The document discusses ways to improve Pakistan's agriculture sector and make it an engine of economic growth. It outlines several problems currently facing the sector, including limited cultivated land, low yields, lack of infrastructure and facilities, small farm sizes, outdated farming methods, insufficient research, and poor conditions for farmers. It then proposes solutions like using fertilizers and pesticides properly, establishing agro-based industries, increasing agricultural research, providing high-yielding seed varieties, setting reasonable crop prices, expanding mechanization, offering tax concessions for farm technology, and constructing dams and barrages for irrigation and flood control. The conclusion emphasizes that modernizing techniques, credit, infrastructure, and research are needed to address agriculture's problems and strengthen Pakistan's agrarian

2. Topic
Critically Analyze the Transitional Dynamics in the Agriculture
sector. What is Green Revolution? How Agriculture sector can be
made an engine of economic growth with special reference to
Pakistan?

3. Importance of Agriculture Sector in
Pakistan
 Agricultural sector of Pakistan is a vital sector of Pakistan economy.
 It employees 41% of the labor force of Pakistan.
 About 21% of Pakistan's total land area is under cultivation.
 Large contribution to foreign exchange earning.
 Agriculture accounted for 20.9 percent of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in 2014-
15 and is a source of livelihood of 43.5 percent of rural population.
 Agriculture sector has traditionally sustained a satisfactory growth to ensure food
security for our growing population

4. Agriculture Growth Percentages
Sector 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 P
Agricultu
re
3.5 0.2 2.0 3.6 2.7 2.7 2.9
Crops 5.2 -4.2 1.0 3.2 1.5 3.2 1.0
i)
Important
Crops
8.4 -3.7 1.5 7.9 0.2 8.0 0.3
ii) Other
Crops
0.5 -7.2 2.3 -7.5 5.6 -5.4 1.1
iii) Cotton
Ginning
1.3 7.3 -8.5 13.8 -2.9 -1.3 7.4
Livestock 2.2 3.8 3.4 4.0 3.5 2.8 4.1
Forestry 2.6 -0.1 4.8 1.8 6.6 -6.7 3.2
Fishing 2.6 1.4 -15.2 3.8 0.7 1.0 5.8
Source: Pakistan Bureau of Statistics
Table 1;

5. important crops
 Important crops, such as wheat, rice, sugarcane maize and cotton account for 25.6
percent of the value added in overall agriculture and 5.3 percent of GDP.

6. Cotton; Area, Production and Yield of cotton
Year Area Production Yield
(000 Hectare) % Change (000
bales)
%
Change
(Kgs/Hec) % Change
2010-11 2,689 - 11,460 - 725 -
2011-12 2,835 5.4 13,595 18.6 815 12.4
2012-13 2,879 1.6 13,031 -4.1 769 -5.6
2013-14 2,806 -2.5 12,769 -2.0 773 0.5
2014-15(P) 2,961 5.5 13,983 9.5 802 3.8

7. sugarcane
 Sugarcane is an important cash crop of Pakistan. It is mainly cultivated for sugar and
sugar-related production along with an input for paper and board industry.
 Sugarcane accounts for 3.1 percent in agriculture value addition and 0.6 percent in
GDP.

8. rice
 Rice is the second largest staple food crop and is also an exportable item.
 It accounts for 3.2 percent in the value added in agriculture and 0.7 percent of GDP

9. Wheat:
 Wheat is the leading food grain of Pakistan occupying the largest area under single
crop.
 Wheat contributes 10.0 percent to the value added in agriculture and 2.1 percent to
GDP.

10. maize
 Maize grain is an important food grain and produces an array of products as raw
material for multi products and value additions.
 It contributes 2.1 percent to the value added in agriculture and 0.4 percent to GDP

11. Farm Inputs
 I) Fertilizers
 Fertilizer is the most important and expensive agriculture input. Contribution of
balanced use of fertilizers towards increased yield is from 30 to 50 percent in
different crop production regions of the country.
 ii) Improved Seed
 Seed is a key input in crop production on which efficiency of other inputs largely
depends. Improving availability of certified seed provides sound base for sustainable
agricultural production and national food security
 iii) Mechanization
 During July-March 2014-15 a total number of 31,963 tractors were locally
manufactured compared to the production of 25,186 during same period last year
showing an increase of 26.9 percent.

