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COMPUTER

    20090239

    ENG 204

GÜLŞEN HÜSEYİN

MUSTAFA DOLMACI
The history of computer science began long before the
modern discipline of computer science that emerged in the
20th century, and hinted at in the centuries prior
progression, from mechanical inventions
and mathematical theories towards the modern concepts
and machines, formed a major academic field
   The earliest known tool for use in computation was
    the abacus, developed in period 2700–2300 BC
    in Sumer. The Sumerians' abacus consisted of a table
    of successive columns which delimited the successive
    orders of magnitude of their sexagesimal number
    system.[2] Its original style of usage was by lines drawn
    in sand with pebbles. Abaci of a more modern design
    are still used as calculation tools today.
Binary logic
   In 1703, Gottfried Leibnitz developed logic in a formal,
    mathematical sense with his writings on the binary
    numeral system. In his system, the ones and zeros also
    represent true and false values or onand off states. But
    it took more than a century before George
    Boole published his Boolean algebra in 1854 with a
    complete system that allowed computational processes
    to be mathematically modeled.
   By this time, the first mechanical devices driven by a
    binary pattern had been invented. The industrial
    revolution had driven forward the mechanization of
    many tasks, and this included weaving. Punched
    cards controlled Joseph Marie Jacquard's loom in
    1801, where a hole punched in the card indicated a
    binary one and an unpunched spot indicated a
    binary zero. Jacquard's loom was far from being a
    computer, but it did illustrate that machines could be
    driven by binary systems.
Birth of computer science
 Before the 1920s, computers (sometimes computors)
  were human clerks that performed computations. They
  were usually under the lead of a physicist. Many
  thousands of computers were employed in
  commerce, government, and research establishments.
  Most of these computers were women, and they were
  known to have a degree in calculus. Some performed
  astronomical calculations for calendars.
   After the 1920s, the expression computing
    machine referred to any machine that performed the
    work of a human computer, especially those in
    accordance with effective methods of the Church-Turing
    thesis. The thesis states that a mathematical method is
    effective if it could be set out as a list of instructions able
    to be followed by a human clerk with paper and
    pencil, for as long as necessary, and without ingenuity or
    insight.
   Machines that computed with continuous values
    became known as the analog kind. They used
    machinery that represented continuous numeric
    quantities, like the angle of a shaft rotation or difference
    in electrical potential.
Wiener and Cybernetics
   From experiments with anti-aircraft systems that
    interpreted radar images to detect enemy
    planes,Norbert Wiener coined the term cybernetics from
    the Greek word for "steersman." He published
    "Cybernetics" in 1948, which influenced artificial
    intelligence. Wiener also compared computation,
    computing machinery, memory devices, and other
    cognitive similarities with his analysis of brain waves.
   The first actual computer bug was a moth. It was stuck
    in between the relays on the Harvard Mark II.[1] While
    the invention of the term 'bug' is often but erroneously
    attributed to Grace Hopper, a future rear admiral in the
    U.S. Navy, who supposedly logged the "bug" on
    September 9, 1945, most other accounts conflict at least
    with these details. According to these accounts, the
    actual date was September 9, 1947 when operators filed
    this 'incident' — along with the insect and the notation
    "First actual case of bug being found.
   REFERENCES

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_computer_science

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Computer hıstory

  • 1. COMPUTER 20090239 ENG 204 GÜLŞEN HÜSEYİN MUSTAFA DOLMACI
  • 2. The history of computer science began long before the modern discipline of computer science that emerged in the 20th century, and hinted at in the centuries prior progression, from mechanical inventions and mathematical theories towards the modern concepts and machines, formed a major academic field
  • 3. The earliest known tool for use in computation was the abacus, developed in period 2700–2300 BC in Sumer. The Sumerians' abacus consisted of a table of successive columns which delimited the successive orders of magnitude of their sexagesimal number system.[2] Its original style of usage was by lines drawn in sand with pebbles. Abaci of a more modern design are still used as calculation tools today.
  • 4. Binary logic  In 1703, Gottfried Leibnitz developed logic in a formal, mathematical sense with his writings on the binary numeral system. In his system, the ones and zeros also represent true and false values or onand off states. But it took more than a century before George Boole published his Boolean algebra in 1854 with a complete system that allowed computational processes to be mathematically modeled.
  • 5. By this time, the first mechanical devices driven by a binary pattern had been invented. The industrial revolution had driven forward the mechanization of many tasks, and this included weaving. Punched cards controlled Joseph Marie Jacquard's loom in 1801, where a hole punched in the card indicated a binary one and an unpunched spot indicated a binary zero. Jacquard's loom was far from being a computer, but it did illustrate that machines could be driven by binary systems.
  • 6. Birth of computer science  Before the 1920s, computers (sometimes computors) were human clerks that performed computations. They were usually under the lead of a physicist. Many thousands of computers were employed in commerce, government, and research establishments. Most of these computers were women, and they were known to have a degree in calculus. Some performed astronomical calculations for calendars.
  • 7. After the 1920s, the expression computing machine referred to any machine that performed the work of a human computer, especially those in accordance with effective methods of the Church-Turing thesis. The thesis states that a mathematical method is effective if it could be set out as a list of instructions able to be followed by a human clerk with paper and pencil, for as long as necessary, and without ingenuity or insight.
  • 8. Machines that computed with continuous values became known as the analog kind. They used machinery that represented continuous numeric quantities, like the angle of a shaft rotation or difference in electrical potential.
  • 9. Wiener and Cybernetics  From experiments with anti-aircraft systems that interpreted radar images to detect enemy planes,Norbert Wiener coined the term cybernetics from the Greek word for "steersman." He published "Cybernetics" in 1948, which influenced artificial intelligence. Wiener also compared computation, computing machinery, memory devices, and other cognitive similarities with his analysis of brain waves.
  • 10. The first actual computer bug was a moth. It was stuck in between the relays on the Harvard Mark II.[1] While the invention of the term 'bug' is often but erroneously attributed to Grace Hopper, a future rear admiral in the U.S. Navy, who supposedly logged the "bug" on September 9, 1945, most other accounts conflict at least with these details. According to these accounts, the actual date was September 9, 1947 when operators filed this 'incident' — along with the insect and the notation "First actual case of bug being found.
  • 11. REFERENCES http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_computer_science