Kumarse Nazari, ICARDA

1. International Wheat Stripe Rust Symposium, ICARDA, Aleppo, Syria, 18-20, April 2011 Status of Wheat Stripe in CWANA: Analysis of Current Outbreaks Kumarse Nazari k.nazari@cgiar.org

2. More than 50 m ha of wheat production in CWANA 25% of the total global wheat areas fall in CWANA

3. Stripe (Yellow Rust) Leaf (Brown Rust) Stem (Black) Rust

4. Stripe (yellow rust) local names in CWANA Arabic: Shakiran" شَقِران meaning blond, and "Hummaira" حميرة meaning reddish, " الصدأ الأصفر(Yellow rust); "SadaaMokhatat" الصدأ المخطط (Stripe rust) ; "SadaaBurtokali" الصدأ البرتقالي (orange rust) B. Baya, Persian: زنگ زرد (yellow Rust), سرخه (reddish); زنگال (rustic), Zardi, Zang, Sorkhi, J. Kamali K. Nazari Georgia called “KviteliZhanga” (ყვითელი რუსტი ) Z. Sikharulidze Nepal: PaheloSindure or DharseSindureS. Sharma Pakistan Zard or DhariDharKungi (Urdo) Atiq Rattu In Hindi is called “PilaRatua” (पीला जंग) M. Prashar Morocco: Bouzadaghbut in SAIS area (meknès – Fès); Berber language, Ramdani, Amri In Turkish and Azeri: Sarı Pas (farmers call Kinacik; means henna) Kazakhstan; Sary Tat Alma Kokhmetova Russian: Zheltoĭ Rzhavchinжелтой ржавчине K. Aslanova Ethiopia , Amharic name: Bitchawag Bedada Girma

5. Pathogen Nomenclature PathogenCommon Name P. striiformis sensustricto Stripe rust P. striiformoides(P. striiformis f.sp. dactylidis) Cocksfoot stripe rust P. pseudostriiformis(P. striiformis f.sp. poae) Bluegrass stripe rust P. gansensis Liu, M. and Hambleton, S. (2010). "Taxonomic study of stripe rust, Puccinia striiformis sensulato, based on molecular and morphological evidence.", Fungal Genetics and Biology, 114(10), pp. 881-899

7. Important Epidemiological Factors in CWANA & CAC Conducive climatic conditions Similarity of wheat genotypes Mean of transportation: West-East wind movement, Overlapping crop calendar e Co-evolution of host pathogens Vide range of host plants

8. Mega-cultivar: Genetic similarity 1980-1997: The Yr9-Outbreak Syria and Lebanon: Mexipak Ethiopia: Dashen Iran: Falat Pakistan: Pak 81 Turkey: Seri 82 2000-2010: Yr27 virulent outbreak Syria: Cham 8 Kubsa Chamran & Shiroudi Pakistan and India: Inquilab 91 & PBW343 Susceptible mega cultivars Sardari (Iran), Gerek (Turkey), Akhtar (Morocco), Bezostaya (CAC), …..

9. Earth Rotation and easterly trade winds

10. Risk of Accidental Transfer (the “747 route”) A small world: A Single Airline Flight Map! Plus – Very long distance natural “rare” events can occur!

11. We can also transfer the rust spore if….

13. Crop calendar “Green Bridge” & Continues cropping system A. Yahyaoui

14. Historical Example of regional yellow rust epidemic 1980’s in CWANA classical example of transboundary wheat rusts

15. Yr27Pst pt; A New Threatto wheat production in CWANA Mega-cultivarsInqualab-91 5 million ha in PakistanPBW343 6 million ha in India Yr27Pst pt Syria, Morocco, Uzbekistan (2009) India, Pakistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Iran - Inqualab-91, MH97, Chamran, Imam and Kubsa: Yr27 - PBW343, Shiroudi, Bakhtawar and WH542 : Yr9 and Yr27

16. Wide spread of new Yr race: Yr27 virulence race in southern part Cool and humid weather in warm area Yellow rust epidemic, Darab, Dezful and Ilam, 2007

17. Early infection foci Yellow rust epidemic Akhtarcv-Morocco 2009 (75% of wheat growing areas) (Ezzahiri et al., 4th RYRC-Turkey)

18. Yellow rust high infection Uzbekistan, 2009 Bezostaja become susceptible (R. Sharma)

19. Early Yr infection March 17, 2010, Aleppo

20. Early infection foci Syria 2010, Hassakeh, March 17 Cham 8

21. Syria 2010, Cham6

22. Early infection on Tetraplois wheat genotypes Yellow rust outbreak Ethiopia 2010

23. Number of freezing days at Tel Hadya between November-January, 2006-2010

25. Yr race analysis of Pst in CWANA Syria: Yr1, Yr(2), Yr6, Yr7, Yr8, Yr(8), Yr9, Yr10, Yr27, Yr25, Yr(Sd) Morocco: Yr(2), Yr6, Yr7, Yr8, Yr9, Yr27, Yr(Sd) Afghanistan: Yr1, Yr6, Yr7, Yr8, Yr9, Yr27, Yr (Sd), YrSu Kenya: Yr1, Yr2, Yr6, Yr7, Yr8, Yr9, Yr25, Yr27 Ethiopia: Yr2, Yr6, Yr7, Yr8, Yr9, Yr27 Tajikistan: Yr1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 25, 32 Iraq: Y2, Yr6, Yr7, Yr8, Yr9, Yr25, Yr27 Turkey: ? IRAN: Y2, Yr6, Yr7, Yr8, Yr9, Yr25, Yr27

27. Challenges ahead Regional and international rust laboratory Expanding current rust surveillance Capacity building Reactivation rust networks Exchanging/ sharing information New platform toward understanding pathogenic variability at farmer field Revision differential cultivars Standardization of rust laboratory protocols and Revision differential cultivars Characterization and filed assessment of adult-plant resistance genes Breeding for resistance (long lasting resistance)

29. He was happy when he had a bread but when he didn’t !?