12. Species 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15
Cattle 38.3 39.7 41.2
Buffalo 33.7 34.6 35.6
Sheep 28.8 29.1 29.4
Goat 64.9 66.6 68.4
Camels 1.0 1.0 1.0
Horses 0.4 0.4 0.4
Asses 4.9 4.9 5.0
Mules 0.2 0.2 0.2
Livestock ;
Livestock is an important sector of agriculture

13. Poultry ;
 Poultry sector is one of the organized and vibrant segments of agriculture industry of
Pakistan.
This sector generates employment (direct/indirect) and income for about 1.5 million
people.
 Poultry meat contributes 28.0 percent of the total meat production in the country.
The current investment in Poultry Industry is more than Rs. 200.00 billion.
Poultry sector has shown a robust growth 8-10 percent annually which reflects its
inherent potential.
 This sector has contributed 1.3 percent in GDP during 2014-15 while it’s contribution in
agriculture and livestock value added stood at 6.3 percent and 11.2 percent, respectively.

14. Fisheries
Fishery plays an important role in Pakistan’s economy and is considered to be a source of
livelihood for the coastal inhabitants.
A part from marine fisheries, inland fisheries (based in rivers, lakes, ponds, dams etc.) is
also very important activity throughout the country.
Fisheries share in GDP although very little but it adds substantially to the national
income through export earnings.
Conclusion
The government is making all efforts to make Agriculture Sector more vibrant and in this
sector have initiated a number of initiatives and also focusing on Agro-base industries
and strengthening linkages with the agricultural research and development to play a role
in transfer of technology and knowledge to the farming community.

15. What is Green Revolution?

16. Background of Green Revolution
 The beginning of the Green Revolution are often
attributed to Norman Borlaug an American scientist.
 In 1940s he began conducted research in Mexico and
developed new disease resistance high yield verities of
wheat.
 Due to success of the Green Revolution in Mexico
Green Revolution spread World wide in 1950s and 1960s.

17. Causes and need of Green Revolution
1.Population Growth
 In 1940- 2,300,000,000
 In 1960- 3,023,358,000 with rate of 1.8 Source: United Nations Secretariat,
Department of Economic and Social
Affairs, The World At Six Billion (1999), p. 8.
World
population
reached:
Year
Time to add 1
billion
1 billion 1804
2 billion 1927 123 years
3 billion 1960 33 years
4 billion 1974 14 years
5 billion 1987 13 years
6 billion 1999 12 years

18. Population Growth
 “Population was increasing exponentially while food production
arithmetically” – Thomas Malthus
 Due to population increase per capita income and per capita food
availability reduce.
 Thus to feed extra mouths there was a need to introduce technical
progress in agriculture.

19. 2. Frequent occurrence of Famines
 The Bengal Famines (1943)
 The World’s worst recorded food disaster.
 Four million people died of hunger that year alone in eastern India.
 Dutch Famines (1944): 22,000 died
 Vietnamese Famine (1945):2 million died (estimated)
 Soviet Famines (1947):1-1.5 million died (estimated)
 Great Chinese Famine (1959-61): 15-43 Million died(ESTIMATED)

20. Condition of people during Famine.

21. Green Revolution in Pakistan
1.Instalation of Tubewells
 Between 1960-65 about 25,000 tub wells were
installed.
 Farm area serviced by tubewells doubled.
 Number of tubewells increased from 34,000 to
79’000 between 1964 to 1970.

22. Green Revolution in Pakistan
2. High Yielding Varity (HYV) Seeds
 Two HYV seeds, one for wheat and other for rice
was developed.
 More than half of the irrigated area of the
country (6- million acres) was cultivated with the
improved seeds.
 Output increased between 1960 and 1970
 Wheat production increased by 91 percent
 Rice production increased by 141 percent

23. 3. Green Revolution in Pakistan
3.Use of Fertilizer
 Fertilizer consumption increased by 150 percent between 1965 and 1970.

24. 4.Greater use of pesticides

25. 4. Tractoriazation
IN 1959 there were 2,000 tractors in the country.
Which increased by over 8,000 percent to 18,909 in
1968.

28. Benefits of Green Revolution
High yield varieties were introduced which gave more production.
Progress in fertilizer manufacturing was observed.
Better quality pesticides increased acreage of land.
Manufacturing and installation of tube wells and machinery which increase
production.
Pakistan Government policies to provide subsidies and credit to the producers.
Incentive prices were offered to the farmers through the price support
program.

29. Criticisms of the Green Revolution
 Problems of tubewells
 91 percent of the 76000 tubewells were in Punjab in 1968.
 In NWFP and Balochistan due to hard stony mountains and in Sindh ground water in
saline, and thus very few tubewells were sunk.

