1. 1. Origin and Distribution of Breadfruit
Review of the literature:
Annex IV, pages 1-3
What do we know?
Origin (from literature)
Tropical Distribution worldwide (from literature)
Where are we now?
Do not know the number of varieties locally
Do not know about the distribution of varieties locally
Where should we be?
Number of varieties introduced
Number of trees
More exhaustive review of literature
Other sources of information?
What is missing to get there?
Eco-geographical survey on breadfruit trees
What questions are we asking ourselves?
What is the Geographical distribution of breadfruit trees in Mauritius?
Should we do a Tree census in Mauritius?
Can we use a GIS system?
Breadnut - number of trees and distribution?
Is a census of breadnut trees required?
Can there be other sources of information?
Stakeholders involved in issues related to Origin and Distribution of breadfruit
Who? Why? How?
1. CSO Involved in census Include breadfruit on
household survey
2. All stakeholders in the To map distribution of On consortium wiki
breadfruit sector breadfruit trees across the island
3. Documentation centres Involved in documentation More exhaustive review of
(MAIFS/ AREU/ MSIRI/ literature
FARC)

2. 2. Germplasm
Review of the literature:
Annex IV, pages 4-8
What do we know?
Twenty varieties identified as core varieties (literature)
Can be conserved by tissue culture(literature)
Seem to have two varieties or phenotype locally (round & oblong)(observation)
Breadnut can be used as root-stock for grafting (local validated practice)
Breadnut has an edible seed (high protein)(literature)
Where are we now?
Propagating only two seedless varieties locally
In vivo production of plants using root only (Literature Revue agricole)
Where should we be?
Characterisation of our varieties (morphological & molecular)
Any development project for which we need new germplasm
Introduction of new varieties if there is a need
In-vitro propagation
What is missing to get there?
Breadfruit to shift from an under-utilized crop to a commercial crop
Collaboration with international and local institution dealing with Breadfruit
What questions are we asking ourselves?
Which varieties exist in Mauritius?
Is there a possibility of extension of production season particularly with increasing
urbanization
Has there been genetic erosion or drift in our local varieties?
Should we increase our genetic pool?
Can we look for germplasm of dwarf varieties to facilitate harvest?
Is there a need to promote conservation of existing germplasm?
Do Reunion, Comores and Seychelles, for example, have the same varieties?
Are we having any pest/disease problems?
Are bats a problem with breadfruit?
Breadnut - is there a demand for it? What do we know about it?
Why breadnut as a root stock?
Is breadfruit a suitable alternative to breadfruit in Mauritius? Why bother about
breadnut?

3. How to differentiate between young plants of breadnuts and breadfruit?
Which institutions will be involved in this? Or has capacity? Private labs or
propagators?
Stakeholders involved in issues related to germplasm
Who? Why? How?
1. UoM Studies on general Student projects
erosion or drift in local
varieties
Research existent and
facilities available
2. AREU Varieties existing in Survey by extension
Mauritius services
Introduction of new Evaluation trials
varieties Collaborative programs
On-going research on (UoM?)
breadfruit
Research on usefulness
of breadnut regarding
nutritional properties and
on a rootstock
3. MAIFS (NPPO & Facilitate introduction of PRA & Disease/ pest
Entomology) new germplasm surveillance
4. MAIFS (Horticulture Already involved in In-vitro and In-vivo
division) conservation collections
5. FARC Already involved in In-vitro collections
conservation of
germplasm
6. Research organizations Already involved in Collaborative programs
in different countries Research and
development

4. 3. Environmental Requirements
Review of the literature:
Annex IV, pages 9-11
What do we know?
Wide range of adaptation (literature)
Agro-climatic requirements (literature)
Where are we now?
Distribution is nearly all over the island
Not clear if there are concentration zones of trees
Where should we be?
Mapping of trees distribution
Identifying agro-climatic zones suitable for optimal production
What is missing to get there?
Agronomic studies that report on adaptation in Mauritius
Experimental trials
What questions are we asking ourselves?
Are there specific micro-climates that are ideal for breadfruit?
Tolerance to drought with relation to climate change?
Tolerance to cyclones?
What is the yielding period in different zones and where to obtain the general yield
data?
Check germplasm with different production & harvesting time to extend period of
supply?
Is it possible to extend the production season?
Can breadfruit be grown in super-humid regions of Mauritius?
Is soil pH and high rainfall limiting factors to breadfruit tree growth in Mauritius?
Is breadfruit an invasive species?
Stakeholders involved in issues related to environmental requirements
Who Why How
1. AREU On-going research Trials in different
locations
2. Meteorological Meteorological data Provision of
Services available meteorological data

