1. The document discusses the effects of tobacco smoke on the human body. It notes that tobacco smoke contains over 4000 chemicals, including 70 carcinogens. 2. The smoke can cause diseases like lung cancer and heart disease by damaging cells in the lungs and reducing the blood's ability to carry oxygen due to chemicals like carbon monoxide. 3. Specific chemicals in the smoke like tar and nicotine can irritate the lungs, increase mucus production, and raise heart rate/blood pressure, negatively impacting the respiratory and cardiovascular systems.

1. HIGHFIELD
Grade 11
2016-2017
TOBACCO SMOKE AND
IT’S EFFECTS ON GAS
EXCHANGE
BY: BENNEDICT ELBERT

2.  Smoking is a practice in which a substance is burned and the
resulting smoke breathed in to be tasted and absorbed to the
bloodstream.
 Indonesia is currently rank 4th in the countries with the most
smokers with 67.4% of males over 15 years old smoke and an
estimated Rp 11 trillion per year are used as cost of treating
tobacco-related disease.
 Smoking have become very common due to lots of reasons
including:
1. Addiction due to nicotine which is one of the most addictive
substance on earth
2. Social integration/Peer pressure as when others around you smoke,
you practically feel like you should be doing it too
3. To relieve stress
SMOKING

3.  Tobacco is a product prepared from the leaves of the tobacco
plant by curing them. Unlike most other plants, tobaccos
contain a higher concentration of nicotine which is a
poisonous alkaloid drug that is addictive.
 Tobacco is consumed in many forms and through a number of
different methods such as chewing tobacco, gutka and snuff.
But it is mainly used and consumed through smoking in
cigarettes, cigars, pipe tobacco and flavored shisha tobacco.
TOBACCO
Gutka or Guṭkha is a preparation of
crushed areca nut, tobacco, catechu,
paraffin wax, slaked lime and sweet
or savory flavorings. It is sold across
India in small, individual-sized
packets that cost between 2 and 10
rupees per packet. Gutka is
consumed by placing a pinch of it
between the gum and cheek and
gently sucking and chewing.

4.  Tobacco smoke is an aerosol created by the incomplete
combustion of tobacco during the smoking of cigarettes,
pipes, or cigars. It contains a mixture of up to 4000 different
chemicals and is released into the atmosphere in 2 ways
which is:
1. Mainstream smoke: from the filter or mouth end of the
cigarette/cigar/pipe
2. Sidestream smoke: from the burning
tip of the cigarette/cigar/pipe tobacco.
TOBACCO SMOKE

5. TOBACCO SMOKE
Pyrolysis: Decomposition brought about by
high temperature
Pyrosynthesis: Fusion of simple substances
to more complex substances
due to high temperature

6.  Tobacco smoke could also cause diseases such as lung
cancer, heart disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
(COPD), emphysema, and other serious diseases in smokers
who consumes tobacco smoke.
 Around 85% of tobacco smoke will be sidestream smoke
which contains higher concentrations of toxins than
mainstream smoke. People who involuntarily inhale this
smoke will be passive smoking and presents a health hazard
and negative implication to the people who are passive
smoking.
TOBACCO SMOKE

7.  Out of the thousands of chemicals in tobacco smokes, several
important ones include:
1. Carbon monoxide
2. Nicotine
3. Tar
As well as over 70 carcinogens/ substances which causes
cancer.
CHEMICALS IN TOBACCO SMOKE

8. Not all of these chemicals are
present in a tobacco, but due
to combustion many natural
chemicals present in the
tobacco plants reorganizes to
form new chemicals.
Chemicals found in tobacco
plant:
1. Sugars
2. Chlorophyll
3. Mineral
4. Water
5. Nicotine
6. And more..
Tobacco plant
CHANGES OF CHEMICALS IN TOBACCO

9. Chemicals found in dried
tobacco
1. Sugars
2. Mineral
3. Water
4. Nicotine
5. And more..
There are more than 2.500 chemicals in
tobacco in which they are transformed
to more than 4,000 chemicals over 70
which are carcinogenic.
Chemicals found in tobacco
smoke
1. Tar
2. Benzene
3. Nicotine
4. Carbon monoxide
5. Hydrogen cyanide
6. And more..
CHANGES OF CHEMICALS IN TOBACCO

10.  Over 80% of lung cancer deaths are caused by smoking and ¼
of all smokers die due to this. These lung cancer occurs due
to the carcinogens which is contained in the smoke.
 These carcinogens cause damage to the genes of epithelial
cells which line the bronchi and bronchioles and therefore
exposed to these carcinogens and may cause mutations of
some genes.
EFFECTS OF CARCINOGENS IN TOBACCO
SMOKE ON THE GAS EXCHANGE SYSTEM

11.  An example of the carcinogen contained in tobacco smoke is
benzopyrene (BP) found in tar, where:
1. A derivative of BP binds directly to the tumour-suppressor gene p53,
which normally stops cell division and destroy mutated cells.
2. The binding deactivates p53
3. The epithelial cells in the lungs or human gas exchange system
divide through mitosis uncontrollably
This causes a tumor which could cause cancer and obstruct
airflow causing breathing difficulties if it occurs in the airways
of the gas exchange system.
EFFECT OF CARCINOGENS IN TOBACCO
SMOKE ON THE GAS EXCHANGE SYSTEM
Molecular structure of
BP