30. Criticisms of the Green Revolution
 Green Revolution hasn’t alleviated hunger
 Economic power, land controlled by few
 Technology benefits wealthy
 Most of the tractors were owned by those with more than
100 acres of land.
 Therefore Green Revolution increases inequity
 More hunger and more food at same time

31. Criticisms of the Green Revolution
 Early, poor had little access to credit
 So, they could not buy seeds, fertilizer, pesticide and modern equipments
 Wealthy invested, got richer, drove out poor

32. Problems in Agriculture sector in
Pakistan

33. Importance of agriculture
 GDP 20.9%.
 43.5% population depend
on agriculture.
 But a lot of problems are
there.

34. Limited cultivated area
 Total area of Pakistan 79.6 million acre
 23.5% under use
 About 8-9 million area is un cultivated

35. LOW YEILD
 Low per acre yield in major crops
 Like wheat, rice and cotton
 Other countries get more because
of skillful labor and use of
technology

36. Lack of facilities
 Rural infrastructure is not good
 Lack of education
 Improper storage
 Far away markets

37. Uneconomic land holding
 Increase in population
 Division of land by law of inheritance
 Further sub-divisions
 Many numbers of farmers have less than 2 hectare land

38. Old methods of farming
 Traditional methods
 Old implements
 Low yield
 But now, modern methods are taking place
 Traditional methods cannot compete with modern one

39. Small numbers of research centers
 In agricultural sector poor research
 Limited research centers
 Pakistan agriculture research council
 National agriculture research council(NARC)
 Ayub agriculture research institute
 No funds for research centers

40. Farmers poor conditions
 Financial crises of farmers
 No money available for investment
 Bank debts
 Do not get much prize from crops
 Far away from markets

41. Crop intensity
 Crop intensity is lower
 The number of crops grown on piece of land is known as crop intensity
 Low crop intensity than developed countries

42. Land tenure system
 land tenure system:
 Common law system in which land is
owned by an individual
 Land lords buy fertile piece of land
 Poor farmers get nothing with hard
work
 Low yield on defective land part

43. Waterlogging and salinity
 It causes when water-table is above 1.5 meter
 Salts on surface
 Stagnant water
 Low plant growth
 0.1 million acre land is affected

44. Poor irrigation system
 No proper canals, dams and barrages
 Drought may happen
 Water storage because of more rainfall
 Steeling of water from canals
 No proper division of water

45. Low quality chemicals
 Low quality fertilizers
 Poor quality pesticides and other chemicals
 Less availability of fertilizers to small farmers

46. Unavailability of funds
 Government is very poor
 Have not money to spend
on agriculture
 Farmers are not financially
strong
 Improper loan system

47. Unavailability of seeds
 Lack of seed industries
 Lack of seed production
 Improper seed quality
 Large money is required to spend on that industry

48. Other problems
 Various plant diseases
 Natural calamities
 Scarcity of (HYV) Seeds
 Underutilization of land

49. Topic;
How the agriculture sector can be made an engine of economic growth.
Measures to improve the agriculture sector.

51. Proper use of pesticides and fertilizers
 Proper use of best quality
pesticides and fertilizers
increase productivity.

52. Agro-based industries
like poultry ,fisheries, dairy and live stock should be
established. these industries indirectly lead to improve the
agriculture sector.

53. Agricultural research
 Agricultural research is compulsory to remove the
backwardness of agriculture sector.
 Major agricultural colleges and
universities are only about 16 in
Pakistan
 Government should increase
research work in the field of
agriculture.

54. Provision of HYVs
High yielding variety seed is
not available at suitable price
in Pakistan ,so farmers have
to depend upon low quality of
seeds that causes 20%
reduction in total production.
Government should provide
HYVs at minimum price in this
case.

55. Productivities
 Some times our farmers
receive low prices of their
crops.
 There is no proper effective
price policy of government.
 Government should set
reasonable prices of
agricultural productions to
develop the living standard
of farmers.

56. MECHANIZATION
 Latest machinery should be
provided to farmers.
 Sowing , cultivation ,and
harvesting of crops through
agricultural machinery
increase the productive
quality and quantity.
 Farm mechanization is
necessary to remove the
problem of agriculture
sector.

57. Tax concession
Government should give
tax concession on
imports of agricultural
technologies to enhance
the process of farm
mechanization.

58. Constructions of dames
 Sometimes ,due to heavy
unwanted rains and
floods agricultural
productivity destroys.
 To tackle this problem,
it is necessary to
construct dames and
bands on rivers.

59. Conclusion
 Being an agrarian country, agriculture sector of
Pakistan's economy is still backward.
 Use of modern techniques, provision of credit
facilities, basic infrastructure and agricultural
research facilities are needed to remove all the
problems of agriculture sector.