2. Forming the Roots of Sociability:
Emotions in Infancy
Across every culture,
infants show similar facial
expressions relating to
basic emotions.
Influenced by bio AND
exp.
E.g., rules of display are
culturally influenced
Temperament
3. Emergence of Emotional Expressions:
first expression of relationships
• Enables coordinated interactions w/caregivers
• Reciprocal changes in expression
The “self-conscious” emotions (jealousy, empathy,
embarrassment, pride, shame, and guilt) appear later
4. Emergence of Emotional Expressions:
first expression of relationships
Crying: at least three
types:
basic cry
anger cry
pain cry
stimulated by
physical pain
or
high-intensity
stimulus
5. Emergence of Emotional Expressions:
first expression of relationships
Smiling: 2 types:
Reflexive
Social
4 months
6. Separation Anxiety (Protest)
Begins ~ 8 or 9 months; peaks ~14
months. (Slightly later than stranger
anxiety.)
Both stranger & separation anxiety
represent important social progress!
They reflect cognitive advances in
the infant, and growing emotional
and social bonds.
http://media.pearsoncmg.com/ph/hss/shared_hss_assets/psychology/dev_vid/video_pop-ups/feldman_video_06-2.html
8. Social Referencing:
Feeling What Others Feel
Social Referencing>reading emotional cues
to help determine how to act; esp facial
expressions
First occurs ~8-9 months.
Most likely >uncertain and ambiguous
situations.
If Dad and Mom show conflicting emotions?
[next]
9. Temperament
Chess and Thomas’
Easy - 40%
Difficult - 10%
Slow-to-warm-up - 15%
35% cannot be consistently categorized
Kagan’s Behavioral Inhibition/socially bold
Effortful Control > high control = self-
soothing; low control = easily agitated
Biological foundations and experience
10. The Consequences of Temperament:
Does Temperament Matter?
GOODNESS OF FIT: Development is dependent on the
degree of match between children's temperament
and the nature and demands of the environment in
which they are being raised.
= affect on LT dev’t
11. Infant Personality Development
Personality - enduring personal
characteristics
Includes emotions and temperament
Erikson: Early Py is shaped largely
by an infant’s personal
experiences [next]
12.
13. Stages/Crises
First year of life; Trust
Age 2: Independence
“autonomy versus shame and doubt”
when caregivers are impatient and do for
toddlers what they are capable of doing
themselves, shame and doubt develop
14. The Development of Self
SELF-AWARENESS,
knowledge of self, begins
to grow ~12 months.
mirror and rouge task.
Most infants attempt to wipe
off the rouge b/t 17-24
months.
Ability to assess own
physical features emerges
in 2nd year.
Crying, when presented
with complicated tasks,
implies consciousness.
[next]
17. Attachment
John Bowlby> attachment has a
biological basis
Ainsworth Strange Situation: illustrates
the strength of attachment between a
child and (typically) his or her mother
[next]
18. Individual Differences in
Attachment
Responses the Strange Situation
securely attached
insecure avoidant
insecure resistant
insecure disorganized
20. Attachment:
The Roles of Mother & Father
When stressed, infants tend to prefer their
mothers. [?]
BUT, no preference when no stress (boredom,
fatigue, novel stimuli) present
Fathers > more rough-and-tumble play;
mothers > more feeding and nurturing.
An interconnecting constellation of
subsystems
Generations, genders, roles,
Reciprocal relationships
21. Attachment
MUTUAL REGULATION MODEL
RECIPROCAL SOCIALIZATION
Scaffolding (turn-taking) part of the process
22. Gender
Dissimilar worlds for members of each sex, even during
infancy.
Fathers interact more with sons than daughters; mothers
more with daughters.
Fathers > more rough-and-tumble play; mothers > more
feeding and nurturing.
Infants wear different clothes and are given different toys
based on gender.
Infants' behavior is interpreted differently depending on
gender.
Male infants are more active and fussier than females.
By age one, infants are able to distinguish between
males and females.
23. Day care and social and
personality development.
2/3 between 4 months and 3 years of age
spend time in non-parental child care.
> 80% of infants are cared for by people other
than mothers at some point during their first
year of life.
24. Day Care: Assessing Outcomes
Possible advantages Possible disadvantages
Solve problems Lower attachment.
better.
Slower cognitive
Pay greater attention development
to others.
Use language more Illness
effectively.
Play well with others.