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Plate Tectonics II:
Volcanos and Earthquakes and
      Tsunamis, Oh My
         Dr. Mark McGinley
  Honors College and Department of
         Biological Sciences
        Texas Tech University
Evidence for Plate Tectonics
Evidence of Plate Tectonics




  http://www.mnh.si.edu/earth/text/4_1_2_3.html
Evidence of Plate Tectonics
• 1980s
• Ten years of telescope-based
  measurements from Earth to
  distant quasars confirmed that
  the North American and
  Eurasian Plates are moving
  away from each other at a rate
  of 1.7 cm (0.7 in) per year.
• Geological studies of ocean-
  floor rocks suggest the plates
  have moved at this same
  average speed for tens of
  millions of years.
Evidence for Plate Tectonics
                • Two telescopes — one in
                  Massachusetts, the other
                  in Germany — measured
                  their distance to a pulsing
                  quasar at the same time.
                  This measurement was
                  repeated 803 times over
                  10 years. Each point on the
                  graph indicates how far
                  apart the two stations
                  were at that time. As you
                  can see, they slowly
                  moved apart.
Plate Tectonics and Volcanos
• A volcano is an opening,
  or rupture, in a planet's
  surface or crust, which
  allows
  hot magma, volcanic
  ash and gases to escape
  from below the surface.
• Volcanoes are generally
  found where tectonic
  plates are diverging or
  converging.
Volcano
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DceHEBG
  Vfj4
Volcanos and Divergent Plate
               Boundaries
• A mid-oceanic ridge,
  for example the Mid-
  Atlantic Ridge, has
  examples of
  volcanoes caused
  by divergent tectonic
  plates pulling apart
Volcanos and Convergent Place
             Boundaries
• http://geology.com/nsta/convergent-plate-
  boundaries.shtml
Volcanos and Convergent Plate
                Boundaries
• The Pacific Ring of
  Fire has examples of
  volcanoes caused
  by convergent
  tectonic
  plates coming
  together.
Volcanic Islands
          • Not all volcanos
            occur at plate
            boundaries
          • Hot spots, locations
            of rising hot magma,
            can cause magma to
            reach the surface
            causing volcanos
Formation of the Hawaiian Islands
Snake River Hotspots
    Yellowstone
Earthquakes
• An earthquake is the result of a sudden
  release of energy in the Earth's crust that
  creates seismic waves.
• The seismic activity of an area refers to the
  frequency, type and size of earthquakes
  experienced over a period of time.
Earthquake Locations
Plate Boundaries
Earthquake animation
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=30SFfPvcs
  s0
1989 San Francisco Earthquake
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zkx-
  vO9I8r8&feature=related
Tsunami
• A tsunami is a series of water waves caused by
  the displacement of a large volume of a body
  of water, typically an ocean or a large lake.
• Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and
  other underwater explosions,
  landslides, glacier calvings, meteorite
  impacts and other disturbances above or
  below water all have the potential to generate
  a tsunami.
2004 Tsunami
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Xebwzb3
  dDE

• http://videos.howstuffworks.com/discovery/1
  4049-tsunami-2004-indian-ocean-plate-shift-
  video.htm
Video Tsunami 2004
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EEzt3DXO
  HWI
2011 Japanese Tsunami
• http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/n
  ews/environment-news/japan-tsunami-2011-
  vin/

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Plate Tectonics II

  • 1. Plate Tectonics II: Volcanos and Earthquakes and Tsunamis, Oh My Dr. Mark McGinley Honors College and Department of Biological Sciences Texas Tech University
  • 2. Evidence for Plate Tectonics
  • 3. Evidence of Plate Tectonics http://www.mnh.si.edu/earth/text/4_1_2_3.html
  • 4. Evidence of Plate Tectonics • 1980s • Ten years of telescope-based measurements from Earth to distant quasars confirmed that the North American and Eurasian Plates are moving away from each other at a rate of 1.7 cm (0.7 in) per year. • Geological studies of ocean- floor rocks suggest the plates have moved at this same average speed for tens of millions of years.
  • 5. Evidence for Plate Tectonics • Two telescopes — one in Massachusetts, the other in Germany — measured their distance to a pulsing quasar at the same time. This measurement was repeated 803 times over 10 years. Each point on the graph indicates how far apart the two stations were at that time. As you can see, they slowly moved apart.
  • 6. Plate Tectonics and Volcanos • A volcano is an opening, or rupture, in a planet's surface or crust, which allows hot magma, volcanic ash and gases to escape from below the surface. • Volcanoes are generally found where tectonic plates are diverging or converging.
  • 8. Volcanos and Divergent Plate Boundaries • A mid-oceanic ridge, for example the Mid- Atlantic Ridge, has examples of volcanoes caused by divergent tectonic plates pulling apart
  • 9. Volcanos and Convergent Place Boundaries • http://geology.com/nsta/convergent-plate- boundaries.shtml
  • 10. Volcanos and Convergent Plate Boundaries • The Pacific Ring of Fire has examples of volcanoes caused by convergent tectonic plates coming together.
  • 11. Volcanic Islands • Not all volcanos occur at plate boundaries • Hot spots, locations of rising hot magma, can cause magma to reach the surface causing volcanos
  • 12. Formation of the Hawaiian Islands
  • 13. Snake River Hotspots Yellowstone
  • 14. Earthquakes • An earthquake is the result of a sudden release of energy in the Earth's crust that creates seismic waves. • The seismic activity of an area refers to the frequency, type and size of earthquakes experienced over a period of time.
  • 18. 1989 San Francisco Earthquake • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zkx- vO9I8r8&feature=related
  • 19. Tsunami • A tsunami is a series of water waves caused by the displacement of a large volume of a body of water, typically an ocean or a large lake. • Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and other underwater explosions, landslides, glacier calvings, meteorite impacts and other disturbances above or below water all have the potential to generate a tsunami.
  • 20. 2004 Tsunami • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Xebwzb3 dDE • http://videos.howstuffworks.com/discovery/1 4049-tsunami-2004-indian-ocean-plate-shift- video.htm
  • 21. Video Tsunami 2004 • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EEzt3DXO HWI
  • 22. 2011 Japanese Tsunami • http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/n ews/environment-news/japan-tsunami-2011- vin/