12. LIST OF CARCINOGENS IN CIGARETTE
SMOKE
Chemical Amount (per cigarette)
Acetaldehyde 980 micrograms to 1.37 milligrams
Acrylonitrile
formerly 1 to 2 milligrams. This product
was used as a fumigant in tobacco. Its use
has since been discontinued.
4-Aminobiphenyl 0.2 to 23 nanograms
o-Anisidine hydrochloride unknown
Arsenic unknown
Benzene 5.9 to 75 micrograms
Beryllium 0.5 nanograms
1,3-Butadiene 152 to 400 micrograms
Cadmium 1.7 micrograms
1,1-Dimethylhydrazine unknown
Ethylene oxide unknown
Formaldehyde unknown

13. Furan unknown
Heterocyclic amines unknown
Hydrazine 32 micrograms
Isoprene 3.1 milligrams
Lead unknown
2-Naphthylamine 1.5 to 35 nanograms
Nitromethane unknown
N-Nitrosodi-n-butylamine 3 nanograms
N-Nitrosodiethanolamine 24 to 36 nanograms
N-Nitrosodiethylamine up to 8.3 nanograms
N-Nitrosodimethylamine 5.7 to 43 nanograms
N-Nitrosodi-n-propylamine 1 nanogram
4-(N-Nitrosomethylamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-
butanone
up to 4.2 micrograms
N-Nitrosonornicotine 14 micrograms
N-Nitrosopiperidine unknown
LIST OF CARCINOGENS IN CIGARETTE
SMOKE

14. N-Nitrosopyrrolidine 113 nanograms
N-Nitrososarcosine 22 to 460 nanograms
Polonium-210 variable[3]
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons 28 to 100 milligrams
o-Toluidine 32 nanograms
Vinyl chloride 5.6 to 27 nanograms
LIST OF CARCINOGENS IN CIGARETTE
SMOKE

15.  Tar in tobacco smoke is a mixture of chemicals that enter the
respiratory tract as an aerosol of minute droplets. About 70%
of this tar is deposited on the airways and alveoli. It is an
irritant that causes:
1. Inflammation of the mucous membranes (the epithelium and
connective tissue containing the mucous glands) lining the trachea,
bronchi and bronchioles, causing them to release more mucus.
2. Paralyzes the cilia on the surface, thus the mucus, filled with dust
and microorganisms accumulates in the lungs.
EFFECTS OF TAR IN TOBACCO SMOKE ON
THE GAS EXCHANGE SYSTEM

16.  The cough is a response from the body to try to remove the
build-up mucus, this responses reduces the rate of gaseous
exchange in a number of ways:
1. Build-up mucus on the walls of the airways reduces it’s diameter,
hence reduces the rate where air can reach the alveoli
2. Coughing builds up scar tissues which reduces air movement and rate
of diffusion
3. As cilia no longer removes mucus and pathogens, infections arise as
bacteria can replicate, increase their population and has more time of
entry into the epithelial cells or the circulation
4. Allergens such as pollen also accumulate leading to further
inflammation of the airways, reduced air-flow in and out of the lungs
and possible asthma attacks
EFFECTS OF TAR IN TOBACCO SMOKE ON
THE GAS EXCHANGE SYSTEM

17.  Carbon monoxide is a colorless odorless gas produced from
the incomplete burning or virtually any combustible product. It
is considered toxic to animals and humans if a strong
concentration of it is encountered. It could be created from
many sources such as car exhausts, incinerators and
cigarettes.
EFFECTS OF CARBON MONOXIDE IN TOBACCO
SMOKE ON CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

18.  As haemoglobin has a higher affinity for carbon monoxide
than oxygen, carbon monoxide reduces the blood’s ability to
carry oxygen. This causes the heart to work harder to supply
an equivalent volume of oxygen to the body, thus increasing
the risk of coronary heart disease and could lead to
hypertension.
 Several symptoms of exposure to carbon monoxide includes:
1. Headache
2. Rapid heart rate
3. Fatigue
4. Mental confusion
EFFECTS OF CARBON MONOXIDE IN TOBACCO
SMOKE ON CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

19.  Nicotine is a poisonous alkaloid drug which makes cigarettes
addictive. Nicotine could cause:
1. Increase in heart rate
2. Constriction of blood pressure
3. Raises blood pressure
4. Making the platelets in blood “sticky”
5. Damage in endothelial lining
Hence nicotine could lead to increased risk of coronary heart
disease, stroke or even thrombosis.
EFFECTS OF NICOTINE ON
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Through stimulating
the production of the
hormone adrenaline

20.  Wikipedia
 Biology in Context book
 http://www.evatese.com/2013/08/18/15-most-common-
reasons-people-smoke/
 http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2016/06/01/indonesia
-on-track-to-worlds-highest-smoking-rates.html
 http://www.carbonmonoxidekills.com/are-you-at-risk/carbon-
monoxide-in-cigarettes/
 http://m.cancer.org/cancer/cancercauses/tobaccocancer/car
cinogens-found-in-tobacco-products
 http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/hc_ps/tobac-tabac/fact-
fait/combustion-eng.php
REFERENCES

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