These slides use concepts from my (Jeff Funk) course entitled analyzing hi-tech opportunities to show how smart sensors are becoming more economically feasible and more widely used in infrastructure. This is enabling greater monitoring and self-healing of structures. Twenty years ago, it was improvements in MEMS, piezo-electric ceramics, and ultrasonic sensors that was enabling structural health monitoring. More recently, it has been improvements in fiber optic sensors, wireless sensors and RFID tags that are enabling this monitoring. Today, it is the falling cost of these components and their combination with more recently available ones such as ionomers (a type of polymer), carbon nano-tubes, and energy harvesters. Improvements in these sensors have enabled the absolute cost of sensors and their percentage of costs in for example bridges to fall over the last 20 years to fall. These trends are expected to continue and become applicable to a broader number of structures including buildings and vehicles.

1. Name Matriculation ID
Brian Cakra A0133496Y
Muhamad Tomi Haetami A0133454L
Arulmani Natarajan A0132656E
Ahmadali Tahmasebimoradi A0103024E
Seyed Mohammad Hasheminejad A0094092A
STRUCTURAL HEALTH
MONITORING
GROUP PRESENTATION
MT5009 ANALYZING HI-TECHNOLOGY OPPORTUNITIES
2015
For presentations on other technologies see http://www.slideshare.net/Funk98/presentations

2. MT5009
1. SHM Introduction
1.1. Past Catastrophic Structural (w/o SHM) Failures
1.2. SHM Process
1.3. SHM Applications
1.4. Wireless SHM Architecture and Applications
2. SHM Development and Technologies
3. Old SHM Technology
3.1. MEMS
3.2. Piezoelectric Sensors
3.3. Ultrasonic Sensors
2
4. New SHM Technology
4.2. Fiber Optic Sensors (FOS)
4.6. Wireless Sensors Network
4.7. Embedded RFID Systems
5. Emerging and Future SHM Technology
5.1. Self Healing SHM
5.2. Carbon Nanotube (CNT) Sensors
5.3. Energy Harvesting
6. SHM Feasibility
6.1. How Far Can It Goes
7. Conclusion

3. MT5009
SHM is the process of
implementing a damage
detection and
characterization strategy for
structures.
• Damage due to:
 Mismanagement in
construction,
 Lack of quality control,
 Temperature variation,
 Initiation of cracks due to
cyclic loadings.
• Damage changes:
 Geometry properties,
 Boundary conditions,
 Characteristics of the system.
3
Why SHM?
1. Safety.
2. Replace schedule-
driven maintenance
with condition-based
maintenance.
3. Increase Structure’s
Longevity.
4. Addressing Issues of
Scale (e.g. monitoring
millions of structure).
5. Detecting damage in
early stage to enable
proactive responses.
6. Total Cost Reduction.
Human Health
Monitoring
SHM Analogy
Structural Health Monitoring

4. MT5009
Sampoong Department Store Collapse due to
Overload in Seoul, South Korea (1995).
4
Historical
Archive of
the City
Collapse due
to Ground
Deformation
in Cologne,
Germany
(2009)
Tacoma Bridge Collapse due to Wind
in Tacoma, US (1940) Sung-Su Bridge Collapse
in Korea (1994)
I-35 Bridge Collapse in
Minessota, US (2007)
Nicoll Highway
Collapse due to
Construction
Failure and
Overload,
Singapore
(2004)

5. MT5009 5
SHM steps:
1. Operational evaluation,
2. Data acquisition (Sensors such as piezoelectric, piezoresistive, MEMS, optical
fibers, resistance strain, dip angle, acoustic emission, stress measurement sensors,
selecting the excitation methods, the sensor types, number and locations )
3. Analyzing the data (microprocessors, IC, microcontroller)
4. Developing a statistical model for feature discrimination

6. MT5009 6

7. MT5009
Status inside materials building, Bridges, Wind turbine, Dams, mines, oil Rig and Pipe lines.
7

8. MT5009 8

9. MT5009 9

10. MT5009 10

11. MT5009 11
OLD SHM NEW SHM
EMERGING &
FUTURE SHM
1970s 1990s 2000s
 Wired
 Independent Sensor / Not
communicate with other
sensors
 Only Monitoring
 Fiber Optic
 Less Calibration
 Wired and Wireless
 Sensor Array.
 Self-organization and near-
neighbor awareness
 Only Monitoring
 Active SHM, Self Healing
Structure
 Smart Particle, self assembly
 Energy Harvesting
 Smart Sensors, cooperation
between sensor nodes
Problem:
 Messy Wires and
complex
installation.
 Need Calibration.
Problem:
 Power Management
issue, many sensors
need power.
 Sensor’s reliability
issue (life time).

