
2000 ESifh 2008 ckESpfMum; 50%
2008 (qdkifuvkef;em*pftjyD;) 10%
pkpkaygif; 100%
tzGJUta&twGuf = 20
okawoewGifyg0ifcJhonfh tzGJUtpnf; 32 zGJUteuf? tzGJU 20 uom tzGJUtpnf;qkdif&m tcsuf
tvufrsm;ESifh acgif;aqmifrIqdkif&m tcsuftvufrsm;udk today;cJhygonf/ xkdYaMumifh txufwGifazmfjy xm;onfh
tcsuftvufrsm;ESifh &mcdkifEIef;rsm;rSm ,if;tzGJU 20 ay:wGiftajccHí wGufcsufxm;jcif;jzpfygonf/ txufyg
Z,m;wGif azmfjyxm;onfhtwdkif;? þokawoewGifyg0ifonfh t&yfbufvlUabmiftzGJUtpnf;xuf0ufcefYrSm
2000 ckESpfrS 2008 ckESpftwGif; pwifzGJUpnf;cJhjcif;jzpfjyD;? 30 &mcdkifEIef;cefYrSmrl 1948 ckESpfrS 1999 ckESpftwGif;
ay:aygufvmcJhjcif;jzpfonf/ em*pfqdkifuvkef;tjyD;wGifrS ay:aygufvmcJhonfh tzGJUtpnf;[lí jynfwGif;
tzGJUtpnf;ESpfzGJUom þokawoewGif yg0ifygonf/ ,HkMunfrItajcjyKtzGJUtpnf;tm;vHk;yif a&S;ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm
uwnf;u zGJUpnf;cJhonfcsnf;jzpfonf/ jynfwGif;rS ,HkMunfrItajcjyKtzGJUtpnf;ESpfckqkdvQif 1948 ckESpfrwdkifrD
uwnf;u pwifxlaxmifcJhjcif;jzpfonf/ tcsuftvufrsm; today;ajymMum;onfh tzGJUtpnf; 20 teuf? 30
&mcdkifEIef; rSm ,HkMunfrItajcjyK tzGJUtpnf;rsm;jzpfjyD;? 60 &mckdifEIef;rSm tpdk;&r[kwfonfh tzGJUtpnf;rsm;jzpfonf/
usef 10 &mckdifEIef;rSmrl &yf&GmtajcjyKvlrItzGJUtpnf;rsm;jzpfonf/
þokawoewGifyg0ifcJhonfh jynfwGif;tzGJUtpnf;pkpkaygif; 85 &mcdkifEIef;rSm &efukeftajcpdkuf tzGJU
tpnf;rsm;jzpfjyD;? useftzGJUrsm;rSm {&m0wDwkdif;a'oMuD;? yJcl;wkdif;a'oMuD;? ucsifjynfe,f ponfha'orsm;wGif
pwifxlaxmifcJhonfh tzGJUrsm;jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh jynfwGif;tzGJUtpnf;trsm;pk pDrHudef;{&d,mrsm;rSm &efukef
wkdif;a'oMuD;twGif;wGif wnf&Sdygonf/ jrefrmEdkifiHü 'kwd, pDrHudef;trsm;qHk;a'orSm {&m0wDwdkif;a'oMuD;
jzpfonf/ jynfwGif;tzGJUtpnf;rsm; 65 &mcdkifEIef;cefYyif þa'owGif;ü pDrHudef;rsm; taumiftxnf azmfvsuf
&Sdygonf/ onfhaemufwGifrS &Srf;jynfe,f? rEÅav;wkdif;a'oMuD;ESifh yJcl;wdkif;a'oMuD;wdkYu pDrHudef;ta&twGuf
trsm;rStenf;odkY tpDtpOftwdkif;&SdMuygonf/
- 17. 17
jynfe,fESifhwdkif;a'oMuD;rsm;ü jynfwGif;vlrItzGJUtpnf;rsm; pDrHudef;{&d,mrsm; ysHUESHYwnf&SdaeyHk
pDrHudef;wnf&Sd&mae&m &mckdifEIef;jzifh
&efukefwkdif;a'oMuD; 85
{&mwDwkdif;a'oMuD; 65
&ckdifjynfe,f 40
rEÅav;wdkif;a'oMuD; 45
u&ifjynfe,f 35
yJcl;wkdif;a'oMuD; 45
weoFm&Dwkdif;a'oMuD; 10
u,m;jynfe,f 35
rGefjynfe,f 35
&Srf;jynfe,f 50
ucsifjynfe,f 35
csif;jynfe,f 30
ppfudkif;wkdif;a'oMuD; 5
rauG;wkdif;a'oMuD; 15
tzGJUta&twGuf = 20
0efxrf;wpfa,mufrS cefYrxm;bJ vkyftm;ay;rsm;ESifhcsnf; vnfywfaeonfh LNGO wpfzGJUrSvGJí?
useftzGJUtpnf;tm;vHk;vdkvdkü tcsdefjynfh0efxrf;rsm;a&m? tcsdefydkif;0efxrf;rsm;omru? toif;0if (members)
rsm;yg &SdMuygonf/ LNGO ESpfckwGifrl 0efxrf;rsm;om&SdjyD;? toif;0ifpepfr&Sdyg/
atmufygZ,m;ü jynfwGif;tzGJUtpnf;rsm;&Sd 0efxrf;ESifh toif;0ifOD;a&udk azmfjyxm;ygonf/ tjcm;
tzGJUtpnf;rsm;ESifhpmaomf c&pf,meftzGJUtpnf;rsm;ü toif;0ifOD;a&trsm;qHk;jzpfaMumif; awGU&Sd&onf/
toif;om;ta&twGuf 3000 rS 8000 txd&SdMuonf/ okawoewGifyg0ifonfh jynfwGif;tzGJUtpnf; tm;vHk;ü
zGJUpnf;yHkjyum;csyfrsm;&SdMuonf/ ¤if;wdkYteuf 85 &mcdkifEIef;ü tzGJU zGJUpnf;yHktajccHpnf;rsOf;&SdjyD;? 25 &mcdkifEIef;aom
tzGJUrsm;rSmrl pDrHudef;udktajccHí zGJUpnf;xm;jcif;jzpfaMumif; ¤if;wdkY tzGJUtpnf;qkdif&m tcsuftvufrsm;t&
od&Sd&ygonf/
- 18. 18
tzGJUtpnf;rsm;&Sd 0efxrf;ESifhtoif;om;OD;a&jyZ,m;
okawoewGifyg0ifcJhonfh tzGJUtpnf;rsm;ü atmufazmfjyyg XmecGJrsm;&SdMuonf-
vlUt&if;tjrpfXme
pDrHcefYcGJa&;Xme
apmifhMunfhppfaq;? tuJjzwfqef;ppfa&;Xme
wm0efcHrIqdkkif&mXme
b@ma&;Xme
axmufyhHydkYaqmifa&;Xme
owif;tcsuftvufenf;ynmXme
tqifhjrifh tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJUESifh tjcm;XmecGJrsm;
jynfwGif;tzGJUtpnf;tm;vHk;rSmyif b@ma&;Xmersm;&SdMujyD;? tzGJUtm;vHk;eD;yg;ü pDrHcefYcGJa&;Xme
&SdMuygonf/ roefpGrf;olrsm;ta&; tp&Sdonfh txl;udpö&yfrsm; aqmif&Gufaeonfh tzGJUtpnf;wpfcsKdUürl
oufqkdkkif&mudpö&yffrsm;tm;aqmif&Guf&ef txl;XmecGJrsm;xm;&SdMuygonf/ jynfwGif;vlrItzGJUtpnf;trsm;pkü
wm0efcHrIqkdif&mXmeESifh owif;tcsuftvufenf;ynmXmersm; rsm;aomtm;jzifh zGJUpnf;xm;avhr&Sdyg/ tzGJU
tpnf;wpfcküom txufazmfjyyg XmecGJtm;vHk;&Sdygonf/ awGUqHkar;jref;cJhonfh tzGJUtpnf;rsm; 25 &mcdkifEIef;ü
txufyg Xme 7 ckrS 8 ckxd&SdMuygonf/
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
မရွိပါ
<၁၀
၁၀ မွ ၂၀
၂၀ မွ ၅၀
၅၀ မွ ၁၀၀
၁၀၀<
၀န္ထမ္း
အဖြဲ႕၀င္
- 19. 19
okawoewGifyg0ifcJhonfh tzGJUtpnf;rsm;ü XmecGJrsm;zGJUpnf;xm;&SdyHk
XmecGJrsm;
tzGJUtpnf;
&mcdkifEIef;
XmecGJta&twGuf
tzGJUtpnf;
&mcdkifEIef;
vlUt&if;tjrpfXme 65 XmecGJ 2 ck 5
pDrHcefYcGJa&;Xme 95 XmecGJ 4 ck 15
apmifhMunfhppfaq;? tuJjzwfqef;ppfa&;Xme 80 XmecGJ 5 ck 20
wm0efcHrIqdkkif&mXme 65 XmecGJ 6ck 5
b@ma&;Xme 100 XmecGJ 7ck 25
axmufyhHydkYaqmifa&;Xme 70 XmecGJ 8 ck 25
owif;tcsuftvufenf;ynmXme 60 XmecGJ 9 ck 5
tqifhjrifh tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJU 80 tzGJUta&twGuf = 20
roefpGrf;olrsm;Xme 5
tzGJUta&twGuf = 20
3.2. okawoewGifyg0ifcJhonfh tzGJUtpnf;rsm; tkyfcsKyfrIyHkpH
þokawoewGifyg0ifcJhonfhtzGJUtpnf;tm;vHk;eD;yg;ü tvkyftrIaqmiftzGJUESifh tkyfcsKyfa&;bkwftzGJU
rsm;&Sdygonf/ ESpfq,f&mcdkifEIef; (tzGJU 4 zGJU)aom tzGJUtpnf;rsm;tm; acgif;aqmifwpfOD;wnf;u pDrHtkyfcsKyf
aejcif;jzpfaomfvnf; tzGJUtm;vHk;üyif zGJUpnf;yHkjyum;csyfrsm;&SdMuygonf/ okawoewGifyg0ifcJhonfh tzGJUtm;vHk;
eD;yg; (90 &mcdkifEIef;)u ¤if;wdkYtzGJUrsm;ü tpnf;ta0;jyKvkyfí qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;csrSwfonf[kajymMujyD;? 95
&mcdkifEIef;aomtzGJUrsm;ü 0efxrf;rsm;ESifh txuft&m&SdtzGJUwdkYyg0ifonfh tpnf;ta0;rsm; yHkrSefusif;yvsuf
&Sdygonf/ tzGJUtpnf; 10 ckü xdkuJhokdYaomtpnf;ta0;rsKd; vpOfjyKvkyfvsuf&SdjyD;? useftzGJUrsm;wGifrl tywfpOf?
ESpfvwpfMudrf? oHk;vwpfMudrfpojzifh jyKvkyfaeMuygonf/ xdkYjyif? pDrHudef;tpnf;ta0;? txuft&m&SdtzGJU
tpnf;ta0;? tkyfcsKyfa&;bkwftzGJUtpnf;ta0;ponfrsm;udkvnf; tzGJUrl0g'tvdkuf usif;yjyKvkyfvsuf
&SdMuygonf/ tzGJUtpnf;trsm;pkü 0efxrf;rsm;tm; tpnf;ta0;rSwfwrf;udkzwfMum;jyD; rSwfcsufcscGifh jyKygonf/
tzGJUtpnf;ydkifqkdifrIESifhywfoufíawGU&Sd&onfrSm? tzGJUtrsm;pkü w,fvDzkef;rsm;&SdMuaomfvnf;? tzGJU 10 zGJUvQif
6 zGJUom tifwmeufvdkif;qufoG,ftoHk;jyKEkdifygonf/ tzGJUtm;vHk; 30 &mcdkifEIef;ü zufpf &Sdygonf/ udk,fykdif
tifwmeufpmrsufESm&SdonfhtzGJUtpnf;[lí 5 &mcdkifEIef;om&Sdygonf/
3.2.1. LNGO rsm; rl0g'rsm;ESifh vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;rsm;
jynfwGif;vlrItzGJUtpnf;tm;vHk;eD;yg;rSmyif pDrHtkyfcsKyfrIqdkif&mrl0g'ESifh vlt&if;tjrpfqdkif&mrl0g'rsm;
&SdMuygonf/ tzGJUtrsm;pk (85 &mcdkifEIef;)ü b@ma&;qdkif&mrl0g' &SdMujyD;? 60 &mcdkifEIef;aom tzGJUrsm;ü ypönf;
0,f,la&;qkdif&mrl0g' xm;&SdMuygonf/ odkYaomf? trsKd;orD;rsm;ESifhuav;oli,frsm;ta&;udpö aqmif&Gufvsuf
&Sdonfh tzGJUtpnf;tenf;i,frSty usefrnfonfhtzGJUtpnf;wGifrS usm; r cGJjcm;qufqHrIESifh uav;oli,f tum
tuG,fay;a&;qdkif&mrl0g' r&SdMuyg/ tzGJUwpfzGJUü usef;rma&;? ab;tEÅ&m,fuif;&Sif;a&;ESifh ywf0ef;usif
qkdif&mrl0g' csrSwfxm;&Sdonfudk xl;xl;jcm;jcm; awGU&Sd&ygonf/ atmufygZ,m;wGifazmfjyxm;onfhtwdkif;?
