3. • Kahit na ang kita ng gobyerno mula sa
taxes ng sigarilyo ay umaabot sa PhP 23 billion
taun-taon
• Nababawasan ang ekonomiya
ng bansa dahil sa gastos na
pangkalusugan dulot ng
top 4 na sakit na dulot ng
paninigarilyo (Ca, CVD,
COPD, Diabetes) na umaabot sa
PhP 149 billion taun-taon.
SOURCE: Tobacco and Poverty Study, World Health Organization, 2008)
4. Bakit laganap sa Pilipinas ang
pag gamit ng SIGARILYO (tabacco)?
• MADALING MAKAKUHA
• AGGRESIBO AT LAGANAP NA KALAKAL
• KAKULANGAN SA KAALAMAN UKOL SA
PANGANIB SA KALUSUGAN
• KAKULANGAN SA PAGSASAGAWA NG
PATAKARAN AT PROGRAMA UPANG SUGPUIN
ANG EPIDEMYA NG SIGARILYO
5. SIGARILYO
ay ang natatanging LEGAL na produkto,
na kung ginamit base sa
manufacturers’ instructions,
ay siguradong papatayin ang kalahati
sa mga gumamit nito.
6. Ang usok ng sigarilyo ay merong
higit sa 7,000 chemicals,
higit sa 50 known or suspected carcinogens,
at maraming potent irritants.
8. 3 PANGUNAHING SANGKAP
NG USOK NG SIGARILYO
•NICOTINE ay ang sangkap ng
sigarilyo na
nakakahumaling/nakaka-addict.
Ito ay naiiwan sa dugo at
nakaapekto sa utak sa loobng
10 segundo. Ito’y nagdudulot sa
naninigarilyo para gumanda ang
pakiramdam dahil sa kemikal na
ilinalabas
nagdudulot
ng utak. Ito’y
rin ng pagtaas ng
tibok ng puso, blood pressure, at
adrenaline na nakakaganda ng
pakiramdam.
9. •TAR ay makapal, malapot na sangkap, at kung malanghap
ito ay didikit sa mga maliliit na buhok sa baga (lungs), na
tinatawag na cilia. Normal nitong pinoprotektahan ang baga
laban sa mga dumi at impeksyon, pero kung ito’y mapupuno
ng tar ‘di nila magagawang protektahan ang baga. Tinatakpan
rin ng Tar ang mga bahagi ng buong respiratory system,
pinaliliit nito ang mga tubo na nagdadala ng hangin
(bronchioles) at nababawasan rin ang pagkabanat ng
baga.
10. • CARBON MONOXIDE ay
nakakalasong kemikal na makikita
sa mga usok ng tambutso ng mga
sasakyan. Binabawasan nito ang
dami ng oxygen sa dugo at pati na
rin sa ibang organs. Dahil konti na
ang oxygen sa dugo, ito’y nagiging
malapot at ito ang dahilan upang
pumuwersa ang puso na mag
buga ng dugo.
11. Ang PANINIGARILYO ay gumagawa
ng samo’t saring problema sa
kalusugan at komplikasyon….
W A R N I N G
Ang mga susunod na slides ay may mga imahe na
hindi angkop sa mga bata, patnubay ng magulang
ay kailangan.
14. Ang paninigarilyo sa murang edad ay nakakapag pataas ng
panganib sa kanser sa baga (lung cancer) at bibig.
15. Smoking makes you about 10 times more likely
to die early from a major stroke or heart attack.
Pinatataas rin nito ang panganib na magkaroon ng diabetes.
16. Smokers suffer more frequently from
severe bronchitis and emphysema
(a disease where the chemicals in tobacco smoke severely damage
the lining of the lungs, and make it difficult to breathe).
17. Ang paninigarilyo ay nagdudulot ng pinsala sa mga maliliit
na ugat at pinipigilan nito ang pagdaloy sa mga kamay at
paa, na maaaring magkaroon ng gangrene at magdulot ng
pagkaputol ng paa at kamay.
20. Ang paninigarilyo ay nakakaapekto rin sa kutis at balat;
nakakapagdulot ito ng maagang pagtanda ng balat at
pagkakaroon ng mga kulubot (wrinkles).
21. Men who smoked for years were often unable
to have an erection due to low penile blood pressure.
Male smokers also have a lower sperm count and
more abnormal sperm than non-smokers.
28. Sa kada stick ng sigarilyo na nagagamit,
nawawalan ng 5 to 10 minutes ng buhay ang taong naninigarilyo
at ilinalagay rin nya sa panganib ang mga inosenteng tao sa
kanyang paligid.
