2014 SEU228 Ekonomi Malaysia Sektor Perindustrian

SEU 228
EKONOMI
MALAYSIA
Sektor Perindustrian di Malaysia
(Oleh: Dr. Radziah Adam, PPPJJ)

Introduction: Malaya Tin & Rubber industry in 1956
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src="//www.youtube.com/embed/VbyqBlsbnSQ" frameborder="0"
allowfullscreen></iframe>

http://hasnulyakin.blogspot.com/2011/11/rubber-estate-in-malaysia-nikon-af-s.html

http://www.ready4work.my/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/TC-EE-Brochure.pdf

Sumbangan Sektor
Perindustrian
Contribution of the
Industrial Sector

http://penangmonthly.com/penang-economic-outlook-2013-penang-updates/

http://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/download_Economics/files/DATA_SERIES/2013/pdf/01Akaun
_Negara.pdf

Manufacturing Growth in Selected East Asian Countries

Structural changes in labor market: migration of the rural workforce to the urban-
based industries, agriculture (and mining & quarrying) sector had contracted
considerably, manufacturing (as well as services) sector increased significantly .
http://irep.iium.edu.my/30533/5/Wage_rate_and_employment_in_manufacturing_industry_of_Malaysia__BEIJING_CONFERENCE_2013__REVISED%
255B1%255D_(2).pdf

1. Latar belakang sektor perindustrian di Malaysia (fasa
perindustrian sejak selepas merdeka; jenis industri)
2. Sumbangan sektor perindustrian (contribution of GDP,
employment, foreign investment, trade etc.)
3. Cabaran perindustrian (Challenges faced by industrial
sector as a whole, e.g. labour, competition, technology,
etc. or specific challenges faced by particular sub-
sectors, e.g. in the case of emerging industries)
4. Dasar-dasar perindustrian
Objektif pelajaran:

A. late 1950s-1960s: Perindustrian Gantian Import (Import
Substituting Industrialization, ISI)
B. 1970s: Perindustrian Berasaskan Eksport (Export-
Oriented Industrialization, EOI)
C. 1980s: Penggalakan Industri Berat (Heavy & Resource-
Based Industrial Development), 2nd round of ISI
D. 1986 onwards: Further liberalization & continued
promotion of EOI
1988 onwards: Industrial upgrading through enhanced
technological development
Fasa Perindustrian di Malaysia
Toh Kin Woon, Malaysia’s Industrial Policy: Some Lessons

★ ISI was promoted through tax exemption under the Pioneer
Industries Ordinance (1958); tariff protection; provision of
infrastructural facilities; setting up of industrial zones & the
provision of cheap credit
★ Intervention by the state at this juncture was largely functional
(education, health, infrastructure, legal system & macro-
economic stability)
★ A few institutions, like the Malayan Industrial Estates Ltd & the
Malayan Industrial Development Finance (MIDF) were set up
to promote ISI
A. Dasar Perindustrian:
Fasa Pertama ISI (1960-1970)

A. Fasa Pertama ISI (1960-1970)
http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/205682/7%20Dato%20Kaziah%20-
%20Session%207%20Plenary%20Incentives.pdf

http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/205682/7%20Dato%20Kaziah%20-%20Session%207%20Plenary%20Incentives.pdf

❏ High import content of intermediate & capital goods leading to
limited linkage effects, little technology transfer as well as low
value-added
❏ High effective rate of protection giving rise to rent-seeking
❏ A weakness of policy intervention was the lack of coercion on
protected industries to export after a certain period of time;
thus no pressure to reduce costs, improve product quality &
enhance efficiency
❏ Protected industries were largely foreign-owned, leading to
huge leakages
❏ Regional concentration, leading to regional imbalances
A. Kekangan (Limitations of) ISI

❏ Towards the end of the 1960s, when ISI reached the limits of the small
domestic market, the state switched to EOI
❏ A national body called the Malaysian Industrial Development Authority
(MIDA) was set up to spur industrial development
❏ An Investment Incentives Act (1968), the Free Trade Zone Act (1971) &
Licensed Manufacturing Warehouse Act (1973) were promulgated to
promote both domestic & foreign direct investment (FDI)
❏ These offered an array of investment credits, tariff exemption for inputs,
tax concessions & exemption for exports, the granting of import
licenses, development of social infrastructure & full foreign ownership
for firms producing for export
❏ Export Processing Zones (EPZs) were established to attract export-
oriented multinational companies (MNCs) to invest in Malaysia
B. Dasar Perindustrian: Fasa EOI (1970-
an)

❏ During the period of the 70s, 80s and up till the middle of
the 90s, Malaysia’s industrial sector underwent rapid
expansion.
❏ Malaysia, in particular Penang, became a major
investment centre for foreign direct investments (FDI).
❏ The major product manufactured was the assembly &
testing of electrical & electronic (E&E) components like
semi-conductors, hard disk drives & telecommunications
equipment. Other products are textiles and garments,
wood & wood-products, oleo-chemicals and food.
B. Kejayaan (Success of) EOI

❏ Substantial employment generation which
successfully brought down the rate of
unemployment
❏ FDI helped spawn the growth and development
of indigenous ancillary industries
❏ Some transfer of technology via intra-firm
diffusion from the HQs to Malaysian subsidiaries
B. Kejayaan (Success of) EOI (samb.)