txufazmfjyyg rl0g'ajcmufckvHk;&SdonfhtzGJU[lí wpfzGJUwnf;om &Sdygonf/
- 20. 20
jynfwGif;tzGJUtpnf;rsm;wGif csrSwfxm;onfhrl0g'ta&twGuf
tzGJUtpnf;wGif csrSwfxm;onfh
rl0g'ta&twGuf
tzGJUtpnf;
ta&twGuf
tzGJUtpnf;
&mcdkifEIef;
rl0g' ESpfck 4 20
rl0g' oHk;ck 5 25
rl0g' av;ck 6 30
rl0g' ig;ck 4 20
rl0g' ajcmufck 1 5
pkpkaygif; 20
tzGJUta&twGuf = 20
a,bktm;jzifh? jynfwGif;tzGJUtpnf;tm;vHk;ü 0efxrf;wdkif;twGuf tvkyfwm0efazmfjycsufrsm; a&;om;
csrSwfxm;ygonf/ xdkYjyif tzGJUtm;vHk;vdkvdkü 0efxrf;rsm;a&m? tvkyftrIaqmiftzGJU0ifrsm;twGufyg tajccH
usifh0wfpnf;urf;rsm; csrSwfxm;&Sdygonf/ jynfwGif;tzGJUtpnf;trsm;pkonf tvI&Sifrsm;xH aiGaMu; tpD&ifcHpmESifh
vkyfief;tpD&ifcHpm wifoGif;Edkifa&; (txufodkYwm0efcHrI) twGufom t"dutm½Hkxm;jyD;? tusKd;cHpm;cGifh&Sdolrsm;xH
owif;tcsuftvuf jzefYcsdtoday;rItydkif; (atmufodkYwm0efcHrI)ü tm;enf;aMumif; okawoeawGU&Sdcsufrsm;u
nTefjyaeygonf/
90 &mcdkifEIef;aomtzGJUtpnf;rsm;u ¤if;wdkYtzGJUrsm;ü tpnf;ta0;jyKvkyfí qHk;jzwfcsufcsrSwfonf[k
qdkMuaomfvnf;? ta&;ygonfhqHk;jzwfcsuftrsm;pkudkrl tkyfcsKyfa&;bkwftzGGJU0ifrsm;ESifh tqifhjrifhpDrHcefYcGJa&;tzGJU
odkYr[kwf nTefMum;a&;rSL;? OD;aqmifnTefMum;a&;rSL;? pDrHudef;nTefMum;a&;rSL;? tzGJUacgif;aqmif? tusKd;cHpm;cGifh
&Sdolrsm;tzGJUacgif;aqmif ponfh t&m&SdMuD;rsm;ujyKvkyfvsuf&Sdonf/ okawoewGifyg0ifcJhonfh tzGJUtpnf; 20
teuf wpfzGJUwGifom toif;om;rsm;rJcGJqHk;jzwfcsufjzifh tqHk;tjzwfrsm;jyKvkyfonfh tavhtx&SdaMumif;
awGU&ygonf/
3.3. t&yfzufvlrItzGJUtpnf;rsm;rS acgif;aqmifrsm;tay:avhvmcsuf
tydk'fcGJ 3.2 wGifazmfjyxm;onfhtwdkif;? tzGJUtpnf;trsm;pkü tkyfcsKyfa&;bkwftzGJUrsm;&SdMuonf jzpfí
jynfwGif;vlrItzGJUtpnf;rsm;taejzifh bkwftzGJU0ifrsm;ESifh acgif;aqmifrsm;taMumif; azmfjyEdkifMuygonf/
tkyfcsKyfa&; bkwftzGJUxm;&Sdonfh tzGJUtpnf;rsm;ü ysrf;rQtm;jzifh tzGJU0ifckESpfa,muf&Sdygonf/ tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJUü
usm;^r rQwpGmyg0ifygonf/ jynfwGif;tzGJUtpnf; 60 &mcdkifEIef;cefY tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJUrsm;wGif trsKd;orD;
acgif;aqmifrsm;yg0ifaMumif; awGU&Sd&ygonf/
touf 30 atmuft&G,f 0efxrf;wpfOD; tkyfcsKyfa&;bkwftzGJU0ifjzpfvmzdkYqdkonfrSm jrefrmht&yfbufvlrI
tzGJUtpnf;twGuf xl;jcm;jzpf&yfwpfck jzpfaeygao;onf/ bkwftzGJU0ifrsm; xuf0ufausmf (56 &mcdkifEIef;)rSm
touf 30 rS 59 ESpfMum;t&G,frsm;jzpfMuygonf/ bkwftzGJUwGif;ü touft&G,fMuD;olrsm;tm; &mxl;MuD;rsm;
ay;&rnf[k jrefrmh,Ofaus;rI"avhxHk;pHt& tm;vHk;rSwf,lvufcHxm;Muygonf/ bkwftzGJU0ifrsm; 29.2
&mcdkifEIef;rSm touf 60 ausmft&G,frsm;jzpfMuygonf/ atmufygZ,m;ü bkwftzGJU0ifrsm;tm; touft&G,f
tydkif;tjcm;tvdkuf cGJjcm;jyxm;ygonf/
- 21. 21
0.00 10.00 20.00 30.00 40.00 50.00 60.00
အသက္ ၆၀ ႏွင့္အထက္
အသက္ ၃၀ ေအာက္အရြယ္
အသက္ ၃၀ ႏွင့္ ၅၉ ၾကား
၂၉.၂၀ %
၁၅.၀၄ %
၅၅.၇၅ %
အုပ္ခ်ဳပ္ေရးဘုတ္အဖြဲ႕၀င္မ်ား၏ အသက္အပိုင္းအျခားမ်ား
bkwftzGJU0ifta&twGuf = 130
jynfwGif;vlrItzGJUtpnf;rsm;wGif wm0efxrf;aqmifaeonfh touft&G,fMuD;&ifholtrsm;pkrSm tpdk;&Xme
rsm;rS tjidrf;pm;,lvmMuolrsm;jzpfaMumif; tkyfpkvkdufaqG;aEG;yGJwGifyg0ifolrsm;u axmufjyMuygonf/ ¤if;wdkYrSm
A[dkOD;pD;pepfESifh tom;uscJholrsm;jzpfonfhtm;avsmfpGm tjcm;olrsm;xifjrifcsufrsm; awmif;cHraebJ rdrdbmom
qHk;jzwfcsufcs&onfudk ESpfoufolrsm;jzpfygonf/ tzGJUtpnf;rsm;rS t&m&SdMuD;rsm;onf wm0efcHrIESifh yGifhvif;
jrifomrI oabmw&m;rsm;udk em;vnfxm;zdkYvdkygonf/
jynfwGif;vlrItzGJUtpnf;rsm;acgif;aqmif 60 &mcdkifEIef;rSm bGJU&rsm;jzpfjyD;? r[mbGJU&olESifh a'gufwm
bGJU&ol tenf;i,fom&Sdygonf/ wpfcsKdUrSm q&m0efrsm;jzpfMuonf/ atmufygZ,m;ü jrefrmht&yfbufvlrItzGJU
tpnf;udk OD;aqmifOD;&GufjyKaeolrsm;tm; ynmt&nftcsif;tvdkuf cGJjcm;jyxm;ygonf/
jynfwGif;tzGJUtpnf;rsm;rS acgif;aqmifrsm; ynmt&nftcsif;rsm;
ynmt&nftcsif; acgif;aqmif&mcdkifEIef;
a'gufwmbGJU 0.83
r[mbGJU 8.33
½dk;½dk;bGJU 66.67
q&m0ef 7.5
tif*sifeD,m 0.83
a&SUae 1.67
"r®mp&d, 0.83
wuúodkvfausmif;om; 1.67
'Dyvdkrm 2.5
q,fwef;atmif 0.83
txufwef;ynm 4.17
tv,fwef;ynm 3.33
rlvwef;ynm 0.83
pkpkaygif; 100.00
acgif;aqmifOD;a& = 120
- 22. 22
၅၄.၆၃ %
၂၁.၃၀ %
၂၀.၃၇ %
၀.၉၃ %
၂.၇၈ %
0.00 10.00 20.00 30.00 40.00 50.00 60.00
၁ ႏွစ္ မွ ၅ ႏွစ္
၆ ႏွစ္ မွ ၁၀ ႏွစ္
၁၁ ႏွစ္ မွ ႏွစ္ ၂၀
၂၁ ႏွစ္ မွ ႏွစ္ ၃၀
၃၁ ႏွစ္ ႏွင့္ အထက္
ေခါင္းေဆာင္မ်ား၏ လက္ရွိအဖြဲ႕တြင္းလုပ္သက္
wpfcsKdUacgif;aqmifrsm;rSm oufqdkif&mtzGJUtpnf;ü trIxrf;ouf 1 ESpfrS 5 ESpftwGif;&SdjyD;? wpfcsKdUrSm 10
ESpfausmfMum wm0efxrf;aqmifvmcJholrsm;jzpfygonf/ tzGJUtpnf;wpfckwnf;ü 36 ESpfausmf ESpfjr§Kyfvkyfudkifvm
cJhonfh acgif;aqmifrsm;vnf;&Sdygonf/
vlrItzGJUtpnf;rsm;rS acgif;aqmifrsm; tzGJUwGif;vkyfouf
acgif;aqmifOD;a& = 108
tzGJUtpnf;wpfcktm; pwifxlaxmifolrsm;onf xdkpOfuwnf;u OuúX? nTefMum;a&;rSL;? OD;aqmif
nTefMum;a&;rSL; ponfh&mxl;rsm;udk ,lcJhMuaMumif; okawoejyKavhvmawGU&Sd&ygonf/ pDrHudef;nTefMum;a&;rSL;?
udk,fa&;t&m&Sd? toif;0ifponfh &mxl;rsm;udkrl tkyfcsKyfa&;bkwftzGJUu a&G;cs,fcefYxm;ygonf/ zGJUpnf;cgp
jynfwGif;tzGJUtpnf;wpfckrS 0g&ifhacgif;aqmifwpfOD;uajymonfrSm –
ကၽြန္ေတာ္တဲြလုပ္ခဲ့တဲ့ INGO ေတြမွာေတြ႕ရတာက ေတာ္ေတာ္မ်ားမ်ားနာဂစ္နဲ႔စလိုက္တယ္။ တစ္ေယာက္က ေစတနာနဲ႔ ထူေထာင္လိုက္
တယ္။ Founder ျဖစ္လာတယ္။ ထံုးစံအတိုင္းသူတို႔က ရာသက္ပန္သဘာပတိ ျဖစ္ခ်င္တာ။ သူတို႔စတည္ေထာင္တုန္းကေတာ့ဟုတ္ပါတယ္။
ေစတနာအရသူတို႔ိကလုပ္ၾကတာမွန္တယ္။ အဲဒီေနရာကမဖယ္ခ်င္တာမ်ိဳးရွိသလို အားလံုး ကိုခ်ဳပ္ကိုင္ခ်င္တယ္။ သူတို႔ရဲ႕အေၾကာင္းျပခ်က္က
ဘ႑ာေရးမႈး ခန္႔လိုက္တယ္။ သူကလုပ္ပိုင္ခြင့္မရွိဘူး။ေငြစာရင္းလုပ္ခိုင္းတာေလာက္ပဲရွိတယ္။သူကခ်ဳပ္ကိုင္ထားတာကိုး။
ကၽြန္ေတာ့္အေတြ႕အၾကံဳ တစ္ခုကိုေျပာရမယ္ဆိုရင္ ပိုက္ဆံေပးရမွာကဒီေန႔၊ ပိုက္ဆံလာယူလိုက္ေတာ့ ဘ႑ာေရးမႈးက မေပးႏိုင္ဘူး။ သူ႔မွာ
Safe မရွိလို႔။ ပိုက္ဆံသိမ္းစရာ မရွိဘူး။ ဟိုလူကေသာ့ယူသြားလို႔ သူကရြာဆင္းသြားတာ။
ဖြဲ႕စည္းခါစ ျပည္တြင္းအဖြဲ႕အစည္းတစ္ခုမွ ၀ါရင့္ေခါင္းေဆာင္တစ္ဦး
tzGJUtpnf;opf pwifxlaxmifoltcsKdUu tao;oHk;aiGudk udk,fwdkifxdef;odrf;udkifwG,favh&SdMuonf/
0efxrf; 2-3 OD;wnf;jzifh tzGJUpwiftajcjyKaecsdefü acgif;aqmifvkyfolu tvkyfwm0eftrsKd;rsKd;udk wm0ef,l
vkyfudkifonfrSm obm0usaomfvnf;? tzGJUtpnf; MuD;xGm;vmcsdefwGifrl 0efxrf;rsm;tm; tvkyfwm0ef toD;oD;
cGJa0csxm;ay;oifhygonf/ c&pf,meftzGJUtpnf;rsm;ü acgif;aqmifudk trsm;oabmqE´jzifh a&G;aumuf
wifajr§mufavh&Sdaomfvnf;? Ak'¨bmomtzGJUtpnf;rsm;wGifrl ausmif;xdkkifq&mawmfonfom ysHvGefawmfrlonftxd
wpforwfwnf; acgif;aqmifjzpfavh&Sdygonf/ xdkYaMumifh tqdkygbmoma&;tzGJUtpnf;rsm;rS vlrIa&;vkyfief;rsm;
aqmif&GufonfhtcgwGifvnf; txufygtavhtxtwkdif;yif acgif;aqmifcefYxm;avh&Sdygonf/ xdkYjyif?
