This document provides information about citations and references for a Forensic and Investigative Science course. It defines what citations are, provides citation examples, and explains why citations are important. It also describes the different parts of a citation, how citations are presented in text and in reference lists, and includes examples of citing books, journal articles, and paraphrasing.

1. Forensic and Investigative Science 401:
Professional Forensic Communications
Linda Blake, Science Librarian
Linda.blake@mail.wvu.edu
(304) 476-5802
Research Guide:
http://libguides.wvu.edu/FIS401
Image from "What's Going On, 2009" by Willie Rodger;
Bridgeman Education, WVU Libraries
Information Literacy Sessions
Fall 2014
Rachel Mohr

2. What is a Citation?
A formatted description of a journal
article, book, web page, photograph, chart,
interview, video, or other work you use to
gain information for your writing. Also,
referred to as references.

3. What is a Citation?
Citation Examples (in CSE Style)
Electronic Journal article
Albanese J. 2003. A metric method for sex determination using the
hip bone and the femur. J Forensic Sci. 48(2):263–73.
Print Book
Spicer J. 2004. Making sense of multivariate data analysis: an
intuitive approach. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

4. Why Are Citations Important?
Correct citations serve two purposes:
They give credit to the person or organization from whom you
borrowed the ideas and information. Avoids plagiarism.
They allow your reader to identify and locate the original
sources.

5. Citations / References
Citations are presented in two ways in a
publication:
1. At the end of a work listing all of the references
that contributed to the work
Variously called End References, Reference List,
Bibliography, Works Cited
Example:
Benecke M, Josephi E, Zweihoff R. 2004. Neglect of the elderly: forensic
entomology cases and considerations. Forensic Sci Int. 146(Suppl):195–
199.
Braig HR, Perotti MA. 2009. Carcasses and mites. Exp Appl Acarol. 49(1–
2):45–84.

6. Citations / References
2. Within the text of a work / in text citation
An abbreviated format which refers to the End
References
Example in CSE Name-Year (N-Y):
“As examples, we cite the location of the real place where a
murder was committed (Hawley et al. 1989), the origin of a
consignment of drugs (Crosby et al. 1985) and diagnosis of
abuse and neglect of the elderly (Benecke et al. 2004).”
From:
González MA, González HL, Perotti MA, Jiménez RG. 2013. Occurrence of Poecilochirus
austroasiaticus (Acari: Parasitidae) in forensic autopsies and its application on postmortem
interval estimation. Exp Appl Acarol. 59(3):297-305.

7. Parts of a Citation
Journal Title
Authors
Article Title
DOI
Publication Details

8. Parts Become a Whole (CSE Style)
Council of Science Editors (CSE) Name-Year (NY) Style
Saloña MI, Moraza ML, Carles‐Tolrá M, Iraola V, Bahillo P,
Yélamos T, Outerelo R, Alcaraz R. 2010. Searching the soil:
forensic importance of edaphic fauna after the removal of a
corpse. J Forensic Sci. 55(6):1652-1655.
CSE Research Guide http://libguides.wvu.edu/csestyle

9. Let’s Try Some Citations

10. Is This Citing a Book or a Journal?
Romero DH, Stelmach GE. 2001. Motor function in
neurodegenerative disease and aging. In: Boller F, Capa SF,
editors. Handbook of neuropsychology. Amsterdam: Elsevier
Science. p.163-191.
Book Chapter

11. Which Is the Correct Way to Cite?
Several indicators have been used
to disclose the extent,
development and severity of
drugs-of-abuse problems in a
country (European Monitoring
Centre for Drug Addiction 2008).
These include criminality
associated with drugs, the amount
of confiscated drugs, morbidity of
infectious diseases as a
consequence of intravenous drug
abuse, number of injection drug
users, and the number of abusers
in treatment. (European
Monitoring Centre for Drug
Addiction 2008).
Several indicators have been used
to disclose the extent,
development and severity of
drugs-of-abuse problems in a
country (European Monitoring
Centre for Drug Addiction 2008).
These include criminality
associated with drugs, the amount
of confiscated drugs, morbidity of
infectious diseases as a
consequence of intravenous drug
abuse, number of injection drug
users, and the number of abusers
in treatment.
1. 2.
From:
Simonsen KW, Normann PT, Ceder G, Vuori E, Thordardottir S, Thelander G, Hansen AC,
Teige B, Rollmann D. 2011. Fatal poisoning in drug addicts in the Nordic countries in 2007.
Forensic Sci Int. 207(1-3):170 – 176.

12. What About Paraphrasing?
Original passage:
Some of the most useful types of pollen and spores for
forensics are the wind-pollinated types. This group
includes the spore-producing plants such as ferns and
mosses, the fungi, and a wide range of pollen types
produced by the gymnosperms (nonflowering seed-bearing
plants such as pines, cedars, and spruce), and a
significant number of angiosperms (flowering seed-bearing
plants such as aspen, elms, and oaks).
Paraphrased passage:
Wind-pollinated plants produce some of the most useful
pollen and spores for forensic scientists. These include:
ferns and mosses, fungi, gymnosperms, and
angiosperms.
Original PaFrom:
Bryant VM. Pollen and spore evidence in forensics. 2009. In: Jamieson A,
Moenssens AA, editors. Wiley Encyclopedia of Forensic Science. Chichester,
England: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. p. 3.
Which of the following is
true for the paraphrased
passage?
A. A citation is not
needed because the
original source is from
an online book, not a
print book or a journal
article.
B. It is word-for-word
plagiarism.
C. Nothing is wrong
with the paraphrase
except it lacks a citation.
D. The paraphrase
should include more

13. Which Citation is Correct?
Which in-text citation (N-Y) is correct?
1. Worsham and Jenkins (Worsham and Jenkins 1980) prepared an
infra-red responsive fingerprint composition based on aluminium
powder.
2. Worsham and Jenkins (1980) prepared an infra-red responsive
fingerprint composition based on aluminium powder.
3. Worsham and Jenkins prepared an infra-red responsive fingerprint
composition based on aluminium powder (Worsham and Jenkins
1980).
Citation from the References list:
Worsham R, Jenkins KL. 1980 Oct. 7. Infra-red responsive finger-print
composition. United States US 4,226,740.