➔ Success in drawing-in FDI as the launch into EOI coincided
with the international re-division of labor
➔ Initial favorable factor endowments, in particular the
availability of competitively-priced & relatively well-educated
labor, for the labor intensive electronics & textile industries
➔ State support by way of designing a fiscal strategy that grants
generous tax concessions to foreign capital; a free trade
regime that allows of mobility of finance capital; a relatively
stable foreign exchange rate and the provision of subsidized
social capital
➔ Favorable global economic conditions
B. Faktor Kejayaan EOI:

➔ Heavy reliance on a few manufactured products, in particular E&E goods,
with a significant foreign component makes Malaysia highly vulnerable to
the vicissitudes of global demand
➔ Low local content leads to limited linkages with domestic manufacturing
firms
➔ EO industries are largely insulated from the rest of the domestic economy,
giving rise to a dualistic industrial structure, that lacks integration
➔ MNCs perform few high value-added & technologically demanding tasks.
Technology transfer was hence limited to basic operational technological
skills.
➔ Malaysian exporters have not developed independent marketing capabilities
➔ The result was a shallow industrial structure that is unreliable for
industrialization and progressive structural change
B. Kelemahan (Weaknesses of) EOI:

● Heavy industrialization was launched in the early 1980s.
● The objectives are: (a) to develop a capital goods sector in a bid to
deepen Malaysia’s industrial development; (b) nurture greater
linkages with local small and medium-scale industries (SMIs) and (c)
promote greater technological development through R&D.
● Heavy Industries Corporation (HICOM) was set-up in 1980 to
promote the development of heavy industries .
● In 1986, the first Industrial Master Plan (IMP) (1986-1995) was
launched to guide industrial development.
● The industries targeted include iron & steel, cement, the national car,
motorcycle engine, petroleum refining & petrochemicals, pulp &
paper mill and aluminium smelting.
C. Fasa ke-2 ISI: Pengembangan
Perindustrian Berat (Heavy Industry)

● A lot of the capital goods sector involved direct state
participation (the national car, steel, motorcycle engine), with
some foreign participation, especially from Japan & the
Republic of Korea
● Selective protection of certain heavy industries like the
national car and steel through tariff protection, mandatory
import licensing, the granting of tax incentives & direct grants
to promote R&D capacity like the Industry R&D Grant Scheme
● The government also introduced the Industrial Linkage
Program & the Vendor Development Program to nurture the
growth of local suppliers of parts and components.
C. Dasar Perindustrian: Promote
Heavy Industry

C. Fasa ke-2 ISI: Heavy Industry

● Poor financial performance (many suffered losses) due to the limited
domestic market
● Such losses require the state to resort to financial rescues, thus
causing considerable drain on the fiscal coffers
● Underutilization of production capacity and an inability to achieve
economies of large-scale meant high costs and hence an inability to
compete in international markets
● Considerable loss of consumers’ welfare as a result of the high costs
of protection
● The heavy industry program was poorly conceived and launched
without considering Malaysia’s pre-existing base of industrial
experience, skills and technological expertise and feasibility of infant
C. Kelemahan (Weaknesses of Heavy
Industrialization)

❏ From around the mid-80s, the state adopted measures to deregulate
and liberalize the general macro-economy and industrial sector,
without completely abandoning the state’s direct involvement
❏ Privatization of many state-owned enterprises was undertaken
❏ Greater reliance on FDI again from the mid-eighties
❏ All these were motivated by the state’s desire to transform the
economy into a more modern, industrialized & developed nation by
2020
❏ Investment incentives continued to be granted but targeted at high
value-added, low volume & high technology industries, particularly in
the E&E sub-sector
D. Greater deregulation, liberalization &
targeting of investment incentives

D. Deregulasi & Liberalisasi

1. Menjadikan sektor perkilangan sebagai catalyst pertumbuhan
perindustrian negara.
2. Menggalakkan penggunaan sepenuhnya sumber asli negara &
3. Meninggikan tahap penyelidikan dan pembangunan (R&D)
teknologi tempatan sebagai asas bagi Malaysia menjadi sebuah
negara perindustrian.
Objektif Pelan Induk Perindustrian (PIP)
1986

http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/205682/7%20Dato%2
0Kaziah%20-%20Session%207%20Plenary%20Incentives.pdf

Cabaran Masa Hadapan (E&E)
Future Challenges
faced by the Industrial
Sector

Figure 3.1b ETP
Report - E&E
industry analysis

EPU, 2011. Moving Up the Value
Chain: A Study of Malaysia’s
Solar & Medical Device
Industries

EPU, 2011. Moving Up the Value Chain: A Study of Malaysia’s Solar & Medical
Device Industries

Rujukan
RToh Kin Woon, Malaysia’s Industrial Policy: Some Lessons,
http://www.em.gov.lv/images/modules/items/Kin%20Woon%20Tohs%20Presentation.pdf
Yeow Teck Chai & Ooi Chooi Im, 2009. The Development of Free Industrial Zones–The
Malaysian Experience. World Bank. http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/251665/
Sri Wulandari. Malaysia’s Free Industrial Zones: Reconfiguration of the Electronics Production
Space. Asia Monitor Resource Centre (AMRC).
http://www.amrc.org.hk/system/files/Malaysia%20Free%20Industrial%20Zone.pdf
Kaziah Abdul Kadir, 2005. Investment Incentives: Malaysia’s Perspective. Workshop on
Improving the Investment Climate in Indonesia. November 16-17,
Dan banyak lagi….

Contoh soalan: Explain briefly the phases of
industrialisation and state clearly the
policies that have significant influence on
the process of industrialisation in Malaysia.
Boleh cuba!

2014 SEU228 Ekonomi Malaysia Sektor Perindustrian

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2014 SEU228 Ekonomi Malaysia Sektor Perindustrian