Ak'¨bmomtzGJUtpnf;rsm;ü txufrSatmufodkY trdefYay;apcdkif;onfhtusifh pGJjrJvsuf &Sdygonf/
- 23. 23
၉.၃၈ %
၇၁.၈၈ %
၁၈.၇၅ %
ေခါင္းေဆာင္မႈပံုစံအယူ၀ါဒမ်ား
အာဏာရွင္ဆန္သည့္
အုပ္ခ်ဳပ္မႈပံုစံ
၀န္ထမ္းအားလံုးသေဘာျဖင့္စီ
မံခံ့ခြဲသည့္ အုပ္ခ်ဳပ္မႈပံုစံ
တာ၀န္ခြဲေ၀ေပးသည့္အုပ္ခ်ဳပ္
မႈပံုစံ
3.4. t&yfzufvlrItzGJUtpnf;rsm;wGifawGU&Sd&onfh acgif;aqmifrIyHkpHrsm; (rdrdudk,fudkqef;ppfcsufESifh 0efxrf;
rsm;tjrifudk EdIif;,SOfavhvmjcif;)
acgif;aqmifrIyHkpHqef;ppfcsuf yxrydkif;rSm tzGJJUtpnf;acgif;aqmifrsm;tm; acgif;aqmifrIyHkpHtvdkuf -
tmPm&Sifqefaomacgif;aqmif? 0efxrf;tm;vHk;oabmjzifh pDrHcefYcGJonfhacgif;aqmifESifh wm0efcGJa0ay;onfh
acgif;aqmif – [lítrsKd;tpm; 3 rsKd;cGJjcm;Edkif&ef ppfwrf;aumuf,ljcif;jzpfonf/ tmPm&Sifqefonfh
acgif;aqmifrsm;onf vufatmufi,fom;rsm;xHrS tMuHÓPfr&,lbJ rnfonftvkyfudk rnfodkYjyKvkyfyg[k
trdefYay;apcdkif;wwfMuonf/ 0efxrf;tm;vHk;oabmjzifh pDrHcefYcGJonfhacgif;aqmifrsm;onf tjyD;owfqHk;jzwf
csufudk udk,fwdkifcsrSwfaomfvnf; qHk;jzwfcsufcsonfhjzpfpOfwGif (bmvkyfrnf? b,fvdkvkyfrnf) vufatmufcH
0efxrf;rsm;tm; yg0ifaponf/ wm0efcGJa0ay;wwfonfhacgif;aqmifrsm;url vufatmufcH0efxrf;rsm;tm;
udk,fydkifqHk;jzwfcsufrsm; toD;oD;csrSwfaponf/ qHk;jzwfcsufESifhywfoufí wm0efcH&olrSm acgif;aqmifyif
jzpfaomfvnf; vufatmufcH0efxrf;rsm;ü tajctaet&yf&yfudk cGJjcm;qef;ppfEdkifpGrf;? rnfonfhtvkyfudk
rnfodkYjyKvkyfoifhaMumif; a0cGJEdkifpGrf;&SdMuygonf/
ppfwrf;ar;cGef;vTm 1 rS&&Sdonfh acgif;aqmifrIyHkpHrsm;
acgif;aqmifOD;a& = 32
tmPm&Sifqefonfh tkyfcsKyfrIyHkpHESifh oifhavsmfonfhtajctaerSm? jyóemudkajz&Sif;&ef vdktyfonfh
owif;tcsuftvuftm;vHk; acgif;aqmifvkyfolu od&Sdxm;jyD;? ta&;,laqmif&Guf&ef tcsdefvnf;enf;um?
tajctaet&yf&yfudk vufatmufcH0efxrf;tm;vHk;u em;vnfvufcHEdkifonfhtcgrsKd;jzpfonf/ þyHkpHjzifh pDrH
tkyfcsKyfonfhtcg wpfcgwpf&Hü atmf[pfajymqdkjcif;? *kPfodu©musqif;aponfh pum;rsKd;ajymjcif;? jcdrf;ajcmuf
jcif;ESifh tmPmudktvGJoHk;pm;vkyfjcif;rsm; &Sdvmwwfygonf/ ta&;ay:tajctaersKd;wGifom þyHkpHrsKd;jzifh tkyfcsKyf
oifhygonf/
tqdkygtkyfcsKyfrIyHkpHrsKd;udk? acgif;aqmifwpfa,mufwnf;u OD;aqmifvnfywfaeonfh jrefrmvlrItzGJU
tpnf;rsm;wGif trsm;qHk;awGU&wwfaMumif; 0g&ifhjynfwGif;tMuHay;yk*¾dKvfwpfOD;uajymygonf/ xdkokdYtkyfcsKyfavh
&Sdonfh acgif;aqmifrsm;onf ¤if;wdkYwufa&mufcJhonfh tpnf;ta0;rsm;rS Mum;odvmonfrsm;udk tjcm;0efxrf;rsm;
tm; jyefvnftoday;avhr&SdMuyg/ ¤if;wdkYonf rdrd0efxrf;rsm; tvkyftm;rtm;? vkyfEdkifpGrf;&Sdr&Sd ppfaq;
ar;jref;jcif;rjyKbJ aemufqHk;tcsdefwGifuyfí nTefMum;csufrsm;ay;avh&Sdygonf/ ¤if;wdkYonf ½Hk;wGif;rS t"du
wm0efrsm;xuf ½Hk;jyifyvkyfief;rsm;tm; vkyfudkif&onfudk ydkíESpfoufwwfygonf/ &v'fum; atmufajc
0efxrf;rsm; vkyfief;tcsdefrDjyD;pD;atmif raqmif&GufEdkifjcif;yifjzpfygonf/ þppfwrf;aumuf,lrIwGif yg0ifcJhonfh
0efxrf;rsm;u? xdkuJhokdYaom acgif;aqmifrsm;taejzifh 'kwd,tqifhacgif;aqmifrsm;tm; vkyfief;wm0efrsm;
cGJa0ay;oifhonf[k tMuHjyKMuygonf/
0efxrf;tm;vHk;oabmjzifh pDrHcefYcGJonfhacgif;aqmifrsm;? tjyD;owfqHk;jzwfcsufudk udk,fwdkifcsrSwf
aomfvnf; qHk;jzwfcsufcsonfhjzpfpOfwGif (bmvkyfrnf? b,fvdkvkyfrnf) vufatmufcH0efxrf;rsm;tm; yg0if
- 24. 24
aponfhvkyf&yfrSm tm;enf;onfhvu©Pmr[kwf? t&nftcsif;jynfh0onfh vu©Pmjzpfygonf/ þacgif;aqmif
rIyHkpHtm;? acgif;aqmifvkyfolu owif;tcsuftvuf wpfcsKdUwpf0ufudkom od&Sdxm;jyD; (acgif;aqmifu
udpötm;vHk;rodEdkifyg) tjcm;0efxrf;rsm;u useftcsuftvufrsm;udk od&Sdxm;onfhtajctaersKd;wGif toHk;jyK
Edkifonf/ þenf;tm;jzifh acgif;aqmifESifh vufatmufcH0efxrf;wdkY wpfOD;udkwpfOD; tjyeftvSeftusKd;jyKEdkif
Muygonf/ acgif;aqmiftcsKdUrSm tzGJUudpörsm;udkvspfvsL½Ixm;um txdef;tuGyfavsmh&Jaeonfudkyif rdrdukd,fudk
tzGJU0ifrsm;oabmus pDrHtkyfcsKyfol[k rSm;,Gif;rSwf,laeMuaMumif; 0g&ifhtwdkifyifcHyk*¾dKvfwpfOD;u ajymygonf/
wm0efcGJa0ay;wwfonfhacgif;aqmifrsm;onf vufatmufcH0efxrf;rsm;tm; udk,fydkifqHk;jzwfcsufrsm;
toD;oD;csrSwfapaomfvnf; qHk;jzwfcsufESifhywfoufírl ¤if;uwm0efcHygonf/ þacgif;aqmifrIyHkpHrsKd;jzifh
tkyfcsKyfonfhtcg vufatmufcH0efxrf;rsm;taejzifh tajctaet&yf&yfudk cGJjcm;qef;ppfEdkifpGrf;? rnfonfh
tvkyfudk rnfodkYjyKvkyfoifhaMumif; a0cGJEdkifpGrf;&SdMuygonf/ odkYaomf? acgif;aqmifvkyfolu OD;pm;ay;tpDtpOf
csrSwfjyD;? wpfcsKdUaomvkyfief;rsm;udkom wm0efcGJa0ay;oifhygonf/
0efxrf;rsm;tm; vkyfydkifcGifhrsm;rsm;ay;av? vufatmufcH0efxrf;rsm;tay: pDrHtkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJU
pDrHcefYcGJxdef;csKyfEdkifrIenf;avyifjzpfaMumif; txufazmfjyyg acgif;aqmifrIyHkpHjyum;csyft& ay:vGifaeygonf/
jrefrmt&yfbufvlrItzGJUtpnf;wGif t"duusifhoHk;vsuf&SdonfrSm 0efxrf;tm;vHk;oabmjzifh pDrHcefYcGJonfh
acgif;aqmifrIyHkpHjzpfaMumif; ppfwrf;aumuf,lcsuft& od&Sd&onfrSm tvGefyiftm;&zG,fjzpfygonf/ wm0ef
cGJa0ay;onfh acgif;aqmifrIyHkpHudkvnf; us,fus,fjyefYjyefY oHk;pGJvsuf&SdaMumif;awGU&ygonf/
odkYaomf? jrefrmEdkifiH&Sd jynfwGif;tzGJUtpnf;tawmfrsm;rsm;rSm acgif;aqmifwpfOD; wpfudk,fawmf
OD;aqmifrIatmufwGif vnfywfaejcif;jzpfaMumif;wpfOD;csif;aqG;aEG;rI&v'frsm;unTefjyaeygonf/ &yf&GmtajcjyK
vlrItzGJUtpnf;rsm; (CBO) ESifh jynfwGif;vlrItzGJUtpnf;tawmfrsm;rsm;rSm ]]tzGJUtpnf;}} [lí yDyDjyifjyif
rjzpfao;bJ? ]]tzGJU^tkyfpk}} tqifhom&Sdao;aomaMumifh qHk;jzwfp&m udpörSeforQ acgif;aqmifwpfa,mufwnf;u
'dkifcHqHk;jzwfae&jcif;jzpfygonf/ OD;wnftkyfpk aqG;aEG;yGJwpfckwGif yg0ifaqG;aEG;cJholrsm;u? jrefrmt&yfbufvlrI
tzGJUtpnf;rS acgif;aqmifrsm;Mum;wGif trsm;qHk;awGU&onfh acgif;aqmifrIyHkpH oHk;rsKd;&SdaMumif; axmufjyMuygonf/
- 25. 25
Figure 1: Leadership Grid
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0 2 4 6 8 10
Concern for Task
ConcernforPeople
ပံု ၁ - ေခါင္းေဆာင္မႈပံုစံျပဇယား
1. vlyHktv,fwGif yg0gtmPmjyavh&SdjyD;? ol^olr emrnfaumif;&atmif vkyfwwfonfhacgif;aqmif/
xdkacgif;aqmifrsKd;onf rdrdtzGJUESifh OD;pGmrwdkifyifyJ jzpfEdkifajcr&Sdonfh (vufawGUrusonfh) uwdrsm;
(wjcm;wGif) ay;cJhwwfonf/
2. rdrdtzGJUtm; aemufuG,frSxdef;csKyfwwfonfhacgif;aqmif/ þacgif;aqmifrsKd;u ol^olr aemufvdkuf
rsm;tm; vkyfydkifcGifhay;jcif;? oifMum;jyo(enf;vrf;jy)jcif; jyKwwfonf/ qHk;jzwfcGifh tmPmudkrl ol^olr
wpfOD;wnf;u csKyfudkifxm;onf/
3. pkaygif;tkyfcsKyfrIyHkpHu tzGJUom;rsm;tm; trsm;oabmqE´jzifh qHk;jzwfcsuf csEdkifaponf/ rdrdwdkYtwGuf
ta&;ygaom? rdrdwdkYtay: tusKd;oufa&mufrI&Sdaom ta&;udpörsm; ESifhywfoufí qHk;jzwfcsufcs&mü
0efxrf;tm;vHk; rdrdwdkYoabmxm;tjrifrsm;tm; vGwfvyfpGmwifjycGifh&Sdonf/
wpfcsKdUaomacgif;aqmifrsm;u ¤if;wdkYaemufvdkuf(wynfh)rsm;tm; tzGJUtpnf;wGif;ü ac:,lcefYxm;
wwfMuonf/ xdktcg rdrdqE´ESifhudkufnDonfh ]trsm;oabmqE´} ay:xGufvmatmifjyKvkyfEdkifMuonf/
tqdkygacgif;aqmifrsm;rSm wynfharG;aejcif;jzpfonf/ jynfwGif;tzGJUtpnf;trsm;tjym;yif þjzpf&yfrsKd;ESifh MuHKawGU
ae&onfrSm 0rf;enf;zG,fjzpfygonf/ tqdkygtrltusifhrsKd;ESifh jynfwGif;tzGJUtpnf;rsm; a'owGif;tkyfcsKyfrIyHkpHudk
apmifhMunfh ppfaq;Edkifrnfh enf;vrf;wpfck xm;&Sdoifhygonf/
tzGJUtpnf;trsm;tjym;ü pDrHtkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJUrsm; zGJUpnf;xm;&SdMuaomfvnf;? tqdkygtzGJUrsm;onf
¤if;wdkY wm0efESifh0wå&m;rsm;udk aumif;pGmem;vnfoabmjcif;r&Sdyg/ odkYr[kwf tzGJJUESifhajymqdkqufoG,frI
aumif;pGmrjyKvkyfMuyg/ xdkYaMumifh ¤if;wdkYonf jynfwGif;vlrItzGJUtpnf;rsm; a'owGif;tkyfcsKyfrIyHkpHudk
apmifhMunfhppfaq;onfh wm0ef ,lEdkifpGrf;r&Sdyg/ ,if;tajctaeudk wdk;wufvmap&ef? pDrHtkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJU
tcef;u@udk wdwdusus owfrSwfxm;&efvdktyfygonf/ xdkYjyif? 0efxrf;rsm; tzGJUtpnf;pDrHtkyfcsKyfrIpGrf;&nf
wdk;jrifhvmatmif jyKvkyf ay;&efvdkygonf/
acgif;aqmifrIyHkpHqef;ppfcsuf 'kwd,ydkif;ü acgif;aqmifrIyHkpHZ,m;uGufudk toHk;jyKíppfwrf;aumuf,l
cJhygonf/ ar;cGef;vTmajzqdkolrsm;tm;? tmPm&Sifqefaomacgif;aqmif? trsm;ESifhoifhjrwfaomfvnf; vkyfief;ydkif;ü
tm;enf;aomacgif;aqmif? bufpHktm;enf;aomacgif;aqmifESifh acgif;aqmifaumif;qdkonfh acgif;aqmifrIyHkpH
av;rsKd;xJrS a&G;cs,fckdif;ygonf/ ajzqdkoltm;vHk;u ]]acgif;aqmifaumif;}} udka&G;cs,fMuyg onf/ (yHk- 1)
jrefrmhjynfwGif;vlrItzGJUtpnf;rsm;&Sd acgif;aqmifrsm;Mum;wGifawGU&Sd&onfh acgif;aqmifrIyHkpH matrix udk atmufyg
Z,m;wGif azmfjyxm;ygonf/
- 26. 26
tmPm&Sifqefonfhacgif;aqmifrsm; (vkyfief;ydkif;tm;oef? qufqHa&;raumif;)rSm trsm;tm;jzifh
vkyfief;jyD;pD;a&;twGufom tm½Hkxm;jyD;? vufatmufcH0efxrf;rsm;tm; zdESdyfqufqH (tmPm&Sifqef)avh&Sd
ygonf/ ¤if;wdkYonf twlyl;wGJaqmif&Gufjcif;udk cGifhjyKavhr&Sdyg/ xdkYjyif? vkyfief;jyD;pD;&rnffh &ufcsdef;ESifh
ywfoufívnf; tvGefwif;Muyfavh&Sdygonf/ xdkuJhokdYaom acgif;aqmifrsm;onf? ¤if;wdkYapcdkif;onfhtwdkif;
0efxrf;rsm;u tar;tjref;r&Sd? tajctwifaqG;aEG;rIr&SdbJ vdkufemaqmif&Gufvdrfhrnf[k arQmfvifhxm;
wwfygonf/ trSm;t,Gif;rjzpfatmif umuG,fjcif;xuf? wpfpHkwpfckrSm;,Gif;oGm;ygu tjcm;oltay: tjypfzdkY
&efom tm;oefavh&Sdygonf/ tqdkygacgif;aqmifrsm;rSm ¤if;wdkYESifhoabmxm;uGJvGJonfudk vHk;0onf;cHEdkifpGrf;
r&SdMuonfjzpf&m? vufatmufcH0efxrf;rsm;taejzifh rdrdwdkYod&SdwwfuRrf;xm;onfrsm;jzifh tzGJUvkyfief;rsm;tm;
yHhydk;jznfhqnf;Edkif&ef tvGefcufcJygonf/ xdkYtwl 0efxrf;rsm; zGHUjzdK;wdk;wuf&efvnf; tvGefcJ,Of;ygonf/
trsm;ESifhoifhjrwfaomfvnf; vkyfief;ydkif;ütm;enf;onfhacgif;aqmifrsm; (vkyfief;ydkif;tm;enf;?