12. MT5009 12
OLD
SHM
NEW
SHM
EMERGING &
FUTURE SHM
1970s
Problem:
Messy Wires
and complex
installation.
 Wired
 Independent Sensor / Not communicate with other sensors
 Passive, Only Monitoring

13. MT5009
• MEMS inertial sensors (Strong motion Class B)
• An acceleration sensor and angular velocity sensors (gyroscope)
13
Performance. S/N Dynamic range dB.
Market Size by Application and Grade
Advantages:
• Miniaturized size,
• Lower power
consumption,
• Improved linearity,
• Extended FS range,
• Integrated wireless,
• Low cost,
• Mass production,
• Three-dimensional
detection.
MarketSize.$Million
MEMS-based devices Market:
CAGR of 11.7% and a total volume of $9.2 billion (2015).
Unit production growth of 14%.

14. MT5009
 Mechanical energy  Electrical
energy (direct effect) and vice versa
(converse effect).
14
Application:
 to investigate the deformation and deflection (damage
detection) for the structures including loaded pipes, beams, and
plates.
 to identify, locate, and quantify the structural performance of
the system by the vibration and frequency response from a
network of piezoelectric sensors.
1. Piezoelectric Ceramics (PZT):
• Inexpensive,
• Small,
• Light weight,
• Easily fabricated,
• Less sensitive to temperature variation,
• Low power consumption,
• (-) Inflexible.
2. Piezoelectric Polymers (PVDF):
• Very flexible,
• (-) High cost of fabrication
3. Piezoelectric Ceramic /
Polymer Composites

15. MT5009
This technique relies on shear waves (frequencies above 18kHz to MHz) generated by a probe (e.g.
piezoelectric transducer) at a given point of the structure and sensed by another at a different point. The
damaged areas affect the propagated ultrasonic wave in the structure and result in mixed modes.
15

16. MT5009 16
OLD
SHM
NEW
SHM
EMERGING &
FUTURE SHM
1990s
 Fiber Optic
 Less Calibration
 Wired and Wireless
 Sensor Array.
 Self-organization and near-neighbor awareness
 Only Monitoring Faults in sensor nodes can be tolerated
by using other available nodes.

17. MT5009
In SHM, type of FOS commonly used is
Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) sensors, with
multiplexing capacity.
17
Advantages:
• Suitable for long-term permanent.
• More accuracy and reliability
• No calibration needed
• One cable can have hundreds of the Sensors
• Simple installation
• Light weight
• Cable can run kilometers, no length limit
• FOS uses light signal: High Bandwidth, No Electrical
sparking, EMI immunity, etc.
Fiber Bragg Grating principle

18. MT5009
Every sensors in the old days tended to
transform its physical layer to wireless
connection.
18
Example Wireless Sensors.
Advantages:
• No messy cabling, increase mobility
• Faster Installation speed
• Reduce infrastructure cost of cabling
• Enabled communication between sensors through
• (-) Security Issues
• (-) Radio Interference Issues
Wireless Sensor
Network Market
Forecast
400 -
800 -
600 -
200 -
1000 -
MarketSize(inMillionUSD)
$ 401 M
$ 945 M
$ 455 M

19. MT5009
 Wireless use of electromagnetic fields to transfer data,
 Automatically identifying and tracking tags attached to objects.
19
Hand Held RFID Reader RFID Temperature Sensor RFID Strain SensorRFID Temperature and Moisture Sensors
Advantages:
• Wireless data collection, Non-contact communication
• Small Size
• Stored data in built-in memory
• Readable by both fixed RFID reader and hand held reader
General configuration of RFID tag with sensor and
built-in memory

20. MT5009
RFID Type Active RFID Passive RFID Battery-Assisted Passive (BAP)
Tag Power Source Internal to tag
Energy transfer from the reader
via RF
Internal power source to power on,
and energy transferred from the
reader via RF to backscatter
Tag Battery Yes No Yes
Availability of Tag Power Continuous Only within field of reader Only within field of reader
Required Signal Strength
from Reader to Tag
Very Low Very high (must power the tag)
Moderate (does not need to power
tag, but must power backscatter)
Available Signal Strength
from Tag to Reader
High Very Low Moderate
Communication Range
Long Range (100m or
more)
Short range (up to 10m) Moderate range (up to 100m)
Sensor Capability
Ability to continuously
monitor and record
sensor input
Ability to read and transfer
sensor values only when tag is
powered by reader
Ability to read and transfer sensor
values only when tag receives RF
signal from reader
20

21. MT5009 21
OLD
SHM
NEW
SHM
EMERGING &
FUTURE SHM
2000s
 Active SHM, Self Healing Structure
 Smart Particle, self assembly
 Energy Harvesting
 Smart Sensors, cooperation between sensor nodes