29. URI NG USOK NG SIGARILYO
•MAINSTREAM SMOKE Ito ay combinasyon ng hinithit at
ibinugang usok matapos itong sindihan.
31. • THIRD-HAND SMOKE ay
kombinasyon ng usok at amoy
ng sigarilyo na dumidikit sa
buhok at damit ng naninigarilyo,
pati na rin sa sahig, mga kurtina,
appliances, mga gamit sa bahay,
mga laruan ng bata – kahit na
wala ng naninigarilyo.
34. • Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
• Reduced lung function
• Increased blood pressure
• Headaches
• Acute lower respiratory infection –
bronchitis, pneumonia
• Respiratory irritation –
cough, phlegm, wheeze
• Difficulty in breathing
• Burning eyes and throat
• Ear infections
• Nose bleeds
• Frequency and severity of asthma
• Childhood cancers –
leukemia, lymphoma, brain tumor
35. ALAM ‘NYO BA?
The original “Marlboro Man”
may not
have been that macho or masculine
as his advertisements projected.
David Millar, Jr.
died from emphysema in 1987
after years of bad health.
Three more men who appeared
in Marlboro advertisements
– Wayne McLaren,
David McLean & Dick Hammer –
all died of lung cancer.
39. • In 2003, the Philippines enacted Republic Act 9211
aimed to:
- Promote smoke-free areas
- Inform public of the health risks
of tobacco use
- Ban all tobacco
advertisement and
sponsorship and restrict
promotions
- Regulate labelling of tobacco products
- Protect youth from being initiated
to smoking
40. • SMOKING BAN in public conveyances like jeepneys,
buses, taxis and tricycles.
• OTHER SMOKING BAN in elevators and stairwells,
locations in which fire hazards are present, health and
hospital facilities, public conveyances, and food
preparation areas.
• These places cannot have designated smoking areas.
41. A N O A N G P W E D E M O N G
GAWIN?…
Kung ikaw ay naninigarilyo, itigil
ito sa pinakamabilis na paraan.
Huwag mong hahayaan na may
manigarilyo sa loob ng inyong
bahay – protektahan mo ang
iyong sarili at iba laban sa
Secondhand smoke.
Makisali sa mga anti-smoking
campaigns – kailangan malaman
ng iba ang mga masamang
naidudulot ng paninigarilyo.
42. Kapag ikaw ay tumigil sa
pagyosi…
Sa loob ng 20 Minutes:
Bababa ang blood pressure sa normal
Magiging normal ang pulso
Body temperature ng kamay at paa ay tumataas at nagiging normal
Sa loob ng 8 oras:
Carbon Monoxide level sa dugo ay baba sa normal
Oxygen level sa dugo ay tataas sa normal
Smoker's breath ay nawawala
Sa loob ng 24 oras:
Ang chance ng pagkakaroon ng heart attack ay nababawasan
Sa loob ng 48 oras:
Ang mga ugat-ugat ay nagsisimula na ulit na tumubo
Ang abilidad sa pangamoy at panlasa ay bumabalik
43. Sa loob ng isang taon:
Ang panganib sa coronary heart disease ay kalahati
kaysa sa naninigarilyo
Sa loob ng 2 taon:
Panganib sa Heart attack ay bababa sa normal
Sa loob ng 5 taon:
Lung cancer death rate para sa average pack-a-day
smoker ay bababa ng halos kalahati
Panganib sa Stroke risk ay mababawasan
Panagnib mula sa mouth, throat at esophageal cancer
ay bababa ng kalahati kaysa sa mga naninigarilyo pa
Kapag ikaw ay tumigil sa
pagyosi…
44. Sa loob ng 10 taon:
Lung cancer death rate ay
parehas na sa mga taong hindi
naninigarilyo.
Ang mga nabuong pre-cancerous
cells ay napalitan na.
Sa loob ng 15 taon:
Panganib mula sa coronary heart
disease ay parehas na sa mga
taong hindi man lang nanigarilyo.
Kapag ikaw ay tumigil sa
pagyosi…
45. The choice is yours !
Help us in our crusade
and save lives !
.