5. 4. Propagation methods and planting materials
Review of the literature:
Annex IV, pages 12-14
What do we know?
Can be propagated by root cuttings , air layering, stem cutting, grafting, T.C methods,
seeds
Where are we now?
Studies already started
Selected clones being propagated
Root cuttings main method, higher success rate
In-vitro propagation (under experiment)
Air-layering(under experiment)
Grafting
Where should we be?
Should have already mastered vegetative propagation methods
Should have already large number of breadfruit plants for sale
Planting material at affordable price (current price at Barkley Rs 185/unit)
What is missing to get there?
Research facilities and funds
Skilled labour
Need more starting materials
What questions are we asking ourselves?
Tapping funds (from where)?
Training for propagation required?
Pros and cons of propagation method
Is any method of propagation highly recommended
What are the success rates of the different propagation methods?
Do we have facilities for mass propagation (large scale)?
What are the problems encountered for different propagation methods
Is it easy to propagate by in-vivo methods
What if someone use root cuttings from grafted plants?
Is there any subsidized price for large scale?
What are the current prices?
Cost effective method of propagation

6. Where to get readily available planting materials?
Do we have enough planting materials and root stock?
Which rooting system/ propagation method is suitable against cyclone?
Who is and how to coordinate gathering of information on amount of planting
materials available, rate of production?
Which institutions have capacity to do this? Private sector?
Can people /farmers/ students be trained on grafting techniques?
Who can/will train producers on propagating methods?
Stakeholders involved in issues related to propagation methods and planting materials
Who? Why? How?
1. MAIFS (Barkly ES) Propagation Propagation and sale by
Sale of planting material conventional means
Adapt protocol for Tissue
culture method for sale
2. AREU Research and Development Research and
Information Dissemination Development on different
Training methods of propagation
of breadfruit
Sale of breadfruit
planting material
Training of Extension
Officers and growers
3. FARC (Tissue Research and Development on Research on in-vitro
Culture Lab) protocol development propagation of breadfruit
Production and sale of planting Sale of tissue-culture
materials plants
Research on Tissue
culture in collaboration
with UoM
4. UoM Research Research on Tissue
culture in collaboration
with FARC
5. Labourdonnais and Propagation and sale of planting Propagation by
other private sectors materials conventional means and
Production and sale of sale
agricultural produce Collaborate in on-farm
trials (OFT’s)

7. 5. Agronomy and cultural practices
Review of the literature:
Annex IV, pages 15-20
What do we know?
Fast growing/long life
Hardy
Productive
Well adapted to local conditions
Old trees can be rejuvenated
Where are we now?
Evaluation plots set up at AREU
Rejuvenation under observation
Where should we be?
Germplasm (local) characterization completed (molecular/phenotypic)
Establish local clones conservatory
Map of growing areas should have been available
What is missing to get there?
Funds
Insufficient planting materials
Absence of guidelines
No training to growers
Using elevators for plucking
Mechanized techniques
What questions are we asking ourselves?
What are the factors responsible for fruit drops?
What are the production constraints?
Can we go for high density planting materials
Can reports on the evaluations be made available( preliminary)
How does pruning affect yield?
Recommendations on pruning
Are the training materials/leaflets suitable? Is there need to revise/updates
Do we have agro-climatic maps?
What are the known production seasons in Mauritius?
Are there any appropriate tools for harvesting

8. Can tall trees be pruned?
What are irrigation requirements?
Should we have specific varieties for fresh and processing?
Bearing time for different planting materials(stem cuttings, root cuttings, grafting)
Can we do intercropping?
Can fruiting be enhanced like litchis?
What is the recommended pathway ‘to move from under-utilized crop to commercial
crop’
Stakeholders involved in issues related to Agronomy, Cultural practices & Fruiting
Who? Why? How?
1. AREU Research and Agronomic evaluation
Development Production of
Information recommendation sheets
dissemination Workshops/ Field days/
Training visits
2. SFWF Provide support to Identify constraints faced
farmers (insurance, by growers in
schemes etc.) collaboration with AREU
3. Private firms Importer of machinery/ Make available
tools appropriate harvest tools
for breadfruit
4. Growers/ MAMCF/ Producers of breadfruit Collaborate with AREU
Ministry of cooperatives for on-farm trials
5. MAIFS Schemes for pest control Support/ incentives for
Control of pests control of bats