qufqHa&;aumif;) onf 0efxrf;rsm; pnf;urf;vdkufemMuap&ef? tzGJU&nfrSef;csufrsm; jyD;ajrmufatmif
aqmif&GufMuap&ef qkcsD;jr§ifhonfhenf;udktoHk;jyKMuonf/ ¤if;wdkYonf 'Pfay;jcif;? EdkifxufpD;eif;jyKjcif;? vkyfydkifcGifh
tmPmudktoHk;csjcif;ponfhenf;rsm;udk toHk;jyKavhr&SdMuyg/ taMumif;rSm? 0efxrf;rsm;ESifh qufqHa&;ysufjym;rnf
pdk;aomaMumifhjzpfonf/
bufpHktm;enf;aomacgif;aqmif (vkyfief;ydkif;tm;enf;? qufqHa&;raumif;) rsm;? wenf;qdk&aomf
wm0efcGJay;jyD;aemuf udk,fwdkifaysmufaewwfaomacgif;aqmifrsm;onf 0efxrf;rsm;tvdkudkvdkufavsm avh&SdjyD;?
tzGJUtpnf;a&m 0efxrf;rsm;ESifhyg uif;uGmaewwfygonf/
acgif;aqmifaumif; (vkyfief;ydkiftm;aumif;? qufqHa&;aumif;) rsm;onf pHerlemjyonfhenf;jzifh
tkyfcsKyfavh&SdMuonf/ ¤if;wdkYonf tzGJUtpnf;ywf0ef;usifaumif;wpfck zefwD;ay;jyD;? tzGJU&nfrSef;csufrsm;
atmifjrifatmifaqmif&GufMu&ef 0efxrf;rsm;tm; wGef;tm;ay;ygonf/ xdkYjyif? 0efxrf;tcsif;csif;Mum;ü
qufqHa&;wdk;wufaumif;rGefvmatmifvnf; tqufrjywfMudK;yrf;avh&Sdygonf/ xdkuJhokdYaomacgif;aqmifrsm;
onf atmifjrifaomtzGJUtpnf;rsm; zGJUpnf;Edkif? OD;aqmifEdkifMuygonf/
þokawoerS ay:xGufvmonfh&v'frsm;rSm tvGefyiftm;&zG,fjzpfygonf/ jrefrmht&yfbufvlrItzGJU
tpnf;rsm;rS ]acgif;aqmifrsm;} onf 0efxrf;tm;vHk;oabmjzifh pDrHcefYcGJonfh 'Drdku&ufwpf acgif;aqmifrsm;
vnf;jzpf? acgif;aqmifaumif;rsm;vnf;jzpfonf[k ,lq&ygonf/
- 27. 27
odkYaomf? jynfwGif;vlrIa&;tzGJUtpnf;trsm;tjym;wGif wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhzl;onfh 0g&ifhtMuHay;
yk*¾dKvfwpfOD;ESifh IDI jyKvkyf&mrS ay:xGufvmonfh&v'frsm;ESifh? tcsKdUaomtzGJUacgif;aqmifrsm;? 'kwd,tqifh
acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh FGD &v'frsm;rSmrl? tvkyf½HkaqG;aEG;yGJü ppfwrf;aumuf,l&&SdcJhonfh acgif;aqmifrIyHkpH
udk,fwkdifqef;ppfcsuf &v'frsm;ESifh uGJvGJvsuf&Sdygonf/ txufazmfjyyg yk*¾dKvfrsm;tjrifü acgif;aqmifrsm;ü
tm;enf;csufrsm;&Sdaeygonf/ jynfwGif;vlrItzGJUtpnf;wpfckrS vli,facgif;aqmifwpfOD; ajymMum;csufrSm
pdwf0ifpm;zG,fjzpfygonf-
ကၽြန္ေတာ္ျမင္တာကေတာ့ LNGO ေတြမွာျဖစ္ေနတဲ့ Leadership ၄မ်ိဳးေလာက္ေတြရတယ္။ ကုမၸဏီစတိုင္သြားေနတာရွိတယ္။ Share value
နဲ႔သြားေနတာရွိတယ္။ Bossy Style သြားေနတာရွိတယ္။ မိသားစုပံုစံသြားေနတာရွိတယ္။ ကုမၸဏီစတိုင္လို႔ေျပာတဲ့အခ်ိန္မွာ Fully Structure
အတိုင္း သြားတယ္။ ဒါေပမယ့္ သူတို႔က Achievement အတြက္ေတာ့ ျဖစ္ခ်င္တာမဟုတ္ဘဲနဲ႔ Profit အတြက္ အဓိကထားၿပီးသြားေနတယ္။
နာမည္ႀကီးဖို႔ကို အဓိကထားတယ္၊ သူတို႔မွသူတို႔ေပါ့။ သူတို႔ပဲေတာ္တယ္၊ သူတို႔ပဲတတ္တယ္ဆိုတာမ်ိဳး။ ဒါကမေကာင္းတဲ့အခ်က္ေတာ့
မဟုတ္ဘူး။ Over Confident ျဖစ္လြန္းအားႀကီးၿပီးေတာ့ Structure အရ၊ Management အရဆိုရင္ေတာ့ေကာင္းပါတယ္။ ကုမၸဏီိ
စတိုင္ျဖစ္တဲ့အတြက္ Top Down ပဲျဖစ္ေနတယ္။ ဒီလိုလုပ္၊ ဒီကိုသြားဆိုတဲ့ Structure အတိုင္းပဲျဖစ္ေနတယ္။ Bossy Style နဲ႔
သြားေနတဲ့ဟာက်ေတာ့ Management Level မွာ အရမ္း Proud ျဖစ္ခ်င္ၾကတယ္။ Who is the Boss? We do not know. .......
ေနာက္အဖြဲ႕အစည္းတစ္ခုက်ေတာ့ Family Type ပံုစံ။ ငါတို႔ိမိသားစုပဲကြာ။ ၀ိုင္းလုပ္၀ိုင္းစားေပါ့။ ၀ိုင္းလုပ္၀ိုင္းစားဆိုေပမယ့္
လုပ္တဲ့အခ်ိန္ပဲလုပ္ရတာ၊ စားတဲ့အခ်ိန္က်ေတာ့ သူတို႔အိတ္ထဲကိုပဲထည့္သြားတာ။ အဲဒါ Family Type ။ ေနာက္တစ္ခု Share Value။
ညီညီမွ်မွ်။ တကယ္မွ်မွ်တတလုပ္တယ္။ AIDS Prevention လုပ္မယ္။ မင္းလည္းစိတ္ ၀င္စားတယ္။ ငါလည္းစိတ္၀င္စားတယ္။ တူတူညီညီနဲ႔
အလုပ္တစ္ခုကိုလုပ္တယ္။ ....... LNGO မွာ Share Value နဲ႔သြားတဲ့ပံုစံ အရမ္း နည္းတယ္။ နည္းတာမွ လက္ေခ်ာင္း ၃ ေခ်ာင္းေတာင္
မျပည့္ေသးဘူး။
ျပည္တြင္းအဖြဲ႕အစည္းတစ္ခုမွ လူငယ္ေခါင္းေဆာင္တစ္ဦး၏ ေျပာၾကားခ်က္
oltqdkt&? acgif;aqmifrIyHkpH av;rsKd;&Sdonf/ ¤if;wdkYrSm- (1) ukrÜPDpwdkif (2) tvkyf&Sif tMuD;tuJ
pwdkif (3) rdom;pkyHkpHESifh (4) pdwf0ifpm;rIwlolcsif;rQrQwwyl;aygif;vkyfudkifMuonfh tzGJUrsm;üusihfoHk;onfh
acgif;aqmifrIyHkpH (shared value type) wdkYjzpfonf/ ukrÜPDpwdkif acgif;aqmifrsm;onf tzGJUtpnf;tm;
ukrÜPDwpfckozG,f tkyfcsKyfMujyD;? tusKd;tjrwf&&Sda&;udkom t"duOD;wnfMuonf/ ¤if;wdkYonf tzGJUtpnf;
tusKd;xuf yk*¾dKvfa&;atmifjrifrItwGuffom MudK;yrf;tm;xkwfavh&SdMuygonf/ xdkuJhokdYaom acgif;aqmifrsm;tm;
atmufajc0efxrf;rsm;u ,HkMunfrIvGefuJolrsm;tjzpf ½IjrifMuygonf/ t&m&m odonf? wwfonf[k rdrdudk,fudk
rSwf,lxm;olrsm;jzpfí tjcm;0efxrf;rsm; tjrifudkvspfvsL½IwwfMuonf/ xdkYaMumifh ¤if;wdkY pDrHcefYcGJrI
yHkpHonfvnf; txufrSatmufodkY trdefYay;onfh yHkpHrsKd;jzpfaewwfygonf/ tvkyf&SiftMuD;tuJpwdkif
acgif;aqmifrsm;udk 0ifh0garmf<uGm;onfh pDrHcefYcGJa&;tzGJUrsm;wGifawGU&wwfonf/ acgif;aqmifawGrsm;oavmuf
wu,fhtMuD;tuJu aysmufaewwfonf/ pDrHtkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJU0iftm;vHk;u ]acgif;aqmif}rsm;csnf; jzpfaeaom
aMumifh qHk;jzwfcGifhtmPmudk trSefwu,fudkifpGJxm;olrSm rnfoljzpfaMumif; atmufajc0efxrf;rsm; rod&SdMu
awmhyg/
rdom;pkyHkpHjzifhpDrHtkyfcsKyfonfh acgif;aqmifrsm;ajymavh&SdonfrSm ]igwdkY[m rdom;pkyJ? 0kdif;vkyf 0kdif;pm;
Mur,f} [líjzpfonf/ odkYaomf vufawGUü? tvkyfvkyfonfhtcgwGifom wpfzGJUvHk; 0dkif;vkyf&jyD;? tusKd;aus;Zl;
cHpm;onfhtcg acgif;aqmifwpfOD;wnf;uom odrf;usKH;cHpm;oGm;avh&Sdygonf/
Shared value acgif;aqmifrIyHkpHrSm txufazmfjyyg acgif;aqmifrIyHkpH 3 ckESifhrwlyg/ acgif;aqmif tyg
t0if tzGJU0iftm;vHk;rSm wlnDaomqE´? wlnDaomwefzdk;xm;rIrsm;udk tajcjyKí tzGJUudkwnfaxmifcJhjcif;jzpfonf/
uRrf;usifrIESifh ESpfjr§KyfvkyfudkifrItwdkif;twmay:rlwnfí vccGJa0,lMuonf/ 'g½dkufwmtzGJU0ifrsm; rSm tcrJh
tMuHay;? vrf;nTefaeonfh apwemh0efxrf;rsm;jzpfMuygonf/ odkYaomf? jrefrmht&yfbufvlrItzGJUtpnf;ü þtzGJU
tpnf;rsKd;&Sm;ygonf/
- 28. 28
tkyfpkvkdufaqG;aEG;yGJwGif yg0ifolrsm; tawGUtMuHKt&? tqdkygtzGJUtpnf;rsKd;onf pDrHudef;umv
yD;aemuf 4-5 ESpf xufydkíwnfwHhavhr&SdaMumif;? taMumif;rSm 0efxrf;tm;vHk; vpmr&&SdaomaMumifh
jzpfonf[kqdkygonf/ jyifyrS aoG;xdk;aphaqmfrIrsm;aMumifh tzGJU0ifcsif;pdwf0rf;uGJum tzGJUysuf&jcif;jzpfonf/
xdkYaMumifh topfpufpuf jynfwGif;vlrItzGJUtpnf;rsm;rS acgif;aqmifi,frsm;u tqdkygerlemrsm;udkMunfhjyD;
¤if;wdkYtzGJUtpnf;rsm; MuD;rm;us,fjyefY vmrnfudk rvdkvm;Muyg/
pkaygif;tkyfcsKyfrI
tzGJJJUtpnf;wpfckü acgif;aqmifomru 0efxrf;tm;vHk;wGifyg acgif;aqmifrItcef;u@ toD;oD;&SdMuonf[k
jynfwGif;vlrItzGJUtpnf;rsm;rS 'kwd,tqifhacgif;aqmifrsm;u ,HkMunfMuygonf/ ¤if;wdkYonfvnf; vdktyfygu
qHk;jzwfcsufcscGifh &Sd&rnf? xdkokdYjyKvkyfEdkif&ef pDrHcefYcGJrItzGJUu vkyfydkifcGifhay;xm;&rnfjzpfonf/ ajymif;vJay:ayguf