22. MT5009 22
Application:
 Fill the crack / gap
 Protective coating for concrete
Fiber Coating with Nano
and Micro Capsules
contain Resin / Glue /
Sodium Silicate / Calcium
Lactate as a healing agent.
Advantages:
• Inexpensive,
• Environmentally friendly,
• Catalyst free
• Increase concrete structures’ life by 20%
Bacteria
H2O, CO2,
O2
+
+
+
FURTHER:
 Self lubricating
 Self cleaning
 Metal Healing

23. MT5009
CNT spatial sensing skins: Using CNT (e.g. hybrid glass-fiber composite) attached to small-scale
concrete beams formed a continuous conductive skin (layer in structure).
23
Advantages:
• A direct means for measuring the distributed strain fields.
• High Sensitivity and Accuracy to identify the existence,
location and severity of structural cracks or corrosion.
• Higher degree of miniaturization.
• (-) Expensive and currently limited production
Carbon nanotube-based sensing composites for
structural health monitoring

24. MT5009 24
• Energy sources for wireless sensors.
• e.g. solar, thermal, wind, and kinetic.
Advantages:
• Independent self-powered Sensors,
• Less power cable infrastructure,
• Reduce energy consumption, Eco-friendly.
$ 45 M
$ 227 M

25. MT5009 25
Example: Innowattech Piezoelectric
Piezoelectric installed beneath the
surface of the Road. Electricity
generated from the Vibration.

26. MT5009
The Wind and Structural Health Monitoring
System (WASHMS) at Tsing Ma Bridge has
four different levels of operation: sensory
systems, data acquisition systems, local
centralised computer systems and global
central computer system.
26
FACTS:
Origin: Hongkong
Year: 1997
Structure Cost: 929 Million
SHM Cost: USD 8 Million
350 Sensors
Cost per Sensor: USD 22,875
Technology: FOS, Wireless
Tsing Ma Bridge with positions of sensors

27. MT5009
The Bill Emerson Memorial Bridge is a
cable-stayed bridge across the
Mississippi River, Missouri, USA.
27
FACTS:
Origin: Missouri, USA
Year: 2003
Structure Cost: USD 100 Million
SHM Cost: USD 1.3 Million
86 Sensors
Cost per Sensor: USD 15,116
Technology: Wireless

28. MT5009
The I-35 bridge which replaced the Minneapolis bridge that collapsed. This
SHM is potentially saving 15 to 25 percent of long-term maintenance costs.FACTS:
Origin: Minneapolis, USA.
Year: 2008
Structure Cost: USD 234 Million
SHM Cost: USD 1 Million
500 Sensors
Cost per Sensor: USD 2,000
Technology: Wireless

29. MT5009
Item Tsing Ma Bridge
Bill Emerson
Memorial Bridge
I-35 bridge
Total Structure Cost USD 929 mil. USD 100 mil. USD 234 mil.
Year 1997 2003 2008
SHM cost USD 8 mil. USD 1.3 mil. USD 1 mil.
SHM cost (%) 0.9% 1.3% 0.4%
Total sensors 350 sensors 86 sensors 500 sensors
Cost per sensor USD 22,875 USD 15,116 USD 2,000
Sensor technology FOS, Wireless Wireless wireless
-15%
SHM Cost decrease
15% each year.

30. MT5009
1. Almost any structure that we want to maintain for any purpose.
2. By further improvements in the process of MEMS and better miniaturization of them, SHM can be
applied to even small device like artificial heart, skin and limbs.
3. Using on daily life’s:
 Self healing / self patching (hole in) tire.
 Self inflating tire.
 Self healing from scratch in any surface.
 Monitoring stress, load, fatigue in furniture.
 SHM in home appliances.
• Crack in gas regulator / gas tank.
• Exposed cable.
 Etc.
4. New protocols to reduce energy usage.
 Bluetooth 4, Zigbee, Thread, MiWi, Allseen, etc.
30
Part of Smart City.
Internet of Things.

31. MT5009
1. Increasing in Market Size (CAGR)  mass production + technology growth  cheaper unit cost ↓
 MEMS sensor/actuator = 12 %
 Wireless Sensor Network = 13 %
 Energy Harvesting = 50 %
 These parts’ price will continuously reduce, at least until 2020 .
2. Other factors affect the decrement of SHM Cost:
 Less labor and engineering cost due to wireless network and better monitoring system.
 Smaller sensors, better performance, cheaper unit cost, lower energy consumption.
 Internet of things
3. SHM Technologies applications depend on geographical location.
 E.g. Energy harvesters (solar panel) need sunny environment.
4. SHM Technology will become more effective with “self-….” tech., energy harvesting, and new material.
5. s 31
CHEAPER SHM.
Cost decrease 15%
each year.