9. 6. Fruiting
Review of the literature:
Annex IV, pages 21-25
What do we know?
Seasonal
Large trees can be regenerated
Maturity indices easy
Fruit production capacity
Where are we now?
Production season known
Fruit drop high
Tall trees difficult to harvest
Production capacity of local accessions(yield) known
Where should we be?
Less fruit drop
What is missing to get there?
Local agronomic studies
What questions are we asking ourselves?
In case of attacks by fruit bats, bird-netting needed?
What are the post harvest losses?
Have the fruits got good preservation qualities?
What are the approved pesticides on breadfruit?
What are the pest and diseases affecting breadfruit?
When do we know that the fruits are ready for harvest?
Can it be grown in super humid zones?
How to produce off season fruits?
Introduction and evaluation of new clones?
Support from NPPO for introduction?

10. Stakeholders involved in issues related to Agronomy, Cultural practices & Fruiting
Who? Why? How?
1. AREU Research and Agronomic evaluation
Development Production of
Information recommendation sheets
dissemination Workshops/ Field days/
Training visits
2. SFWF Provide support to Identify constraints faced
farmers (insurance, by growers in
schemes etc.) collaboration with AREU
3. Private firms Importer of machinery/ Make available
tools appropriate harvest tools
for breadfruit
4. Growers/ MAMCF/ Producers of breadfruit Collaborate with AREU
Ministry of cooperatives for on-farm trials
5. MAIFS Schemes for pest control Support/ incentives for
Control of pests control of bats

11. 7. Harvest and Post Harvest
Review of the literature:
Annex IV, pages 26-32
What do we know?
Grading/sorting
Waxing
Water Treatment
Traditional minimal processing (e.g water treatment)
Rod Plucking
Climbing using ladder
Picking up falling fruits
Quality index at harvest
Packing (Leno bags, gunny bags, bamboo baskets)
Where are we now?
No information on existing varieties
Using traditional harvest technique
International post-harvest practices exist
Where should we be?
Develop quality parameters (Norms/Standards)
Pruning activities
Early and late varieties
Develop dwarf and early maturity plants disease
Packing to reduce post-harvest losses (e.g agricultural crates)
What is missing to get there?
Schemes/loans for post-harvest/harvest facilities
Effective collaboration between partners
No existing protocols for harvesting/post-harvest
Sharing of information
More research and development funding
International collaboration
What questions are we asking ourselves?
At which stage to harvest? (Maturity index – optimum and actual)
Is the practice of placing fruit in water documented and justified?
Do we have appropriate tools for harvest in Mauritius? E.g. Aluminum poles

12. After harvest (green) No. of days kept (Stored) for local marketing?
What can be done (Backyard/for local market) to increase shelf-life of breadfruit?
What are the recommended packaging/storage materials for Mauritius?
Appropriate methods to increase shelf-life?
Effect of pruning on yield/quality?
Develop protocol – Responsibility?
Can we put breadfruit in under cool conditions to increase shelf-life?
Which type of wax can be used? Available?
Stakeholders involved in issues related to harvest and post-harvest
Who? Why? How?
1. Cooperatives To achieve economies of Regrouping of farmers
scale
2. Associations and Better management Training
companies (SMEDA) Incentive schemes
Appropriate funding
mechanisms
3. AREU Harvest and post-harvest Research and trials
protocol
Norms and standards Literature and research
Shelf-life improvement Literature and research
Improvement in Training/ information
harvesting techniques kits/ grants/ schemes for
Pest and disease equipments
management Awareness campaigns/
Improved cultural information materials/
practices identification of pests
and diseases
4. UoM/AREU Harvest and post-harvest Research
protocols
5. MSB/ UoM/ AREU Norms and standards Literature and research
6. Private companies/ Improvement in Training/ information
AREU harvesting techniques kits/ grants/ schemes for
equipments
7. SFWF/ Meteo/ Private Risk management Support/ assistance/
companies insurance schemes
8. AREU/MAIFS Pest and disease Awareness campaigns/
management information materials/
identification of pests
and diseases