vmrnfh acgif;aqmifrIyHkpHopfü vufatmufcH0efxrf;rsm;tm; vkyfydkifcGifhtmPmcGJa0ay;onfhpepf rjzpfraeyg0if
&rnf[k 'kwd,tqifh acgif;aqmifi,frsm;u ajymygonf/ odkYaomf xkdokdYcGifhjyKxm;ygu tmPmtvGJoHk;pm;rIrsm;
ay:aygufvmEdkifygonf/ xkdYaMumifh ta&;tMuD;qHk; qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udk xdyfqHk;tqifhacgif;aqmifrsm;om
jyKvkyfcGifh&SdaeOD;rnfjzpfonf/ taumif;qHk;qdkonfh tcGifhta&;rsm;udk ¤if;wdkY&,loGm;jyD; tjcm;0efxrf;rsm;tm;
tao;pm;rufvHk;rsm;jzifh csefxm;cJhrnfjzpfonf/ tkyfpkvkdufaqG;aEG;yGJwGifyg0ifoltcsKdUu tcGifhta&;rufvGef;onfh
acgif;aqmifrsm;taMumif; rausrcsrf;ajymqdkMuonf/ wpfcgwpf&Hü t&m&Sdrsm;onf jzpfay:aeonfh
tajctaetcsKdUudk zHk;uG,f&efMudK;pm;Muonf/ vkyfief;cGifü jzpfysufaeonfh tajctaewpfckESifhywfoufí
0efxrf;rsm;u wdkifwef;ajymqdkvmonfhtcg xdkudpöESifhywfoufí rdrdrod&Sd&ao;yg[kjiif;jyD; (pifppf tenf;i,f
od&Sdxm;aomfvnf;) acgif;aqmifydkif;udk tumuG,fay;wwfMuonf/ pDrHcefYcGJa&;t&m&Sdrsm;tqifhü yGifhvif;
jrifomrIESifh wm0ef,lrI&Sd&eftvGefvdktyfygonf/
aumif;rGefonfhacgif;aqmifrIyHkpH
jynfwGif;tzGJUtpnf;rsm;tm; a'ocHacgif;aqmifrsm;u pDrHcefYcGJtkyfcsKyfonfom taumif;qHk; jzpfonf/
taMumif;rSm a'owGif;rS aemufcHtajctaeESifh atmufajcvlwef;pm; taetxm;udk a'ocHrsm; uom
todqHk;jzpfíyif/ odkYaomf? acgif;aqmiftrsm;pkrSm A[dkOD;pD;pepfESifh tom;usvmcJholrsm;jzpfí 0efxrf; rsm;tm;
wif;MuyfpGmcsKyfudkifwwfjyD;? tcGifhta&;,lwwfMuygonf/ tawGUtMuHK&ifhusufonfh jynfwGif;vlrItzGJUtpnf;rS
acgif;aqmifwpfOD;u –
စနစ္ကမမွန္ေတာ့ ကၽြန္ေတာ္တို႔ကလည္း ဂြင္ကို ၾကည့္ၿပီးေတာ့ လုပ္ေနရတယ္။ ေခါင္းေဆာင္ေတြမွာလည္း အဲလို Skill ေတြေတာ့ရွိပါတယ္။
အေျခအေနနဲ႔အခ်ိန္အခါကို သံုးသပ္ၿပီ္းေတာ့ လုပ္ေဆာင္ႏိုင္တယ္ေပါ့။
ျပည္တြင္းအဖြဲ႕အစည္းမွ ေခါင္းေဆာင္တစ္ဦး
A[dkOD;pD;pepfatmufü ESpfaygif; 50 ausmfMumaevmcJh&jcif;aMumifh ,aeYacwfzGHUjzdK;a&;e,fy,fwGif
vkyfudkifaeMuonfh jynfwGif;vlrItzGJUtpnf;rsm;rS acgif;aqmifrsm;onf tajctaeESifhtcsdeftcgudkvdkufí
oifhawmfovdkaqmif&Guf wwfMuygonf/ jrefrmt&yfbufvlrItzGJUtpnf;rS acgif;aqmifwpfOD;wGif&Sdtyfonfh
t&nftcsif;rSm MuHKMudKufvmonfh taetxm;wGif tqifajyatmif aqmif&GufEdkifpGrf;yifjzpfygonf/ tkyfpkvkduf
aqG;aEG;yGJwGifyg0ifcJholwpfOD;u atmufyg Oyrmudkay;ygonf –
- 29. 29
အခန္းထဲကိုဘယ္လို၀င္မယ္၊ ဘယ္လိုထြက္မယ္ဆိုတာက ပညာပါပဲ။ .... အစိုးရဌာနေတြကေျပာထားတယ္။ တံခါးပိတ္မထားပါဘူး။
မွန္တယ္၊ တြန္းၿပီး၀င္ရတယ္။ အဖြင့္မေတာ္ရင္ ကိုယ့္ကိုျပန္ရိုက္တတ္တယ္။ အဲဒီခန္း၀င္၊ ခန္းထြက္မတတ္ရင္လည္း အလယ္ေကာင္မွာ
ညပ္တတ္တယ္။ ....
ျပည္တြင္းလူမႈအဖြဲ႕အစည္းတစ္ခုမွ ဒုတိယအဆင့္ေခါင္းေဆာင္တစ္ဦး
vli,ftrsm;pku EdkifiHwumvlrIa&;tzGJUtpnf;rsm;ESifh jynfwGif;vlrIa&;tzGJUtpnf;rsm;ü 0efxrf;
vkyf&onfxuf? acgif;aqmifqdkonfh*kPfudk ydkírufMuonf/ þonfrSm vli,facgif;aqmifrsm;Mum;ü aumif;aom
ajymif;vJwdk;wufrIwpfckjzpfonf[k tkyfpkvdkufaqG;aEG;yGJwGifyg0ifolrsm;uqdkonf/ EdkifiHwumvlrIa&;tzGJUtpnf;
rsm;ESifhpmaomf jynfwGif;vlrIa&;tzGJUtpnf;rsm;vkyfief;toHk;p&dwfrSm ododomomavsmhenf; ygonf/ þonfudk
tm;omcsufwpfcktjzpf jynfwGif;vlrIa&;tzGJUtpnf;rsm;rS acgif;aqmiftrsm;pku ,lqMuygonf/
jrefrmht&yfbufvlrItzGJUtpnf;&Sd acgif;aqmifrsm;Mum;ü ajymif;vJjyKjyif&rnfhudpö&yfrsm;
FGD ESifh IDI &v'frsm;t& jrefrmht&yfbufvlrItzGJUtpnf;ü txufrSatmufodkY nTefMum;apcdkif;onfh
enf;jzifh tkyfcsKyfonfhyHkpHudk tvGeftawGU&rsm;ygonf/ xkduJhokdYaom acgif;aqmifrsm;ü udk,fydkifaemufvdkuf0efxrf;
tkyfpkrsm;&SdMujyD;? tpdk;&½Hk;Xmersm;? vlrIa&;tzGJUtpnf;rsm;ESifh ukvor*¾tzGJUtpnf;rsm;wGif awGU&wwfygonf/
wynfharG;jcif;udk tzGJUtawmfrsm;rsm;wGif awGU&wwfygonf/ acgif;aqmifrsm;u ¤if;wdkYaemufvdkufrsm;tm;
txl; tcGifhta&;rsm;ay;avh&SdjyD;? tumtuG,fvnf;ay;wwfygonf/ acgif;aqmifvkyfolu ¤if;
aemufvdkufrsm;ajympum;udk t<uif;r&Sd,HkMunfMuonf/ wpfcgwpf&Hü tqdkygaemufvdkufrsm;rSm atmufajctqifh
0efxrf;rsm;omjzpfaomfvnf;? MuD;Muyfa&;rSL;rsm;ESifh refae*smrsm;ü ¤if;wdkYtm; xdef;csKyfEdkifonhftcGifhtmPm
r&SdMuyg/ þenf;tm;jzifh tzGJUwGif;jyóemrsm; pwifay:aygufvmonf/ xdkuJhokdYaom tzGJUtpnf;rsKd;ü
yGifhvif;jrifomrIESifh wm0efcHrI tm;enf;wwfonf/ tmPmESifh aiGaMu;tvGJoHk;pm;rIrsm;&Sdwwfonf/ xdktjzpfrsKd;rS
a&SmifMuOfEdkif&ef tzGJUwGif;ü wm0efESifh0wå&m;rsm; wdusjywfom;pGmcsrSwfxm;&efvdktyfaMumif; 'kwd,tqifh
acgif;aqmifrsm;u tav;teuf tMuHjyKMuygonf/
wpfcsKdUacgif;aqmifrsm;rSm ta&;MuD;onfhudpörsm;aqmif&Guf&rnfhtpm; tao;trTm;udpörsm;tm; pDrH
cefYcGJjcif;jzifh tzdk;weftcsdefudk jzKef;ypfaeMuonf/ jynfwGif;vlrItzGJUtpnf;rsm;rS acgif;aqmiftrsm;pkrSm
tod^twwfynm topfwpfck oif,ljcif;twGuftcsdefay;&ef tvGefwGefYwdkwwfMuonf/ xdkYjyif? ynmopfwpfck
wwfajrmufvmonfhwdkif ¤if;twdkif;ajymif;vJusifhoHk;&ef tvGef0efav;Muonf/ (xkdokdYoif,ljyD;rS toHk;rcsonfh
ynmrsm;udk) tkyfpkvdkufaqG;aEG;yGJwGifyg0ifolrsm;u ]r,lvdkufEkdifonfh oifcef;pmrsm;} [k&nfnTef;ajymqdkMuonf/
wpfcsKdUaomtzGJUtpnf;rsm;u emrnfysufpm&if;xkwfjyefjyD; tjcm;vlrIa&;tzGJUtpnf;rsm;xH pm&if;ydkYavh&Sdonf/
emrnfysufpm&if;oGif;cH&olrsm;rSm tzGJUrS xGufcGmoGm;olrsm;ESifh trSm;wpfckck jyKvkyfcJholrsm;jzpfonf/ wpfcgwpf&Hü
xdkuJhokdYpm&if;oGif;cH&onfh 0efxrf;rSm tzGJUtpnf;rSxGufcGmoGm;jcif;rSty tjcm;rnfonfh trSm;t,Gif;
wpfpHkwpf&mrQ usL;vGefcJhol r[kwfyg/ emrnfysufpm&if;xkwfjyefjcif;rSm vHk;0vufrcHEdkifonfh aqmif&GufrIwpfck
jzpfonf[k tkyfpkvdkufaqG;aEG;yGJwGif yg0ifolrsm;u ajymMujyD;? xdkokdYjyKvkyfonfh tzGJUtpnf;rsm;rS acgif;aqmifrsm;
udkvnf; tjyif;txefa0zefMuygonf/
3.5. jynfwGif;tzGJUtpnf;rsm;twGuf pHerlemacgif;aqmifrIyHkpH
tzGJUtpnf;trsm;pku tvI&Sifrsm;a&m? EdkifiHwumtzGJUtpnf;rsm;ESifhyg aumif;pGmqufqHvkyfudkif
EdkifpGrf;&Sdonfh 0g&ifh ]vlawmf}acgif;aqmifrsKd;udk vdkvm;Muonf/ tpdk;&tmPmydkifrsm;uyif tzGJUtpnf;
- 30. 30
rSwfyHkwifonfhtcg t&nftcsif;&Sdonfh tkyfcsKyfa&;bkwftzGGJU0ifESifh qufqHvdkMuonf/ FGD ESifh IDI jyKvkyfcJh
olrsm;url ]awmf}onfhacgif;aqmifxuf ]aumif;}onfhacgif;aqmifudk tvdk&SdMuonf/
အဖြဲ႕အစည္းကိုဦးေဆာင္မယ့္သူဟာ လူေတာ္ထက္လူေကာင္းျဖစ္ဖို႔က ပိုအေရးႀကီးတယ္။ သူသည္ ဒီအဖြဲ႕အစည္းကို ကိုယ္စားျပဳမယ့္သူ၊
က်င့္၀တ္ပိုင္းညစ္ႏြမ္းမႈရွိရင္ ဒီအဖြဲ႕အစည္းုဟာဘယ္ေလာက္ပဲေကာင္းေကာင္း၊ ဘယ္ေလာက္ပဲေတာ္ေတာ္၊ ဘယ္ေလာက္ပဲေအာင္ျမင္
ေအာင္လုပ္ျပလုပ္ျပ လူေတြကသူ႔အေပၚကိုအယံုအၾကည္ရွိမွာ မဟုတ္ဘူး။ သူ႔ရဲ႕စိတ္ဓာတ္၊ ကိုယ္ရည္ကိုယ္ေသြး၊ အက်င့္တရားေတြဟာ