49. COPD
Associated with
Abnormal inflammatory response of the lungs
To noxious particles and gases
Severe COPD leads to
Respiratory failure
Repeated hospitalization
Death
51. Chronic Bronchitis
Productive cough, for
at least 3 months
at least 2 consecutive years
Absence of any other identifiable cause of
excessive sputum production
Airflow limitation that is not fully reversible
Abnormal inflammatory response to noxious
agent - e.g., smoking
52. Emphysema
Alveolar wall destruction
Irreversible enlargement of air spaces
Distal to the terminal bronchioles
Without evidence of fibrosis
53. Burden of Disease: Epidemiology
In 2010, estimated 384 million patients
Leading cause of morbidity and mortality
Induces substantial economic and social burden
Second leading cause of death
Annual deaths due to COPD
About 3 million
4.5 million by 2030
55. Risk factors
Exposure
Tobacco smoke
Bio mass fuel smoke, open fires
Chronic uncontrolled asthma
Occupational dusts and chemicals
Infections, overcrowding, damp
Low socioeconomic status
Host Factors
Genes (alpha1- anti-trypsin↓)
Hyper responsiveness
Lung growth, low BW
Advanced age
56. COPD Increasing Worldwide
Increase in exposure to risk factors (especially
tobacco) in developing countries & in women
Changing demographics globally, with more
people living into the COPD age range
65. Chronic Bronchitis
Mild dyspnea
Cough is prominent
Copious, purulent sputum
More frequent infections
Cor pulmonale common
66. Emphysema
Severe dyspnea
Cough after dyspnea
Scant sputum
Less frequent infections
Terminal respiratory failure
Cor pulmonale rare
67. mMRC Grading of Dyspnea
Grade Description
0 Dyspnea only with strenuous exercise
1 Dyspnea when hurrying or walking up a slight hill
2
Walks slower than people of the same age because of
dyspnea or has to stop for breath when walking at own pace
3 Stops for breath after walking 100 m or after a few minutes
4 Too dyspneic to leave house or breathless when dressing
68. Physical Examination
Physical exam may be normal in some
Hyper-inflated chest, barrel chest
Wheezes or quiet breathing
Pursed lip / accessory muscles resp.
Peripheral edema
Cyanosis, ↑ JVP
Cachexia
Cough, wheeze, dyspnea, sputum
73. Management
Risk reduction
Smoking cessation:
Reduces the rate of decline in lung
function
Results in clinical improvement
74. Goals of Management
Reduce
Risk
Reduce
Symptoms
Relieve symptoms
Improve exercise tolerance
Improve health status
Prevent disease progression
Prevent and treat complications
Reduce mortality
75. Principles of Management
Stable COPD
Inhalation treatment is preferred
LAMA (long acting antimuscarinic agent) is the FIRST choice
LABA (long acting beta agonists) are the SECOND best choice
ICS (inhaled corticosteroids) are the THIRD choice
SABA and SAMA (salbutamol, ipratropium) for short bursts
NO systemic steroids in stable COPD
77. Inhaled therapy
The mainstay of COPD therapy
Drugs are delivered as aerosols or powders
delivered direct to the airways
first-pass metabolism in the liver is avoided
lower doses are necessary
unwanted systemic effects are minimized
80. Remember mMRC grading?
mMRC grading is for assessing the severity of
1. Breathlessness
2. Angina
3. Chest pain
4. Fatigue
Grade Description
0 Dyspnea only with strenuous exercise
1 Dyspnea when hurrying or walking up a slight hill
2
Walks slower than people of the same age because of dyspnea or has to stop for
breath when walking at own pace
3
Stops for breath after walking 100 m or after a few
minutes
4
Too dyspneic to leave house or breathless when dressing
81. Assessment & Management of COPD
Grade FEV1 (%pred)
Gold 1
Gold 2
Gold 3
Gold 4
> 80
50 - 79
30 - 49
<30
Assessment of
Airflow limitation
Exacerbation
History
0 or 1
NOT
requiring
admission
Assessment of Symptoms
mMRC 0-1 mMRC 2+
> 2 or > 1
requiring
admission
C D
A B
Diagnosis
FEV1 / FVC
< 0.7
82. C D
A B
Smoking cessation + Pulmonary rehabilitation
Physical activity
Influenza & Pneumococcal vaccine
Regular follow up and spirometry
Bronchodilator
salbutamol - SABA
ipratropium - SAMA
Long acting bronchodilator
LABA - salmeterol, formoterol
LAMA - tiotropium
LABA + LAMA
LAMA
LAMA + LABA
LAMA + ICS
Budesonide, fluticasone
LAMA + LABA + ICS
Roflumilast (if FEV1 < 50%)
Macrolides (if smoker)
83. Management of exacerbations
Most common causes
infections of the bronchial
tree
air pollution
increase in smoking
In ~35%, unknown cause
Treatment
Antibiotics
Systemic steroids
Mechanical ventilation, if
required
Oxygen*
Avoid high flow oxygen!
85. COPD is a complicated
illness
Prefer prevention
86.
87. “Everything is lawful for me,”
but not everything is beneficial.
“Everything is lawful for me,”
but I will not let myself be
dominated by anything..
I Corinthians 6:12 ESV