13. 8. Product development and marketing
Review of the literature:
Annex IV, pages 33-43
What do we know?
Marketing channel – local/export
Animal feed (Pigs)
Processing awareness exist (chips, canned, flour, boiled)
Human consumption (boiled, chips, curry, snacks)
High potential for export
High risk crop (cyclone prone)
High land requirement
Where are we now?
Export of product (approx. 100mT)
Development and research on flour production
Long-term storage (freezing) shelf-life studies
Development of frozen French fries, wedges
Where should we be?
Increase usage as staple food side dishes
Unacceptable fruits, waste from processing as animal feed
Resource material for composting
Substitute for current bad eating habits (e.g. oily foods, saturated foods)
Tap on outer island resources (Rodrigues)
What is missing to get there?
More research and development and funding
Lack of information on product
Critical mass to invest in commercial production
Loans/incentive schemes
Setting up of food parks
What questions are we asking ourselves?
How do we think we are going to increase usage as staple?
Regarding increasing consumer awareness, what is being done?
What is the demand for breadfruit on the local market?
Can it be used for baby foods?
For flour making, are there any specific requirements (varietal, stage of maturity)?

14. Fresh products or processed?
Market consumption?
Is there scope for development of SME (Processing)?
Is there any kind of risk management strategy in place?
Land availability for setting up orchards?
When is the next fruit tree census?
Stakeholders involved in issues to product development and marketing
Who? Why? How?
1. FARC/SFWF Demand for fresh and Survey
processed breadfruit Breadfruit festival
2. AREU/ UoM Consumer preferences/ Survey/ sensory
New products evaluation
3. Enterprise Mauritius New markets International exhibitions/
partnerships
4. AREU/ UoM/ NPPO Type of varieties Literature
Trials
Research
5. Land use division/ AS/ Land availability Land bank
MAIFS
6. APAU/ MAIFS Census on breadfruit Survey
trees in the Republic of Complete enumeration
Mauritius Editable/clickable map
7. Food security fund/ Access to capital Schemes
DBM/ Private banks Grants
Loan facilities
8. MAIFS/ MAMCF/ Continuous/ Reliable Partnerships/ Bi-lateral
Private stakeholders/ supply of breadfruit agreements
SFWF
9. AMB/ Freeport Storage facilities Provide storage facilities

15. 9. Markets/Export
Review of the literature:
Annex IV, pages 44-46
What do Where are we Where should we be? What is missing to get
we know? now? there?
Different Fresh breadfruits Wider range of Identify local
types of for export products and germaplasm/ Access
products Breadfruit flour breadfruit varieties other germplasm
Other usages at Develop R&D on processed
level of commercial products
household e.g. production Identify interested
chips, cakes entrepreneurs
Different E.U Regional and Data on volume and
markets international value of exports and
markets country of destination
Identify new export
markets
Identify competitors in
export markets
Market E.U and local Australia, USA, Determine current
demand markets Canada and New annual production in
Zealand Mauritius
Tourist industry Work with hotel chef
Domestic markets Local market
e.g. frozen chips, intelligence
canned, flour Market intelligence for
Gluten free Gluten free products
products
Market Fulfilling SPS Infrastructure for Financial Resources for
Access requirements for commercially investment
E.U processing Identify SPS
Food safety requirements for
requirements potential export markets
SPS requirements (e.g. fruit flies)
for other Develop packaging
international Develop certification
markets (Market system for food safety
barriers) and allergens free
Logistics for
packaging and
export (Perishable)
Certification
(evidence for
Gluten free
products)

16. What questions are we asking ourselves?
Types of products
What is current production volume?
What is current export volume?
To which markets are breadfruit exported?
What are other potential markets?
Different Markets
In these export markets, what are customs duties applied?
In these export markets what are SPS requirements?
Can Mauritius abide by these SPS requirements?
Market intelligence in current and potential export markets: Who are the buyers? Price?
Need specific varieties? Potential for market development? How consumed?
Market demand
Who are our competitors?
Their Prices?
Cost analysis including freight cost?
Seasonality of supply from Mauritius v/s others?
Development of other products; Processed; Pulp/ canned/ frozen / possible? Cost?
Market access
Export markets potential for these processed products?
What inputs are needed: Infrastructure, technology, packaging, storage conditions,
transport conditions, cold-chain? (processed)
Forecast of production volume in next 5-10 years?
What are requirements to import/ propagate varieties?
What is shelf life of varieties?
What are current standards for export? Size/ type of packaging?
Determine regularity of supply for export markets?
Are breadfruit destined for export coming from orchards or backyards?
Any orchard project?
Can orchard be certified global gap?
If marketed as Gluten free, who will certify?
What are health and nutritional advantages and How can these be used for marketing?
Sensitization of farmers on gap to produce good quality breadfruit, Who/How?
What is potential for absorption on local market?