ပိုအေရးႀကီးတယ္။ ကၽြန္ေတာ္တို႔ဆံုးျဖတ္ထားတာက ေခါင္းေဆာင္သည္ လူေတာ္ထက္လူေကာင္းျဖစ္ရမယ္။ လူေကာင္းကိုပဲ မဲေပးၿပီး
တင္မယ္။
အသစ္ဖြဲ႕စည္းခါစ ျပည္တြင္းအဖြဲ႕အစည္းတစ္ခုမွ လူငယ္ေခါင္းေဆာင္တစ္ဦး
jynfwGif;vlrItzGJUtpnf;trsm;pkonf pepfESifhrl0g' csrSwf&mwGiftm;enf;Muonf/ tzGJUtpnf;wpfck
rl0g'onf acgif;aqmif yifudkp½dkufay:wGif wnfrSDaeonf/ acgif;aqmifajymif;oGm;vQif ]rl}vnf;
ajymif;oGm;wwfonf/ pepfwpfck rnfrQyifaumif;apumrl? acgif;aqmifvkyfolu aumif;pGmvkdufemusifhoHk;ygrS
tusKd;&Sdrnfjzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh acgif;aqmifa&m rl0g'yg nDwlnDrQta&;ygygonf/
jrefrm civil society rsKd;qufopfrsm;u acgif;aqmifaumif;qdkonfrSm aemufvkdufaumif;vnf;
jzpf&rnf[k xifjrifMuonf/ acgif;aqmifaumif;rSefvQif pepftwkdif; aumif;pGmvdkufemEdkif&ef vdktyf
aomaMumifhjzpfonf/
ေနာက္လိုက္ေကာင္းဆိုတာ ေရွ႕ကေျပာသမွ်ကို မ်က္စိစံုမွိတ္ၿပီး လိုက္တဲ့သူကလည္း ေနာက္ လုိက္ေကာင္း မဟုတ္ဘူး။ စဥ္းစားခ်င့္ခ်ိန္ႏိုင္တဲ့
အသိဥာဏ္ရွိရမယ္။ မရွင္းတာကို ျပန္ေမးရမယ္။ သူ႔မွာ ဖြင့္ထားတဲ့ႏွလံုးသား ရွိရမယ္။ ၾကိဳးစားမႈရွိရမယ္။ သည္းခံစိတ္ရွိရမယ္။
ေခါင္းေဆာင္ေတြဆီက သင္ယူႏိုင္ရမယ္။ က်န္တဲ့သူေတြကုိလည္း မွ်ေ၀ေပးႏိုင္ရမယ္။
အသစ္ဖြဲ႕စည္းခါစ ျပည္တြင္းအဖြဲ႕အစည္းတစ္ခုမွ လူငယ္ေခါင္းေဆာင္တစ္ဦး
wpfcsKdUrSm arG;&mygacgif;aqmifrsm;jzpfonf/ ¤if;wdkYonf acgif;aqmifvkyfEdkifrnfh tcGifhta&;rSeforQ
trdt& &,lwwfjyD;? tjcm;olrsm;uvnf; ¤if;wdkYtm; acgif;aqmiftjzpf tvdktavsmuf vufcHwifajrmuf
Muonf/ þokawoewGifyg0ifonfh vli,facgif;aqmiftrsm;pku a':atmifqef;pkMunfonf ¤if;wdkY
pHerlemjyyk*¾dKvfjzpfonf[k ajymMuygonf/
acgif;aqmifvkyfolonf rdrdtrSm;udkvnf; 0efcHwwf&rnfjzpfonf/ rdrd vufatmufcH0efxrf;rsm;
tm; ,HkMunfpdwfcspGm wm0efcGJa0ay;jcif;jzifh ¤if;wdkYpGrf;&nfrsm; jrifhwufvmapoifhonf/ xdkYjyif pdwfcHpm;rI
qdkif&mÓPf&nf (emotional intelligence) jrifhrm;jyD;? tem*wfacgif;aqmifrsm; arG;xkwfay;EdkifpGrf;&Sd&rnf[k
yg0ifaqG;aEG;olrsm;uajymygonf/
3.6. EkdifiHawmfwnfaqmuf&mwGif vlrIa&;tzGJUtpnf;rsm;rS acgif;aqmifrsm; tcef;u@
EdkifiHwpfEdkifiH zGHUjzdK;wdk;wufzkdYqkdonfrSm tpdk;&wpfckwnf; wm0efr[kwfyg/ EdkifiHawmf
wnfaqmufa&;wm0efrSm vlwdkif;ESifhoufqdkifygonf/ tpdk;&u tjynfht0 raqmif&GufEdkifonfhae&mrsm;wGif vlrI
tzGUJtpnf;rsm;u jznffhpGufvkyfudkifoifhonf[k aqG;aEG;yGJwufa&mufvmolrsm;u ajymygonff/ vlrItzGUJtpnf;
rsm;rS acgif;aqmifrsm;u wpfwyfwpftm; yg0ifaqmif&Gufoifhygonf/ EdkifiHawmfzGHUjzdK;a&;twGuf tpdk;&ESifh vlrI
tzGUJtpnf;rsm; twlvufwGJ vkyfudkifoifhygonf/ tpdk;&taejzifh vlxkESifheD;eD;uyfuyf vkyfief;aqmif&Gufaeonfh
vlrItzGUJtpnf;rsm;xHrS owif;tcsuftvuf&,ljcif;? ¤if;wdkYaumif;pGmraqmif&GufEdkifonfhudpörsm;udk vlrI
tzGUJtpnf;rsm;tm; wm0efcGJa0ay;jcif; jyKoifhygonf/
- 31. 31
ျမန္မာ ႏိုင္ငံမွာ ေပၚလစီ ေျပာင္းေနျပီ။ ဦေရႊမန္း၊ဦသိန္းစိန္၊ေဒၚစုလည္းေျပာတယ္။က်မဘယ္ေလာက္ပဲ ေရွ႕က သြားသြား ျပည္သူေတြက
အဓိကပါပဲ။ အဲဒီေတာ့ က်ေနာ္တို႕က အစိုးရကိုလည္းကူညီရမယ္။ ပါတီေခါင္းေဆာင္ေတြကိုလည္းကူညီရမယ္။ ျပည္သူေတြကိုလည္း
ဆြဲေခၚရမယ္။ အဲဒီသံုးခုယံုၾကည္မူတည္ေဆာက္လိုက္ရင္ က်ေနာ္တုိ႔တိုင္းျပည္ ေကာင္းသြားျပီး။ ဗိုလ္က်စိုးမိုးခ်င္တဲ့သူေတြကို ဖယ္ထုတ္
ရမယ္။ အမွန္တရားကိုသိေအာင္ လုပ္ရမွာက CSO ကေခါင္းေဆာင္ေတြရဲ့တာ၀န္ျဖစ္တယ္။
ျပည္တြင္းလူမႈအဖြဲ႕အစည္းတစ္ခုမွ ေခါင္းေဆာင္တစ္ဦး
vlrIa&;tzGJUtpnf;rsm;onf ormorwfusjyD;? wdkif;jynfzGHUjzdK;a&;twGufom t"duOD;wnfaqmif&Guf
&rnf/ vlxkpGrf;tm; jynhf0vma&; aqmif&Gufay;&ef tvGefta&;MuD;onf/ jynfwGif;vlrItzGJUtpnf;rsm;rS
acgif;aqmifrsm;onf vlxkudk,fwkdifyg0iftkyfcsKyfonfhtavhtxrsm; &yf&GmxJü jyefYESHYvmatmif jyKvkyfoifhonf/
xdkYjyif? ¤if;wdkYonf vltrsm;tm; nifompGmpnf;½Hk;odrf;oGif;wwfvmatmif ESvHk;om;jzifhcHpm;jyD; oif,lavhvmMuzdkY
vdkygonf/
oabmw&m;tm;jzifh vlrItzGJUtpnf;rsm;onf tvI&Sifrsm;vTrf;rdk;jc,fvS,frIrS vGwfuif;&rnfjzpfonf/
odkYaomf vlrItzGJUtpnf;trsm;pkrSm tvI&Siftvdkus aqmif&GufaeMu&onf/ xdkYaMumifh jynfwGif;vlrItzGJUtpnf;
rsm;onf tpdk;&ESifh EdkifiHwumtvI&Sifrsm;udkcsnf; tm;udk;raebJ? jynfwGif;pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;u@rS &efyHkaiGrsm;
&&Sdvmatmif tm;MudK;rmefwuf aqmfMopnf;½Hk;ajymqdkMu&ef vdkygonf/
vlrItzGJUtpnf;rsm;rSacgif;aqmifrsm;onf tzGJUtpnf;wpfckudk OD;aqmifOD;&GufjyKae&½Hkjzifh wif;wdrfrae
oifhyg/ t&yfbufrlrItzGJUtpnf;wpfckvHk; wdk;wufvmatmif ,ckxufydkrdkMudK;yrf;aqmif&Gufoifhygonf/ t"du
owif;tcsuftvufay;olrsm;u vlrItzGJUtpnf;rsm;rSacgif;aqmifrsm;taejzifh ntcsdefrawmf {nfhpm&if;
vmppfrSmraMumuf&onfh jidrf;csrf;aom urÇmwpfckjzpfxGef;ay:aygufvmatmif MudK;yrf;oifhonf[k tMuHay;
xm;ygonf/
- 32. 32
4/ ed*Hk;csKyfESifh tMuHjyKcsufrsm;
4.1. tzGJUtpnf;tqifhwGif t&yfbufvlUtzGJtpnf;rS acgif;aqmifrsm;tcef;u@
ppfwrf;aumuf,lcsufrsm;t&? jrefrmt&yfbufvlrItzGJUtpnf;rS acgif;aqmifrsm;onf acgif;aqmifrIyHkpH 3
rsKd;vHk; - tmPm&Sifqefaom acgif;aqmifrIyHkpH? 0efxrf;tm;vHk;oabmjzifh pDrHcefYcGJonfh acgif;aqmifrIyHkpHESifh
wm0efcGJa0ay;onfh acgif;aqmifrIyHkpH – rsm;tm; usihfoHk;vsuf&SdaMumif;awGU&Sd&onf/ acgif;aqmiftrsm;tjym;yif
'kwd,ESifh wwd,acgif;aqmifrIyHkpHrsm;udk usifhoHk;vsuf&SdonfrSm tm;&zG,fjzpfygonf/ odkYaomf tkyfpkvdkuf
aqG;aEG;yGJjyKvkyfolrsm;tjrifrSmrl txufygawGU&SdcsufESifhuGJvGJvsuf&Sdonf/ ¤if;wdkYu acgif;aqmiftrsm;pkrSm
tmPm&Sifqefonf? txufrSatmufodkY trdefYay;apcdkif;onfhyHkpHudkESpfoufonf [kcHpm;Mu&onf/ ,ckuJhodkY
EdkifiHawmf tkyfcsKyfa&;pepfudk 'Drdkua&pDtoGifodkY ul;ajymif;aecsdefü t&yfbufvlrItzGJUtpnf;rS
acgif;aqmifrsm;uvnf; 'Drdkua&pDqefaom acgif;aqmifrIyHkpHudk udkifpGJjcif;jzifh wpfzufwpfvrf;rS taxmuftul
jyKEdkifygonf/ acgif;aqmifrsm;onf tzGGJUtpnf;&nfrSef;csufrsm; jynfh0atmifaqmif&Guf&mü jynfolvlxk
vdktyfcsufrsm;udk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;oifhygonf/
a&S;OD;pGm? acgif;aqmifonf rdrdacgif;aqmifrIyHkpHrSm rnfonfhyHkpHrsKd;jzpfonf? þyHkpHü rnfonfh
tm;enf;csuf? tm;omcsuffrsm;&Sdonfudk od&Sdxm;&rnfjzpfonf/ odkYrSom? rdrd acgif;aqmifrIyHkpHudk ydkrdkaumif;
rGefatmif jyKjyifEdkifrnfjzpfonf/ jrefrmh]pH} t&qdkaomf acgif;aqmifaumif;wpfa,mufwGif&Sdtyfonfh yifudk,f
t&nftcsif; 6 &yf&Sdygonf/ ¤if;wdkYrSm- (1) udk,fydkiftpGrf;tp (2) Edk;Mum;wuf<urI (3) pmemwwfrI (4) pdwf&Snf
onf;cHwwfrI (5) w&m;rQwjyD; n§mwmaxmufxm;wwfrIESifh (6) tajr§mftjrif&SdrI wdkYyifjzpfonf/ (]]xMuG? Edk;Mum;?
