2. Segregation The separation or isolation of a race, class or ethnic group be enforced or voluntary residence in a restricted area, by barriers to social intercourse, by separate educational facilities, or by other discriminatory means; de facto segregation Segregation that happens by fact rather than by legal requirement; de jure segregation Segregation by law.
3. Plessy v. Ferguson 1896 Separate but Equal Satisfies the 14th Amendment Equal Protection Clause of the Constitution; Not a unanimous decision.
7. The Aftermath "If we can organize the Southern States for massive resistance to this order I think that in time the rest of the country will realize that racial integration is not going to be accepted in the South." Senator Harry Flood Byrd, February 24,1956
8. Laws in Virginia Forbade any integrated schools from receiving state funds, and authorized the governor to order closed any such school. Established a three-member Pupil Placement Board that would determine which school a student would attend. The decision of these Boards was based almost entirely on race. Creation of tuition grants which could be given to students so they could attend a private school of their choice; in practice, this meant support of all-white schools that appeared as a response to forced integration (the "segregation academies").
10. Prince Edward County When ordered in 1959 to integrate the public schools, the County Board of Supervisors refused to fund public schools within the County; The public schools remained closed until 1964.
11. Norfolk Fall, 1958 - Governor closed all of the all-white schools, thereby preventing the black students who had planned to transfer in from doing so; February, 1959, all Norfolk schools reopen as integrated schools.