17. Market intelligence: Who are buyers? Preferred way of consuming? Price? Potential for
processed products and prioritize? Hotels: Potential?
Should new recipes be developed?
Marketing of breadfruit on local market: How? Who? For both processed and fresh?
What time of the year are competitors exporting?
What are the conditions for import of new breadfruit accession?
Any strategy to market breadfruit as potential candidates for food security?
What are the priorities for Mauritius?
Should we have a brand name- branding breadfruit of Mauritius?
What are storage conditions of breadfruit before export?
What are the requirements for export? (size, weight, type and so on)
What is the current practice for sale of breadfruit (whole/ whether semi processed?)
Are there any post harvest treatments for breadfruit before export?
Which sources of information exist on international trade of breadfruit?
Stakeholders involved in issues related to markets and export
Who? Why? How?
 1. APEXHOM Involved in export policies Information on export
and information standards, market access
Facilitation
 2. Exporters Know export markets Information on export data and
constraints
 3. Producers/ Processors Need markets to sell Production information
 4. AREU Post-harvest for exports Research and Development on
shelf-life, post-harvest, storage,
packaging, Good Agricultural
Practices (GAPs) etc.
 5. Enterprise Mauritius Know export markets Participation in trade fairs to
present breadfruits
 6. NPPO SPS for imports and Allow import of germplasm
exports and information on SPS of
export matkets
 7. Laboratories (Food Testing of pesticides Testing of pesticide residues
Tech Lab)
 8. Women entrepreneurs Capacity to produce/ Start processing
process
 9. Chefs/ hotels Use in restaurants Use breadfruits – new recipes
 10. Media Communicate Inform public about breadfruit
 11. Consumer Inform consumers Inform consumers about
organizations benefits

18. 10.Uses of Plant parts other than the fruit
Review of the literature:
Annex IV, pages 47-49
What do we know? Where are we Where should we be? What is
now? missing to get
there?
Different parts of use of the other use of the other parts R&D on the
breadfruit tree, plant parts at of breadfruit other medicinal
multipurpose tree household than at household value
level level, e.g. handicraft
for tourism
industry/export
Can use timber, fruits, Using only
seeds, peel bark, latex, fruits
buds, leaves, flower,
spike, trees
Food Developing
flour
Used for animal Feed
Used for medicinal
purposes
Used for clothing
Agro-forestry shade
Caulking for canoes
Adhesives
Used for construction
of buildings,
handicrafts, surfboards
What questions are we asking ourselves?
What are the possible uses of by-products from breadfruit processing?
Is there any economic importance of plant parts other that fruit for Mauritius?
Stakeholders involved in issues related to uses of plant parts other than the fruit
Who? Why? How?

19. 11.Consumer preferences, Education and Products
Review of the literature:
Annex IV, pages 50-53
What do we Where are we Where should we what is missing to
know? now? be? get there?
Most people are People should find it
Preferred by
discovering how normal that Peoples’ awareness
Asian niche
to use breadfruit breadfruit forms part of nutritional value
markets
in their menu of their diet
Develop breadfruit as
Preference for
a disaster relief food
fresh fruits
(food security)
Wide range of
products
Awareness on gluten
(international
free products
markets) e.g.
canned
Support from the
government
What questions are we asking ourselves?
Is breadfruit also consumed by Europeans in replacement of potato?
In what forms consumers would like to eat breadfruit? Fresh or frozen?
Are products demand driven?
How has the perception/status of breadfruit changed over the years?
Nutritional analysis of derived products (w.r.t. snacking at school)?
Need for educating consumers?
Survey on consumer preferences?
What need to be done to increase consumer?
Awareness on importance of breadfruit?
Concept of breadfruit festival?
Which countries are producing breadfruit flour?
Quantity of flour exported and where?
How many breadfruit need to replace 1kg of wheat?
Cost of production of flour?

20. Stakeholders involved in issues related to Consumer preferences, Education and
Products
Who? Why? How?
1. Exporter (Sarjua?) Already have access to Provide information on
export market consumers from
international markets and
their requirements
2. Producers and Processors Customer Satisfaction Development of new
products
3. MoA/ Producers Create awareness Breadfruit festivals
Breadfruit consumption
campaigns
World Food Day
4. Consumer Protection Platform for local Consumer acceptance/
Association consumers consumer awareness
5. CSO, AREU Data on breadfruit Surveys
consumption locally Data on per capita
consumption of breadfruit
6. Media Consumer education Radio talks, TV programs