oem;? oD;cH? a0zef? axmuf&I þajcmufck? BuD;olwdkU0efwm}} [laom em,u*kPfajcmufyg;tm; &nfnTef;onf/)
xdkYaMumifh? acgif;aqmifvkyfolonf udk,fydkiftpGrf;tp&Sd&rnf? tajctaewpf&yfray:aygufrD MudKwif
awG;awmodjrifum vdktyfonfhMudKwifjyifqifrIrsm;jyKvkyfEdkifpGrf; &Sd&rnfjzpfonf/ acgif;aqmifonf tzGJUwGif;a&m
tzGJUjyifytajctaersm;udkyg od&Sdem;vnfum Edk;Mum;ae&rnfjzpfonf/ xdkYjyif pmemoem;wwfolvnf;
jzpfzdkYvdkonf/ ol^olronf tjcm;olrsm;tjzpfudk udk,fcsif;pmEdkkifpGrf;&Sd&rnf/ trSm;rSoifcef;pm,lEdkifavmuf
atmifvnf; pdwf&SnfzdkYvdkonf/ acgif;aqmifonf rQwrI&SdjyD;? ydkif;jcm;pdwfjzmavhvmEdkifpGrf;vnf; &Sd&rnf jzpfonf/
tajr§mftjrif&SdjyD;? tzGJUtpnf;ESifhywfoufí &Sif;vif;jywfom;onfh tem*wftjrif&SdzdkYvnf;vdkonf/ jrefrmht&yf
bufvlrItzGJUtpnf;rS acgif;aqmifrsm;taejzifh txufazmfjyyg t&nftaoG;rsm;ESifhjynfhpHkatmifMudK;pm;jcif;jzifh
rdrdtzGJU&Sd0efxrf;rsm;twGufa&m? tusKd;cHpm;cGifh&Sdonfh jynfolvlxkxHrSyg ½dkaoav;pm;jcif;cH&rnfjzpfonf/
acgif;aqmifrIqdkif&mudpörsm;ESifhywfoufí jynfwGif;tzGJUtpnf;tawmfrsm;rsm;ESifh vufwGJvkyfudkifzl;onfh
0g&ifhtMuHay;yk*¾dKvfwpfOD;u tzGJUtpnf;trsKd;tpm; 4 rsKd;&Sdonf [kqdkygonf/ ¤if;wdkYrSm –
1. uRrf;usifrIr&Sdonfh acgif;aqmif? uRrf;usifrIr&Sdonfh aemufvdkufrsm;jzifh zGJUpnf;xm;onfhtzGJU
2. uRrf;usifrIr&Sdonfh acgif;aqmif? uRrf;usifonfh aemufvdkufrsm;jzifh zGJUpnf;xm;onfhtzGJU
3. uRrf;usifonfh acgif;aqmif? uRrf;usifrIr&Sdonfh aemufvdkufrsm;jzifh zGJUpnf;xm;onfhtzGJU
4. uRrf;usifonfh acgif;aqmif? uRrf;usifonfh aemufvdkufrsm;jzifh zGJUpnf;xm;onfhtzGJU
jrefrmht&yfbufvlrItzGUJtpnf;rS jynfwGif;vlrItzGJUtpnf;trsm;pkonf 'kwd,ESifh wwd,trsKd;tpm;
tzGJUtpnf;rsm;jzpfonf [k tMuHay;yk*¾dKvfu ,lqygonf/ yxrESifhpwkw¬trsKd;tpm; tzGJUtpnf;rsm;udk
jrefrmEdkfifiHwGif awGU&cJvSygonf/ wwd,trsKd;tpm;tzGJJUwpfzGJUudk pwkw¬trsKd;tpm;jzpfvmatmif
tvG,fwulajymif;vJ,lEdkifonf/ taMumif;rSm tzGJUxJü uRrf;usifonfh0efxrf;tcsKdU yg0ifEdkifaomaMumifhjzpfonf/
odkYjzpf&m? tzGJUtpnf;wpfckudk tajymif;tvJjyKvkyf&mwGif pHerlemjyyk*¾dKvfrsm; txl;vdktyfvSygonf/ pHerlem
xm;xdkufoljzpfzdkY&m acgif;aqmifÓPf&nfonf tvGefYtvGefrjrifhrm;onfhwdkif aemufvdkufrsm;xufawmh
- 33. 33
omzdkYvdkonf/ xdkYtwl? ol^olr pdwfcHpm;rI? pdwfydkif;qdkif&mESifh ½kyfydkif;qdkif&m ÓPf&nfrsm;vnf; olwumxuf
omae&rnfjzpfygonf/ tqdkygt&nftaoG;rsm;ESifh jynfhpHkonfhacgif;aqmifrsm;onf tjcm;olrsm;tm;
trdefYtmPm oHk;p&mrvdkbJ t&nftcsif;ESifh vTrf;rdk;Edkifrnfjzpfygonf/
4.2. EdkifiHawmfwnfaqmufa&;wGif t&yfbufvlUtzGJtpnf;rSacgif;aqmifrsm; tcef;u@
vlYtzGJUtpnf;wpfckü tpdk;&? aps;uGufESifh t&yfbufvlrItzGJUtpnf;wdkYaygif;pyfyg0ifygonf/ jrefrmEdkifiH
EdkifiHa&;tul;tajymif;umvü tqdkygu@oHk;&yfrSm rQwOD;rnfr[kwfyg/ jrefrmEdkifiHü ,HkMunfrIjyefvnf
wnfaqmufjcif;? jidrf;csrf;a&;jzpfxGGef;aprnfh vlrIa&;tajctaersm;zefwD;jcif;ponfh pdefac:rIrsm;&Sdaeygao;
onf/ t&yfbufvlrItzGJUtpnf;rS acgif;aqmifrsm;onf toif;tzGJUrsm; cdkifrmpGmjzpfxGef;vmatmif? vlrIa&;
pnf;vHk;rI ydkrdk&&Sdvmatmif vlxkudktultnDay;&mü ta&;ygaomtcef;u@rS yg0ifaeygonf/
'Drkdua&pDtoGif ul;ajymif;qJumvü tpdk;&onfvlxkudk tjynfht0udk,fpm;jyKEdkifao;jcif;r&Sd
qdkonfhtcsufay:tajccHí t&yfbufvlrItzGJUtpnf;rsm; vIyf&Sm;aqmif&GufEdkif&rnfjzpfonf/ vuf&SdusifhoHk;
aeonfh tkyfcsKyfyHktavhtxrsm;rSm 'Drdkua&pD ]pH} rrDao;yg/ tmPmydkifrsm; tcGifhtmPmudktvGJoHk;pm;
jyKvkyfjcif;r&SdaMumif;? 'Drdkua&pDenf;vrf;usonfhtkyfcsKyfyHktavhtxrsm; ydkrdkjzpfxGef;vmaprnfhpepfwpf&yfodkY
ul;ajymif;aeaMumif;? t&yfbufvlrItzGJUtpnf;rsm;rS acgif;aqmifrsm;u aocsmatmif apmifhMunfh&ygrnf/
EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifrsm;? tpdk;&t&m&Sdrsm; vkyfykdifcGifhtmPmudk apmifhMunfh? ppfaq;? xdef;uGyfEdkifrnfh
enf;vrf;rsm;udkvnf; &SmazGMu&ygrnf/ tmPmtvGJoHk;pm;jyKvkyfrIrsm;tm; jynfolvlxku od&SdowdjyKrdvmatmif
vnf; EdI;aqmf&ygrnf/ xdkYjyif? owif;tcsuftvuf vGwfvyfpGmod&SdydkifcGifh Oya'? vmbfpm;rIudkwdkufzsufrnfh
tzGJUrsm;ESifh pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm; ay:aygufvmatmifvnf; aqmfMopnf;½Hk;&ygrnf/ vmbfpm;rIwdkufzsufa&;
Oya'ESifh tzGJUtpnf;rsm;onf t&yfbufvlUabmif wuf<upGmaxmufcHrIESifh yg0ifrIr&SdbJ xda&mufpGm
aqmif&GufEdkifrnfr[kwfyg/ 'Drdkua&pDenf;vrf;us yg0ifaqmif&Gufjcif;onf rdrdukd,fudkrdrd od&Sdem;vnfapEdkif?
zGHUjzdK;wdk;wufapEdkifonfh enf;vrf;aumif;wpfckjzpfygonf/ t&yfbufvlUabmifrS acgif;aqmifrsm;onf 'Drdkua&pD
EdkifiHom;rsm; tcGifhta&;ESifhwm0efudk od&Sdem;vnfxm;&ygrnf/ MuHKawGUcHpm;ae&onfh jyóemwlolcsif;
twlyl;aygif;í ajz&Sif;wwfvmatmif? rl0g'a&;&mESifh vlxkjyóem jiif;cHkaqG;aEG;yGJrsm;ü rdrdtjrifudk
wifjywwfvmatmifvnf; EdkifiHom;rsm;tm; pGrf;&nfjr§ifhwifay;&ygrnf/
- 35. 35
acgif;aqmifrIyHkpH ppfwrf;ar;cGef;vTm (1)
atmufygar;cGef;vTmü acgif;aqmifrIyHkpHESifhywfoufonfh ,HkMunfcsufrsm; azmfjyxm;ygonf/ ay;xm;onfh
trSwfay;pepfudktoHk;jyKvsuf azmfjycsufwpfckcsif;tay: rdrdpdwfwGifcHpm;&onfh rSefuefrI twdkif;twmudk
oufqkdif&m*Pef;udk0dkif;jcif;jzifh trSwfay;yg/
tjrJvdkvdkrSefygonf – 5
rMumcPrSefygonf - 4
wpfcgwpf&HrSefygonf – 3
rSefcJygonf – 2
rSefavhr&Sdoavmufjzpfygonf - 1
tajzrSef? tajzrSm;[lír&SdaomaMumifh rdrdpdwfwGifcHpm;&onfhtwkdif; (tppftrSeftwdkif;) ajzqdkyg/ þonfrSm
rdrdudk,fudkqef;ppfcsuf,laejcif;jzpfygonf/
# azmfjycsufrsm; ajzqdkcsufrsm;
1/ uREkfyfwdkYtzGJUtpnf; odkYr[kwf tzGJUwGif;ü tjyD;owfqHk;jzwfcsufcscGifh
tmPmudk uREfkyfwpfOD;wnf;u tjrJwapudkifpGJxm;onf/
5 4 3 2 1
2/ uREkfyfonf vkyfief;ESifhywfoufí rnfonfudkjyKvkyfrnf? rnfodkY
jyKvkyfrnfudkqHk;jzwf&mü 0efxrf;wpfOD; odkYr[kwf wpfOD;xufydkí
tjrJyg0ifcGifhjyKonf/ odkYaomf tjyD;owfqHk;csufcscGifhtmPmudkrl
uREfkyfwpfOD;wnf;u udkifpGJxm;onf/
5 4 3 2 1
3/ ta&;ygonfhqHk;jzwfcsufrsm; csrSwf&onfhtcgwdkif; uREfkyfESifh
0efxrf;rsm; twlwuGrJay;qHk;jzwfMuonf/
5 4 3 2 1
4/ uREfkyfonf 0efxrf;rsm;uwifjyvmonfh tMuHjyKcsufrsm;udk xnfhoGif;
pOf;pm;avhr&Sdyg/ taMumif;rSm ¤if;wdkYtwGuftcsdefray;EdkifaomaMumifh
jzpfygonf/
5 4 3 2 1
5/ uREfkyfonf tem*wfpDrHudef;rsm;a&;qGJ&mü 0efxrf;rsm; pdwful;
pdwfoef;rsm;ESifh tMuHjyKcsufrsm;tm; tjrJawmif;cHygonf/
5 4 3 2 1
6/ uREfkyfwdkYtzGJUtpnf;ü 0efxrf;wpfOD;csif; odkYr[kwf 0efxrf;trsm;pk
axmufcHrIr&&SdbJ rnfhonfh ta&;ygonfh qHk;jzwfcsufrQ csrSwfavh
r&Sdyg/
5 4 3 2 1
7/ uREfkyfonf 0efxrf;rsm;tm; bmawGvkyf? b,fvdkvkyf[k nTefMum;avh
&Sdonf/
5 4 3 2 1
8/ trSm;t,Gif;wpfck MuHKawG&onfhtcgwdkif; oufqkdifonfh pDrHudef;
odkYr[kwf vkyfief;pOftm; rnfodkYtcsdefrDjyD;ajrmufatmif qufvuf
aqmif&Guf&rnfudk 0efxrf;rsm;ESifhtpnf;ta0;jyKvkyfjyD; tMuHÓPf
awmif;cHygonf/
5 4 3 2 1
9/ uREfkyfonf owif;tcsuftvufwpfck today;vdkonfhtcgwdkif; 5 4 3 2 1
- 36. 36
tD;ar;vf odkYr[kwf rSwfpkwdka&;í ay;ydkYavh&Sdygonf/ tpnf;ta0;
ac:jyD; today;ajymMum;jcif;rsKd; jyKvkyfavhr&Sdyg/ 0efxrf;rsm;u
xdkowif;tcsuftvuftwdkif; vdkufemaqmif&GufMuvdrfhrnf[k uREfkyf
uarQmfvifhygonf/
10/ wpfpHkwpfa,muf trSm;t,Gif;jyKvkyfrdonfhtcgwdkif;? tqdkyg trSm;
t,Gif;rsKd; aemifrjyKvkyfrd&ef ajymMum;jyD;? a&;rSwfxm;avh&Sdygonf/
5 4 3 2 1
11/ uREfkyfonf 0efxrf;tm;vHk;u pDrHudef;tm; rdrdudk,fykkdifvkyfief;ozG,f
oabmxm;onfhywf0ef;usifwpfck zefwD;vdkonf/ qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;
csrSwf&mü 0efxrf;rsm;tm; yg0ifcGifhjyKonf/
5 4 3 2 1
12/ uREkfyfonf vkyfief;ESifhywfoufí rnfonfudkjyKvkyfrnf? rnfodkY
jyKvkyfrnfudk 0efxrf;rsm;tm; qHk;jzwfaponf/
5 4 3 2 1
13/ uREkfyfcGifhjyKcsufr&rD? 0efxrf;opfrsm;tm; rnfonfhqHk;jzwfcsufrS
cscGifhrjyKyg/
5 4 3 2 1
14/ uREkfyfonf 0efxrf;rsm;tm; tvkyfESifhywfoufíxm;&Sdonfh ¤if;wdkY
tjrifudkar;jref;jyD;? oifhavsmfonfhtajctaewdkif;wGif tqdkyg tjrifudk
toHk;jyKonf/
5 4 3 2 1
15/ 0efxrf;rsm;onf ¤if;wdkYtvkyfESifhywfoufvQif uREfkyfxufydkí
em;vnfwwfuRrf;Muonf/ xdkYaMumifh tvkyfESifhywfoufonfh
qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;tm; ¤if;wdkYbmom csrSwfaponf/
5 4 3 2 1
16/ wpfpHkwpfck rSm;,Gif;cRwfacsmfoGm;onf&Sdaomf vkyfief;pOfwpfck vGJrSm;
aejyD[k 0efxrf;rsm;tm;ajymjyD;? uREfkyfu vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;opfwpfck
a&;qGJay;onf/
5 4 3 2 1
17/ 0efxrf;rsm;tm; uREfkyfvrf;nTefrIjzifh OD;pm;ay;vkyfief;tpDtpOf
a&;qGJcGifhjyKonf/
5 4 3 2 1
18/ uREfkyfonf vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;opfwpf&yf csrSwfEdkif&ef tjcm;0efxrf;
rsm;tm; tvkyfwm0efrsm;cGJa0ay;onf/
5 4 3 2 1
19/ 0efxrf;rsm; tvkyfwm0efrsm;tm; rSefuefpGmaqmif&Gufjcif;&Sdr&Sd
uREfkyfu teD;uyfapmifhMunfhppfaq;ygonf/
5 4 3 2 1
20/ 0efxrf;rsm;Mum;ü vkyfief;wm0efcGJa0rIESifhywfoufNyD; uGJvGJaeonf
&Sdaomf? xdk0efxrf;rsm;tm;vHk;yg0ifapNyD; em;vnfrIuGJvGJaejcif;rsm;udk
ajyvnfatmif aqmif&Gufonf/
5 4 3 2 1
21/ 0efxrf;wdkif;ü rdrdtvkyfwm0efudk jy|mef;owfrSwf&ef wm0ef&Sdonf/ 5 4 3 2 1
22/ acgif;aqmifqdkonfh tqifhtwef;aMumifh vufatmufcH0efxrf;rsm;
tay:MoZmtmPm oufa&mufEdkifjcif;udk uREfkyfoabmusonf/
5 4 3 2 1
23/ vufatmufcH0efxrf;rsm; wdk;wufvmatmif uREfkyf acgif;aqmif
tcGifhtmPmudkoHk;í ulnDay;vkdygonf/
5 4 3 2 1
- 37. 37
24/ uREfkyfacgif;aqmiftcGifhtmPmudk vufatmufcH0efxrf;rsm;udkvnf;
cGJa0pGJudkifaponf/
5 4 3 2 1
25/ tzGJUtpnf;&nfrSef;csufrsm; jynfh0atmifjrifap&ef 0efxrf;rsm;tm;
vrf;nTefapcdkif;jcif; odkYr[kwf tjypf'Pfjzifh jcdrf;ajcmufjcif;jyKvkyf&ef
vdkonf/
5 4 3 2 1
26/ tzGJU&nfrSef;csufrsm;twGuf ESpfjr§Kyfaqmif&Gufvdkpdwf 0efxrf;rsm;ü
jzpfay:vmjyDqdkvQif rdrdudk,fwdkifOD;aqmifvkyfudkifMuvdrfhrnf/
5 4 3 2 1
27/ 0efxrf;rsm;ü tzGJU&nfrSef;csufrsm;udk ¤if;wdkYudk,fwdkif csrSwfydkifcGifh
&Sdonf/
5 4 3 2 1
28/ 0efxrf;rsm;u vHkjcHKpdwfcs&rIudk t"duvdkvm;Muonf/ 5 4 3 2 1
29/ 0efxrf;rsm;onf tzGJUjyóemrsm;tm; ajz&Sif;&ef xdk;xGif;wDxGif
zefwD;ÓPf oHk;Muonf/
5 4 3 2 1
30/ 0efxrf;rsm;onf ¤if;wdkYudk,fudk uREfkyfenf;wl OD;aqmifnTefMum;EdkifpGrf;
&SdMuonf/
5 4 3 2 1
ajzqdkcsufrsm;tm; trSwfay;yHk
ar;cGef;vTmyg azmfjycsufwpfckpDtwGuf oifay;cJhonfhtrSwfrsm;tm; atmufygZ,m;wGif jznfhoGif;yg/ Oyrm?
azmfjycsuf 1 twGuf 3 ]wpfcgwpf&H rSefygonf} [kajzcJhonf&Sdaomf ]ar;cGef;} 1 ab;wGif &rSwf 3 udk a&;yg/
ar;cGef;wdkif;twGuf trSwfrsm;jznfhoGif;jyD;onfhtcg ]&rSwf} Z,m;wdkifoHk;ckvHk;twGuf pkpkaygif;&rSwfrsm; toD;
oD;wGufcsufyg/
ar;cGef; &rSwf ar;cGef; &rSwf ar;cGef; &rSwf
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9
10 11 12
13 14 15
16 17 18
19 20 21
22 23 24
25 26 27
28 29 30
pkpkaygif; pkpkaygif; pkpkaygif;
- 38. 38
acgif;aqmifrIyHkpH ppfwrf;ar;cGef;vTm (2)
atmufygar;cGef;vTmü acgif;aqmifrsm;trltusifhrsm; azmfjyxm;ygonf/ azmfjycsufwpfcsufcsif; aocsmpGm
zwf½IjyD; ,if;azmfjycsufonf rdrdtwGufrnfrQrSefuefonfudk atmufygtrSwfay;pepfudktoHk;jyKí ajzqdkyg/
&v'frsm;rSefuefap&ef wwfEdkiforQ t&SdtrSeftwdkif; ajzqdkyg/
# azmfjycsufrsm;
b,fawmhrS wpfcgwpf&H tjrJ
0 1 2 3 4 5
1/ qHk;jzwfcsufcs&mü vufatmufcH0efxrf;tzGJUtm; yg0ifapjyD;? ¤if;wdkY
pdwful;pdwfoef;rsm;ESifh tMuHjyKcsufrsm;udkvnf; xnfhoGif;toHk;csEkdif
atmif MudK;pm;onf/
2/ &nfrSef;csuf odkYr[kwf wm0efwpfckjyD;ajrmufa&;xuf ydkíta&;ygonfh
t&mr&Sdyg/
3/ wm0efwpfck odkYr[kwf pDrHudef;wpfck tcsdefrDjyD;ajrmufap&ef vkyfief;
tcsdefZ,m;udk tjrJrjywfapmifhMunfhygonf/
4/ 0efxrf;rsm;tm; tvkyfwm0efESifh vkyfief;pOftopfrsm; oifMum;ay;&
onfudk ESpfjcdKufygonf/
5/ tvkyfwm0efwpfck pdefac:rIBuD;rm;av uREfkyfoabmawGUavyif
jzpfygonf/
6/ 0efxrf;rsm;tm; tvkyfESifhywfoufí tjrJwDxGifMuHqae&ef tm;ay;
ygonf/
7/ ½IyfaxG;cufcJonfh tvkyfwm0efwpfckudk jyD;pD;atmifaqmif&GufpOfü
tao;pdwfudpörsm; vGwfroGm;atmif *½kjyKygonf/
8/ uREfkyfonf ½IyfaxG;cufcJonfh wm0eftawmfrsm;rsm;udk wpfjydKifwnf;
aqmif&GufEdkifpGrf;&Sdygonf/
9/ uREfkfyfonf oifwef;ay;jcif;? acgif;aqmifrItwwfynmESifh pdwfynm
qdkif&m aqmif;yg;rsm;? pmtkyfrsm;ESifh *sme,frsm; zwf½I&onfudk
ESpfoufygonf/ avhvmod&Sdvmonfrsm;udkvnf; vufawGUjyefvnf
toHk;csygonf/
10/ rSm;,Gif;aqmif&GufrIrsm;tm; jyefvnfjyifqif&mwGif 0efxrf;rsm;ESifh
qufqHa&;ysufjym;rnfudk uREfkyfrpdk;&drfrdyg/
11/ uREfkyfonf tcsdefudktvGeftusKd;&SdpGm toHk;csygonf/
12/ uREfkyfonf ½IyfaxG;onfhtvkyfwm0ef odkYr[kwf pDrHudef;rsm; ½IyfaxG;
eufeJrIESifh tao;pdwfudpörsm;udk 0efxrf;rsm;tm;&Sif;jy&onfudk
ESpfoufygonf/
13/ pDrHudef;MuD;wpfckudk 0efxrf;rsm;vkyfEdkifudkifEdkif½Hk wm0efrsm;tjzpf cGJjcrf;
ay;onfrSm uREfkyftusifhjzpfygonf/
14/ tzGJUaumif;wpfzGJU jzpfay:vma&;xuf ydkíta&;MuD;onfhudpör&Sdyg/
15/ jyóem^tcuftcJrsm;tm; cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmavhvm&onfudk ESpfouf
- 39. 39
ygonf/
16/ uREkfyfonf tjcm;olrsm; vkyfydkifcGifhe,fy,frsm;udk todtrSwfjyK
ygonf/
17/ 0efxrf;rsm;tm; ¤if;wdkYvkyfaqmifcsuf odkYr[kwf tjyKtrl wdk;wuf
aumif;rGefvmatmif aqG;aEG;ynmay;jcif;rSmuREfkyftusihfjzpfygonf/
18/
uREfkyfonf rdrdtvkyfESifhywfoufonfh aqmif;yg;rsm;? pmtkyfrsm;ESifh
*sme,frsm; zwf½I&onfudk ESpfoufygonf/ avhvmod&Sdvmonfh
vkyfief;pOftopfrsm;udkvnf; vufawGUusifhoHk;ygonf/
- 44. 44
1/ KII vrf;nTef
1. jrefrmjynfwGif;vlrItzGJUtpnf;rsm;Mum;wGif awGU&avh&Sdonfh acgif;aqmifrIyHkpHrsm; (pDrHcefYcGJrIyHkpH? vkyfief;
aqmif&GufrIyHkpH? qHk;jzwfcsufcsrSwfonfhyHkpH) tay: oifxifjrifcsufudk aus;Zl;jyKí ajymjyyg/
2. jrefrmEdkifiH&Sd vlrItzGUJtpnf;rsm;&Sdacgif;aqmifrsm; tm;omcsufrsm;ESifh ydkrdkaumif;rGefatmif jyKjyif&OD;rnfh
udpö&yfrsm;udk Oyrm rsm;ESifhwuG ajymjyay;yg/
3. EdkifiHawmfwnfaqmuf&mü vuf&Sd vlrItzGJUtpnf;rsm;&Sd acgif;aqmifrsm;taejzifh rnfonfhtcef;u@rS
yg0ifoifhonf[k oif ½Ijrif^tMuHjyKvdkygovJ/
- 45. 45
2/ FGD vrf;nTef
1. oifwdkYtzGJUtpnf;rS acgif;aqmifrsm; acgif;aqmifrIyHkpHrsm; (pDrHcefYcGJrIyHkpH? vkyfief;aqmif&GufrIyHkpH?
qHk;jzwfcsufcsrSwfonfhyHkpH) tay: oifoabmxm;udk ajymyg/
2. tqdkyg pDrHcefYcGJrIyHkpH^trsKd;tpm;ESifh acgif;aqmifrIyHkpHudk oifoabmusygovm;/ oabmusonfqdkvQif
tb,faMumifhenf;/ oabmrusbl;qdkvQif tb,faMumifhenf;/ oabmrusygu? oifudk,fwkdif
acgif;aqmifjzpfvQif rnfokdYpDrHcefYcGJrnf? acgif;aqmifrnf[k &nfrSef;xm;ygovJ/
tu,fíoifom acgif;aqmifqdkvQif ,ckvuf&Sd tjcm;0efxrf;rsm;ESifhoif twlvufwGJvkyfae&onfh
vIyf&Sm;aqmif&GufrIrsm;udk oifrnfodkY½Ijrifrnfenf;/
3. jrefrmvlrItzGJUtpnf;rsm;rS acgif;aqmifrsm; tm;omcsufrsm;ESifh ydkrdkaumif;rGefatmif jyKjyif&OD;rnfh
udpö&yfrsm;udk Oyrm rsm;ESifhwuG ajymjyay;yg/
4. EdkifiHawmfwnfaqmuf&mü vuf&Sd vlrItzGJUtpnf;rsm;rS acgif;aqmifrsm;taejzifh rnfonfhtcef;u@rS
yg0ifoifhonf[k oif ½Ijrif^tMuHjyKvdkygovJ/
5. EdkifiHawmfwnfaqmuf&mü vlrItzGJUtpnf;rsm;rS acgif;aqmifrsm;taejzifh rnfonfhtcef;u@rS wm0ef,l
aqmif&GufEdkifrnfenf;/
6. EdkifiHawmfwnfaqmuf&mwGif vlrItzGJUtpnf;rsm;rS acgif;aqmifrsm; yg0ifoifhonfhtcef;u@ESifh ¤if;wdkY
wm0ef,lEdkifpGrf;&Sdonfh tcef;u@wdkY uGJvGJaeygovm;/ uGJvGJaeonfqdku ¤if;udkavQmhcsEdkif? tm;jznfhEdkifrnfh
enf;vrf;rsm; tMuHjyKay;apvdkygonf/
- 46. This project is funded by the European Unionfunded by the European Union. This project is co-funded by SWISSAID.
46
funded by SWISSAID.
